 Objective:

The objective of this experiment were :

 Verification and interpretation of truth tables for
 AND
 OR
 NOT
 NAND,
 NOR
 Exclusive OR (EX-OR)
 Exclusive NOR (EX-NOR) Gates

 To study Integrated circuit

Table of Contents

1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3

2. Apparatus:...........................................................................................................................................4

3. Procedure.............................................................................................................................................4

4. Theory:................................................................................................................................................4

4.1. AND Gate....................................................................................................................................4

4.2. OR Gate.......................................................................................................................................5

4.3. NOT Gate....................................................................................................................................6

4.4. NAND Gate.................................................................................................................................7

4.5. NOR Gate....................................................................................................................................7

4.6. Exclusive OR (X-OR) Gate.........................................................................................................8

4.7. Exclusive NOR (X-NOR) Gate....................................................................................................9

 Abstract

This lab report observed how the basic logic operator works. There are three basic logic gates
and the rest can be constructed by using these three basic logic gates. During the lab I had
created the circuit of each of the logic gate and then assigning Boolean values to voltage the was
provided to system. Then write down the truth table of each of the logic gates.  Then I compared
the result of truth table and the original function of the gate. . After the experiment, it is concluded
that NOR Gate which also works as inventor give output opposite to its input. Similarly, for AND gate to
perform its function it required two inputs. The OR Gate works opposite of AND gate. It required only
one input to perform its function.
 1. Introduction

Electronic circuit are often referred to as switching circuits because they switched between the
two extremes of ON and OFF in their control device. Logic gates are the building blocks of
digital circuit. Combination of the logic gates from circuit are used to perform the specific
function of the computer. The objective for conducting this lab is to see the basic operation of
Logic Gate. Truth table is used in this lab to understand the behavior of the logic gates. Truth
table shows how inputs are relate to its output. All the gates have one output and can have more
than one input. Only NOT Gate has one input while AND Gate and OR Gate has more than one
input.

2. Apparatus: 

 Logic Gate (AND Gate)

 Logic Gate (AND Gate
 Logic Gate (OR Gate)
 Resister
 LED
 Wires
 Battery
 Power Supply

3. Procedure

1. Collect all the required material to conduct the lab.

2. Cut the wires of equal length. 8 wires were required for this lab.
3. Prepare the wires by ply off the unwanted coating by using nose plier.
 4. By using the diagram and the procedure, construct the three logic gates.
5. While using the LED make sure that positive end is in the slot under the right end of the
resistor, which the usually the longer end is used.
6. Typically, logic gate with 14-pin is used for one input and logic gate with 16-pin is used
for two inputs. For NOR gate 14-pin logic gate was used and for AND gate and OR gate
16-pin was used in lab.
7. Make sure that pin-7 is grounded.
8. Once the circuit on the breadboard is complete the connect the breadboard socket to the
power supply.
9. Create the truth table and record the inputs and their corresponding outputs.
10. Repeat the same procedure for the remaining two logic gates.

4. Theory:  

Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical functions on one or more inputs to
produce one output. There are seven logic gates. When all the input combinations of a logic gate
are written in a series and their corresponding outputs written along them, then this input/ output
combination is called Truth Table. Various gates and their working is explained here.

2.1. AND Gate

AND gate produces an output as 1, when all its inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0. This gate
can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output is 0 when any input is 0.
 IC 7408
1.2. OR Gate

OR gate produces an output as 1, when any or all its inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0. This
gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output is 0 when all input are 0.

IC 7432
1.3. NOT Gate

NOT gate produces the complement of its input. This gate is also called an INVERTER. It
always has one input and one output. Its output is 0 when input is 1 and output is 1 when input is
0.
 IC 7404

1.4. NAND Gate

NAND gate is actually a series of AND gate with NOT gate. If we connect the output of an AND
gate to the input of a NOT gate, this combination will work as NOT-AND or NAND gate. Its
output is 1 when any or all inputs are 0, otherwise output is 1.

IC 7400

1.5. NOR Gate

NOR gate is actually a series of OR gate with NOT gate. If we connect the output of an OR gate
to the input of  a NOT gate, this combination will work as NOT-OR or NOR gate. Its output is 0
when any or all inputs are 1, otherwise output is 1.

IC 7402

1.6. Exclusive OR (X-OR) Gate

X-OR gate produces an output as 1, when number of 1’s at its inputs is odd, otherwise output is
0. It has two inputs and one output.

IC 7486

1.7. Exclusive NOR (X-NOR) Gate

X-NOR gate produces an output as 1, when number of 1’s at its inputs is not odd, otherwise
output is 0. It has two inputs and one output.