LOGIC GATES

Physics investigatory project

By:-Aditya Verma
Vansh Panwar
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the investigation on
the topic ‘LOGIC GATES’ has been completed
solely, sincerely, and satisfactorily by Aditya
Verma&Vansh Panwar of class XII-B of NEW
ERA PUBLIC SCHOOL during the academic
year 2022-23 under the supervision of Ms. Divya
Luthra

Signature of External Examiner:

Signature of subject teacher:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend a sincere thanks to my

teacher Ms. Divya Luthra whose valuable input
and timely suggestions helped me complete this
project. . I would also take this opportunity to
thank the school and our Director and
Principal, whose wisdom has always steered us
to success.

Contents-
I. Introduction
II. Types of logic gates
III. Making of logic gates
IV. Bibliography

 INTRODUCTION
A gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain logical
relationship between the input and output voltages.
Therefore, they are generally known as logic gates — gates
because they control the ow of information. The ve
common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR.
Each logic gate is indicated by a symbol and its function is
de ned by a truth table that shows all the possible input
logic level combinations with their respective output logic
levels. Truth tables help understand the behaviour of logic
gates. These logic gates can be realised using
semiconductor devices

SEMICONDUCTOR

A SEMICONDUCTOR IS A SUBSTANCE THAT HAS SPECIFIC

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES THAT ENABLE IT TO SERVE AS A
FOUNDATION FOR COMPUTERS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC
DEVICES. IT IS TYPICALLY A SOLID CHEMICAL ELEMENT OR
COMPOUND THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY UNDER CERTAIN
CONDITIONS BUT NOT OTHERS.

A SEMICONDUCTOR SUBSTANCE LIES BETWEEN THE

CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR. IT CONTROLS AND MANAGES
THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT IN ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
AND DEVICES. AS A RESULT, IT IS A POPULAR COMPONENT OF
ELECTRONIC CHIPS MADE FOR COMPUTING COMPONENTS AND
A VARIETY OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES, INCLUDING SOLID-STATE
STORAGE
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 TYPES OF LOGIC GATES
In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a combination of
digital signals coming from its inputs. Most logic gates have two inputs
and one output. Logic gates are based on Boolean algebra. At any given
moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false
or true. False represents 0, and true represents 1. Depending on the
type of logic gate being used and the combination of inputs, the binary
output will differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a light switch,
wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in another, it is on -- 1.
Logic gates are commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND,
NOR, and XNOR.

1.AND Gate
The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called
"true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The
following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic
combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at
left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when both
inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false." In other words, the
output is 1 only when both inputs one AND two are 1.

2.OR Gate
The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion
of the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the
inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false." In
other words, for the output to be 1, at least input one OR two must be 1.

3. NOT Gate
A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from
other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses
the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If the input is 0, then
the output is 1.

 4.NAND Gate
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It
acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation.
The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is
"true."

5.NOR Gate
The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its
output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false."

6.XOR Gate
The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical
"either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are
"true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are
"true." Another way of looking at this circuit is
to observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are
different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.

7.XNOR Gate
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed
by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and "false" if
the inputs are different

Simple digital logic gates can be made by combining transistors,

diodes and resistors with a simple example of a Diode-Resistor
Logic (DRL) AND gate and a Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) NAND
gate given below.

DIODE-RESISTOR Circuit DIODE-TRANSISTOR

circuit

2-input AND gate 2-Input NAND gate

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. google.com
2. tutorialspoint.com
3. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/
logic_1.html
4. techtarget.com
5. NCERT.nic.in