Friction is the name we give to the force which resists movement and so

causes objects to slow down (Figure 1.1a). It is an important aspect of all

our daily lives. Without friction between our feet and the ground surface,
it would be impossible to walk, and we are reminded of this each time we
step onto ice or some smooth oily surface. We would not be able to swim if
water was frictionless. Our arms would just slide through the water and we
would not make any headway – just like children trying to ‘swim in a sea of
plastic balls’ in the playground (Figure 1.1b).
But friction can also hinder our lives. In car engines, friction between the
moving parts would quickly create heat and the engine would seize up. Oil
lubricates the surfaces and reduces the friction.
Friction also occurs between _owing water and the internal surface of a
pipe or the bed and sides of a channel. Indeed, much of pipe and channel
hydraulics is about predicting this friction force so that we can select the size
of pipe or channel to carry a given discharge (Chapters 4 and 5).
Friction is not only con_ned to boundaries, there is also friction inside _uids
(internal friction) which makes some _uids _ow more easily than others.
The term viscosity is used to describe this internal friction (see Section 1.11.3).
1.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1728) was one of the early scientists who studied
forces and how they cause movement. His work is now enshrined in three
basic rules, known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. They are very_ simple
laws,_and at _rst sight, they appear so obvious, they seem hardly worth
writing down. But they form the basis of all our understanding of hydraulics
(and movement of solid objects as well) and it took the genius of
Newton_to_recognise their importance.
1.6.1 Friction is the name we give to the force which resists movement and so
causes objects to slow down (Figure 1.1a). It is an important aspect of all
our daily lives. Without friction between our feet and the ground surface,
it would be impossible to walk, and we are reminded of this each time we
step onto ice or some smooth oily surface. We would not be able to swim if
water was frictionless. Our arms would just slide through the water and we
would not make any headway – just like children trying to ‘swim in a sea of
plastic balls’ in the playground (Figure 1.1b).
But friction can also hinder our lives. In car engines, friction between the
moving parts would quickly create heat and the engine would seize up. Oil
lubricates the surfaces and reduces the friction.
Friction also occurs between _owing water and the internal surface of a
pipe or the bed and sides of a channel. Indeed, much of pipe and channel
hydraulics is about predicting this friction force so that we can select the size
of pipe or channel to carry a given discharge (Chapters 4 and 5).
Friction is not only con_ned to boundaries, there is also friction inside _uids
(internal friction) which makes some _uids _ow more easily than others.
The term viscosity is used to describe this internal friction (see Section 1.11.3).
1.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1728) was one of the early scientists who studied
forces and how they cause movement. His work is now enshrined in three
basic rules, known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. They are very_ simple
laws,_and at _rst sight, they appear so obvious, they seem hardly worth
writing down. But they form the basis of all our understanding of hydraulics
(and movement of solid objects as well) and it took the genius of
Newton_to_recognise their importance.
1.6.1 Friction is the name we give to the force which resists movement and so
causes objects to slow down (Figure 1.1a). It is an important aspect of all
our daily lives. Without friction between our feet and the ground surface,
it would be impossible to walk, and we are reminded of this each time we
step onto ice or some smooth oily surface. We would not be able to swim if
water was frictionless. Our arms would just slide through the water and we
would not make any headway – just like children trying to ‘swim in a sea of
plastic balls’ in the playground (Figure 1.1b).
But friction can also hinder our lives. In car engines, friction between the
moving parts would quickly create heat and the engine would seize up. Oil
lubricates the surfaces and reduces the friction.
Friction also occurs between _owing water and the internal surface of a
pipe or the bed and sides of a channel. Indeed, much of pipe and channel
hydraulics is about predicting this friction force so that we can select the size
of pipe or channel to carry a given discharge (Chapters 4 and 5).
Friction is not only con_ned to boundaries, there is also friction inside _uids
(internal friction) which makes some _uids _ow more easily than others.
The term viscosity is used to describe this internal friction (see Section 1.11.3).
1.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1728) was one of the early scientists who studied
forces and how they cause movement. His work is now enshrined in three
basic rules, known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. They are very_ simple
laws,_and at _rst sight, they appear so obvious, they seem hardly worth
writing down. But they form the basis of all our understanding of hydraulics
(and movement of solid objects as well) and it took the genius of
Newton_to_recognise their importance.
1.6.1 Friction is the name we give to the force which resists movement and so
causes objects to slow down (Figure 1.1a). It is an important aspect of all
our daily lives. Without friction between our feet and the ground surface,
it would be impossible to walk, and we are reminded of this each time we
step onto ice or some smooth oily surface. We would not be able to swim if
water was frictionless. Our arms would just slide through the water and we
would not make any headway – just like children trying to ‘swim in a sea of
plastic balls’ in the playground (Figure 1.1b).
But friction can also hinder our lives. In car engines, friction between the
moving parts would quickly create heat and the engine would seize up. Oil
lubricates the surfaces and reduces the friction.
Friction also occurs between _owing water and the internal surface of a
pipe or the bed and sides of a channel. Indeed, much of pipe and channel
hydraulics is about predicting this friction force so that we can select the size
of pipe or channel to carry a given discharge (Chapters 4 and 5).
Friction is not only con_ned to boundaries, there is also friction inside _uids
(internal friction) which makes some _uids _ow more easily than others.
The term viscosity is used to describe this internal friction (see Section 1.11.3).
1.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1728) was one of the early scientists who studied
forces and how they cause movement. His work is now enshrined in three
basic rules, known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. They are very_ simple
laws,_and at _rst sight, they appear so obvious, they seem hardly worth
writing down. But they form the basis of all our understanding of hydraulics
(and movement of solid objects as well) and it took the genius of
Newton_to_recognise their importance.
1.6.1 Friction is the name we give to the force which resists movement and so
causes objects to slow down (Figure 1.1a). It is an important aspect of all
our daily lives. Without friction between our feet and the ground surface,
it would be impossible to walk, and we are reminded of this each time we
step onto ice or some smooth oily surface. We would not be able to swim if
water was frictionless. Our arms would just slide through the water and we
would not make any headway – just like children trying to ‘swim in a sea of
plastic balls’ in the playground (Figure 1.1b).
But friction can also hinder our lives. In car engines, friction between the
moving parts would quickly create heat and the engine would seize up. Oil
lubricates the surfaces and reduces the friction.
Friction also occurs between _owing water and the internal surface of a
pipe or the bed and sides of a channel. Indeed, much of pipe and channel
hydraulics is about predicting this friction force so that we can select the size
of pipe or channel to carry a given discharge (Chapters 4 and 5).
Friction is not only con_ned to boundaries, there is also friction inside _uids
(internal friction) which makes some _uids _ow more easily than others.
The term viscosity is used to describe this internal friction (see Section 1.11.3).
1.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1728) was one of the early scientists who studied
forces and how they cause movement. His work is now enshrined in three
basic rules, known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. They are very_ simple
laws,_and at _rst sight, they appear so obvious, they seem hardly worth
writing down. But they form the basis of all our understanding of hydraulics
(and movement of solid objects as well) and it took the genius of
Newton_to_recognise their importance.
1.6.1 Friction is the name we give to the force which resists movement and so
causes objects to slow down (Figure 1.1a). It is an important aspect of all
our daily lives. Without friction between our feet and the ground surface,
it would be impossible to walk, and we are reminded of this each time we
step onto ice or some smooth oily surface. We would not be able to swim if
water was frictionless. Our arms would just slide through the water and we
would not make any headway – just like children trying to ‘swim in a sea of
plastic balls’ in the playground (Figure 1.1b).
But friction can also hinder our lives. In car engines, friction between the
moving parts would quickly create heat and the engine would seize up. Oil
lubricates the surfaces and reduces the friction.
Friction also occurs between _owing water and the internal surface of a
pipe or the bed and sides of a channel. Indeed, much of pipe and channel
hydraulics is about predicting this friction force so that we can select the size
of pipe or channel to carry a given discharge (Chapters 4 and 5).
Friction is not only con_ned to boundaries, there is also friction inside _uids
(internal friction) which makes some _uids _ow more easily than others.
The term viscosity is used to describe this internal friction (see Section 1.11.3).
1.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1728) was one of the early scientists who studied
forces and how they cause movement. His work is now enshrined in three
basic rules, known as Newton’s Laws of Motion. They are very_ simple
laws,_and at _rst sight, they appear so obvious, they seem hardly worth
writing down. But they form the basis of all our understanding of hydraulics
(and movement of solid objects as well) and it took the genius of
Newton_to_recognise their importance.
1.6.1