Name – Sayan Karmakar (B.E. - I.E.E.

) UG-II
Roll No – 51, Jadavpur University. (2018-22)
Experiment 1
Study of Basic Logic Gates & Their Operation
Date of Experiment – 30/07/2019

Objective –

 To study the truth table of the following logic gates – 2 input AND, OR, EX-OR, NAND, NOR & 1 input
NOT using IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7486, IC 7400, IC 7402 & IC 7404 respectively.
 To draw the internal architecture of each IC using conventional symbols of each gate.

Apparatus Used –

 Breadboard, Connecting Wires, Constant Voltage Source, Resistance of 10000 ohm, LED.
 Different ICs of various numbers. They are - IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7486, IC 7400, IC 7402 & IC 7404.

Discussions –

Binary logic is used in all of today’s digital computers and devices, the cost of the circuits that
implement it is an important factor addressed by designers—be they computer engineers,
electrical engineers, or computer scientists. Finding simpler and cheaper, but equivalent,
realizations of a circuit can reap huge payoffs in reducing the overall cost of the design.
Mathematical methods that simplify circuits rely primarily on Boolean algebra.

A two‐valued Boolean algebra is defined on a set of two elements, B = {0, 1}, with rules for the two
binary operators are given below with the corresponding representations of their logic gates.

 AND GATE

The AND GATE is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction - it behaves according
to the truth table given below. A HIGH output (1) results only if all the inputs to the AND gate are
HIGH (1). If none or not all inputs to the AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output (0) results. The function
can be extended to any number of inputs. The analogy of the AND logic can be compared to switches
in series. Current will only pass through only when all the switches are closed. The Boolean Expression
for the AND Logic is X · Y.

X Y X·Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

 NOT GATE

In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation. The
Boolean Expression for the NOT GATE or the Inverter logic is given by 𝑋̅.
 X 𝑋̅
0 1

1 0

 OR GATE

The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction – it behaves according to
the truth table given below. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH.
If neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In another sense, the function of OR effectively finds
the maximum between two binary digits, just as the complementary AND function finds
the minimum. The analogy of the OR logic can be compared to switches in parallel. Current will pass
through when at least one of the switches are closed. The Boolean Expression for the OR Logic is X + Y.

X Y X+Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

 XOR GATE

XOR GATE is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs
is odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or; that is, a true output results if one, and only one, of
the inputs to the gate is true. If both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output result.
XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise
the output is false. A way to remember XOR is "one or the other but not both". It is used for parity
check. The Boolean expression for the XOR Gate for two input is (𝑋 + 𝑌) · (𝑋̅ + 𝑌̅)

X Y X⊕Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

 NAND GATE

a NAND gate (NOT-AND) is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs
are true; thus, its output is complement to that of an AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if all
the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if any input is LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. A NAND gate is
made using transistors and junction diodes. By De Morgan's theorem, a two-input NAND gate's logic

SAYAN KARMAKAR 2
may be expressed as 𝑿̅̅̅̅̅̅
· 𝒀. The NAND gate is significant because any Boolean function can be
implemented by using a combination of NAND gates.

X Y ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋·𝑌
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

 NOR GATE

The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR (NOT OR) - it behaves according to
the truth table as shown below. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0);
if one or both inputs is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of
the OR operator. It can also be seen as an AND gate with all the inputs inverted. NOR gates are one
of the Universal Gates that can be combined to generate any other logical function. It shares this
property with the NAND gate. The Boolean expression of the NOR GATE is
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋+𝑌

X Y ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋+𝑌
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Observations

 With IC – 7408, Vcc Pin – 14th, Ground Pin -7th

Pin 1/4/10/13 Pin 2/5/9/12 Pin 3/6/8/11

X Y X·Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

So this is the internal architecture of IC – 7408.

All outputs are towards right. There are 4 And Gates.

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  With IC – 7432, Vcc Pin – 14th, Ground Pin -7th

Pin 1/4/10/13 Pin 2/5/9/12 Pin 3/6/8/11

X Y X+Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

So this is the internal architecture of IC – 7432.

All outputs are towards right. There are 4 OR Gates.

 With IC – 7404, Vcc Pin – 14th, Ground Pin -7th

Pin 1/3/5/9/11/13 Pin 2/4/6/8/10/12

X Y
0 1
1 0

So this is the internal architecture of IC – 7404.

All outputs are towards right. There are 6 NOT Gates.

 With IC – 7400, Vcc Pin – 14th, Ground Pin -7th

Pin 1/4/10/12 Pin 2/5/9/13 Pin 3/6/8/11

X Y ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋·𝑌
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

So this is the internal architecture of IC – 7400.

All outputs are towards right. There are 4 NAND Gates.

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  With IC – 7402, Vcc Pin – 14th, Ground Pin -7th

Pin 3/6/8/11 Pin 2/5/9/12 Pin 1/4/10/13

X Y ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋+𝑌
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

So this is the internal architecture of IC – 7402.

All outputs are towards LEFT. There are 4 NOR Gates.

 With IC – 7486, Vcc Pin – 14th, Ground Pin -7th

Pin 1/4/10/13 Pin 2/5/9/12 Pin 3/6/8/11

X Y X⊕Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

So this is the internal architecture of IC – 7486.

All outputs are towards Right. There are 4 XOR Gates.

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