Lec 13 PDF

13
1
Recapitulate
• We introduced the concept of

Minkowski space and four
vectors.
• We gave an example of
position four vector.
2
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Alternate ways
• Avoid imaginary number in

transformation equation of
four vector and
correspondingly changes the
definition of dot produce.
3
• Put the fourth component as
the first component and write
transformation equation as
follows.
4
 A1    i  0 0  A1 
 A    A 
 
2 i   0 0
  2
 A3   0 0 1 0  A3 
 A    A 
 4  0 0 0 1  4
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We see that
    i     1   
2 2 2 2
1
We see that the transformation

resembles rotation in Minkowski
Space.
6
Displacement Four
Vector
Imagine an event occurs
at a position x1,y1,z1 at a
time t1. Let at time t2,
another event occurs, the
co-ordinates of which are
x2,y2,z2 in a frame S.
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x1,y1,z1 and ict1 are
components of a four
vectors. Hence they would
change upon changing
frame by the earlier given
transformation equation.
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Similarly x2,y2,z2 and ict2
are components of a four
vectors. Hence they would
also change upon
changing frame by the
earlier given
transformation equation.
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Hence Δx=x2-x1, Δy=y2-y1,
Δz=z2-z1 and icΔt=ic(t2-t1)
are also components of
four vector. This can be
termed as displacement
four vector.
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Magnitude of
Displacement
The magnitude Δs of
displacement four vector
is given as follows.
 x    y    z   c  t 
2 2 2 2 2
s 
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The magnitude Δs of
displacement four vector
is a four scalar and its
value would be same in
all inertial frames.
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Proper Time Interval
The proper time interval
Δ between these two
events is given as follows.
 s 
2
  
2
 2
c
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As the speed of light is a
frame independent
quantity, the magnitude
of proper time interval
between two events is
also a frame independent
quantity.
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This definition is more
general definition of
proper time interval and
is consistent with the
older definition.
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For space like separated
events the proper time
interval is imaginary. It is
real for time like
separated events.
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Example 1
Consider Two events in a
frame S at the following
co-ordinates.
E1: x1=150 m, t1=0.3 s
E2: x2=210 m, t2=0.4 s
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x  x2  x1  60 m
c t  c(t2  t1 )
8 6
 3  10  0.1  10
 30 m
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These are space like
separated events. Hence it
is not possible to find a
frame in which the events
occur at the same place.
19
Still using the present
definition we can find a
proper time interval
between these two events.
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2 2 2
( x   y   z )
  t  2
2
c
900 3600
 2
 2
c c
2700
 
c2
 0.173 i  s
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Now let us look at these two
events from another frame
and ensure that the proper
time turns out to be same.
Consider a frame S’ moving
relative to S, with a velocity
0.6c.
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 30 
x   1.25   60  0.6c    52.5m
 c 
 30 60  0.6c  7.5
t   1.25    2  
 c c  c
23
2
2
2
( x   y   z )
  t  
2
2
c
56.25 2756.25
 2

c c2
2700
  2
c
 0.173 i  s
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We thus see that proper
time interval is imaginary
and is same in both frames.
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Example 2
An object is moving in S
frame in -y direction with a
constant velocity and travels
a fixed tower of height 288m
in 1.2s. Find the proper time
interval for crossing the
tower.
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Verify that it is unchanged in
a frame S’ which is moving in
+x direction with a speed
0.6c.
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y
u x
H
S’ v
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E1: x1=0, y1= 288 m, t1=0
E2: x2=0, y2=0, t2= 1.2 μs
2 2 2
( x   y   z )
  2
t  2
c
12 2882
 1.44  10 
9  1016
 0.72  s
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In S’
  1.25
x   1.25  (0  0.6c  1.2  10 ) 6
 270
y   288m
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0.6c  0
t1  1.25  (1.2  10 6
 2
)
c
6
 1.5  10
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2
2
2
(x  y  z )
  t  
2
2
c
12 (2702  2882 )
 2.25  10 
9  1016
12
 0.5184  10
 0.72  s
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We note that, even
though Δt is not a
proper time interval
t   t
The use of time
dilation formula
requires only x co-
ordinate to be same.
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Let us go to object
frame in which the
time interval is really
proper.
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x
y v
S’’ u
S
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We see that the relative
velocity of frame S” is in –y
direction. The Lorentz
transformation for this case
would, therefore, be written
as follows.
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x =x
y     y  ut 
z   z
 u y 
t     t  2 
 c 
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288 8
u  6
 2.4  10 m/s
1.2  10
5
=
3
x  0
y  288 m
t  1.2  10-6 s
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5
  8
y   288  2.4  10  1.2  10
3
6

0
5  2.4  10  288 
8
t    1.2  10 
6
2 
3  c 
 0.72  s
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Using Time Dilation
Formula
S’’ to S
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t   0.72  1.2 s
3
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S’’ to S’
Find speed of S’ in S’’

frame or of S’’ in S’ frame.
v  0.6c
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ux  uz  0; uy  2.4  10 m/s
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0  0.6c
ux   0.6c
0  0.6c
1
c2
2.4  108 2.4  108
uy   
 0  0.6c  1.25
1.25  1  2 
 c 
8
 1.92  10 m/s
42
1
 
 0.6c 
2
 (1.92  10 ) 8 2
1 2
c
1

0.48
0.72
t    1.5 s
0.48
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S’’ 0.72 μs
u
v=2.63x108
v=0.8c γ=1/0.48
γ=5/3
S’ v
S v=0.6c
γ=1.25
1.2 μs 1.5 μs
44
Summary
• We gave a general definition
of proper time interval in the
form of a four scalar.
• We gave examples to show
that it is indeed same in all
frames.
45

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13

• We introduced the concept of

• Avoid imaginary number in

We see that the transformation

Find speed of S’ in S’’

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