CONTENT:

Sr.no NAME OF THE TOPIC

1. Electronics and Life

2. Introduction

3. Logic gates

4. AND gate

5. NOT gate

6. NAND gate

7. NOR gate

8. OR gate

9. XOR gate

10. XNOR gate

11. Use of Logic Gates

 Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active
electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and
integrated circuits, and associated passive electrical components
and interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices
contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active
semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit
is described as an electronic circuit.
 The non linear behavior of active components and their ability to
control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals
possible, and electronics is widely used in information processing,
telecommunication and information processing . The ability of
electronic devices to act as makes a digital information processing
possible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit broads,
electronics packaging technology, and varied forms of
communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and
transform the mixed components into a regular working system.
 Electronics is different from electrical and electro-magnetic
science and technology, which deal with generation, distribution
switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from
other energy forms using wires, motors, generators batteries,
switches, relays, resistors, and other passive components. This
distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De
Fairest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of radio
signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device.
Until 1950 this field was called “radio technology” because its
principal application was the design and theory of radio
transmitters, receivers, vacuum tubes.
 Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to
perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and
related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics,
whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve
practical problems
 Introduction
Boolean factions may be practically implanted by using electronic
gates. The following points are important to understand:
• Electronic gates require a power supply
• Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two
nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0
and logic 1 respectively.
• The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values
of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0
and logic 1respectively. In general, there is only one
output to logic gate except in some special cases.
• There is always a time delay between an input being
applied and the output responding.

Truth Tables
Truth tables are used to help show the function of a logic gate. If
you are unsure about truth tables and need guidance on how go about
drawing them on individual gates or logic circuits then use the truth
table section link.
 Logic Gate
Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic
gates . These gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
EXOR, and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are
described below with the aid of truth table..
AND gate
 The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false"
and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the
logical "and" operator. The following illustration and
table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for
an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at
left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is
"true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output
is "false.“
AND gate in an integrated
circuit
• NOT gate
A logical inverter , sometimes called a NOT gate to
differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter
devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state.

NOT gate in an integrated circuit

 NAND gate
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate
followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the
manner of the logical operation "and"
followed by negation. The output is "false" if
both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output
is "true.“

 NAND gate in an integrated circuit

 NOR gate
The NOR gate is a combination OR gate
followed by an inverter. Its output is "true"
if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the
output is "false.“

 NOR gate in an integrated circuit

• OR gate
The OR gate gets its name from the fact
that it behaves after the fashion of the
logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if
either or both of the inputs are "true." If
both inputs are "false," then the output is
"false.“

OR gate in an integrated circuit

 •XOR gate
The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as
the logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not
both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both
inputs are "false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way of
looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the

inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same .

XOR gate in an integrated circuit

XNOR gate
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a
combination XOR gate followed by an
inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are
the same, and "false" if the inputs are
different.

XNOR gate in an integrated circuit

The NAND and NOR gates are called
universal functions since with either
one the AND and OR functions and
NOT can be generated.
NOTE:
• A function in sum of products can
be implemented using NAND gates
by replacing all AND and OR gates
by NAND gates.
• A function in product of sums
form can be implemented using
NOR gates by replacing all AND
and OR gates by NOR gates.
 Certificate
Name:
Class :
Roll number :
School Name: Radiant Central Children Academy

This is certified to be the bonafide work of the student

on he topic of LOGIC GATES in guidance of me :

TEACHER IN CHARGE
MR. Durgesh

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INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN

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