Fundamentals of

Soil Dynamics and

Earthquake Engineering

Bharat Bhushan Prasad

Professor and Head of Civil Engineering
Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad
Formerly, Director
Department of Science and Technology, Government of Bihar
Patna

New Delhi-110001
2011
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Bharat Bhushan Prasad

© 2009 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the
publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-2670-5

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Second Printing º º º September, 2009

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.
 To the memory of
my wife Dayamanti Devi
 CONTENTS

Preface xiii

1. INTRODUCTION 1–37
1.1 Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Dynamics 1
1.2 Soil Dynamics and Structural Dynamics 2
1.3 Dynamic Loading and Dynamics of Vibrations 6
1.4 Stress Conditions of Soil under Dynamic Loading 7
1.5 Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 7
1.6 Lithological and Seismotectonics Profile of India 8
1.7 Some Past Indian Earthquakes 15
1.7.1 The Bhuj Earthquake 2001 15
1.7.2 The Assam Earthquake 1897 17
1.7.3 The Bihar–Nepal Earthquake 1934 18
1.8 Other Earthquakes of India 19
1.8.1 Some Past Indian Earthquakes 19
1.9 Global International Seismicity—Seismicity of the Earth 21
1.9.1 Global Seismic Hazard Assessment 25
1.10 Significant Case History of Some Past Earthquakes 27
1.10.1 San Francisco, California, Earthquake (April 18, 1906) 27
1.10.2 Loma Prieta Earthquake, Part 1 27
1.10.3 Loma Prieta Earthquake, Part 2 28
1.10.4 San Fernando Valley California Earthquakes 28
1.10.5 Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, January 17, 1995 29
1.10.6 Izmit (Kocaeli) Turkey Earthquake, August 17, 1999-Set 1,
Coastal Effects 29
1.10.7 Duzce, Turkey Earthquake, November 12, 1999 30
1.10.8 Great Chile Earthquake of May 22, 1960 30
1.11 Uncertainty, Hazard, Risk, Reliability and Probability of
Earthquakes 31
1.11.1 Uncertainty and Hazard 31
1.11.2 Risk, Reliability and Probability of Earthquakes 33
v
vi Contents

1.12 Earthquake Prediction and Prevention 33

Problems 36

2. SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKES 38–96

2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Structure of the Earth’s Interior 44
2.2.1 Rheological Division of the Earth’s Interior 49
2.3 Continental Drifts 52
2.3.1 The Mobile Belt 54
2.3.2 The Gondwanaland Group 54
2.3.3 Occurrence of Distribution 56
2.3.4 The Himalayas 56
2.4 Plate Tectonics 58
2.5 Elastic Rebound Theory 61
2.6 Reservoir Triggered Seismicity 63
2.6.1 Mechanism of RTS Earthquakes 63
2.7 Mechanics of Faulting and Earthquakes 66
2.8 Size of Earthquake 71
2.8.1 Intensity of Earthquake 71
2.8.2 Magnitude of Earthquake 77
2.8.3 Energy Associated with Earthquake 80
2.9 Locating the Earthquakes 82
2.9.1 Location of the Epicentre 82
2.9.2 Determining the Depth of Focus of Earthquake 82
2.9.3 Isoseismal Maps 83
2.10 Plate Tectonics, Plate Boundaries and Earthquakes in India 85
2.10.1 Earthquakes in Peninsular India 87
2.10.2 Earthquake in Himalayan Region 89
2.10.3 Earthquakes in the North-Eastern Region 91
2.10.4 Earthquakes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands 92
2.11 Measuring Earthquakes 93
Problems 93

3. THEORY OF VIBRATIONS 97–185

3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Periodic Motion 99
3.2.1 Frequency Analysis 101
3.3 Classical Theory 103
3.4 Free Vibrations SDF Undamped System 110
3.5 Free Vibrations SDF Damped System 114
3.5.1 Free Vibrations of Viscously Damped System 118
3.6 Forced Vibration—SDF Undamped System 130
3.7 Forced Vibration—SDF Damped System 132
3.8 Energy Dissipation Mechanism—Types of Damping 142
 Contents vii

3.9 System under Impulse and Transient Loading 147

3.9.1 Method of Solution 148
3.9.2 Duhamel’s Integral 150
3.9.3 Dirac Delta Function 153
3.10 Transmissibility 155
3.10.1 Transfer Function 157
3.11 Fourier Analysis 158
3.12 Rotational and Torsional Vibration 162
3.13 Mobility and Impedance Methods 168
3.14 Analogue Method 174
3.14.1 Dimensional Analysis 177
3.15 Nonlinear Vibrations 177
3.16 Random Vibrations 179
Problems 183

4. DYNAMICS OF ELASTIC SYSTEM 186 –246

4.1 Introduction 186
4.2 Vibrations of Two-Degree Freedom System 188
4.2.1 Free Vibrations 188
4.2.2 Damped Vibrations 189
4.3 Vibrations of Multi-Degree Freedom System 193
4.4 Mode Participation Factor 201
4.5 Vibrations of Continuous Systems 212
4.6 Vibrations of Beams 214
4.7 Vibrations of Beams on Elastic Foundation 223
4.8 Vibration of Plates 228
4.9 Vlasov and Leontev Method for Vibration Analysis 231
4.9.1 Free Vibrations of Beams on Elastic Foundation 233
4.10 Vibration of Plates on Elastic Foundation 235
4.11 Numerical Methods 238
4.12 Dimensional Analysis 240
4.13 Analogue Method 241
Problems 243

5. WAVE PROPAGATION 247–291

5.1 Introduction 247
5.2 One-Dimensional Wave Motion 249
5.3 Axial Wave Propagation 251
5.4 Solution of Wave Equation 252
5.5 Wave Propagation in an Elastic Infinite Medium 258
5.5.1 2D Stress Analysis 258
5.5.2 3D Stress Alalysis 260
5.5.3 Solution for Equation of Motion—Primary Wave 271
5.5.4 Solution for Equation of Motions—Shear Waves 272
5.6 Lamb Theory for Wave Propagation 275
viii Contents

5.7 Rayleigh Waves—Wave Propagation in Elastic Half Space 277

5.7.1 Mechanism of Wave Propagation at the Surface 281
5.7.2 Love Waves 282
5.8 Concepts of Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 282
5.8.1 Phase Velocity 282
5.8.2 Group Velocity 283
5.8.3 Relationship of Group Velocity with Phase Velocity 284
5.9 Propagation of Flexural Waves in Beams on Elastic
Foundations 286
5.9.1 Equation of Wave Motion 286
Problems 290

6. DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES 292–353

6.1 Introduction 292
6.2 Representation of Stress Condition by Mohr’ Circle and
Stress Path 293
6.3 Dynamic Stress-Strain Relationship 297
6.4 Determination of Dynamic Soil Properties 298
6.4.1 Field Tests 299
6.4.2 Laboratory Tests 326
6.4.3 Interpretation of Test Results 336
6.5 Shake Table Testing 337
6.6 Shear Phenomenon of Particulate Media 341
6.7 Behaviour of Soil under Pulsating Load 343
6.8 Damping Ratio 351
Problems 353

7. DYNAMIC EARTH PRESSURE 354–375

7.1 Introduction 354
7.2 Classical Theory for Static Earth Pressure 355
7.2.1 Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory 355
7.2.2 Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory 357
7.2.3 Culmann’s Graphical Construction 360
7.3 Dynamic Earth Pressure Theory 361
7.4 Mononobe-Okabe Theory for Dynamic Earth Pressure 362
7.4.1 Yield Acceleration 363
7.5 Displacement Analysis 365
7.6 Dynamic Stability Analysis 365
7.6.1 Effect of Saturation on Lateral Earth Pressure 369
7.6.2 Partially Submerged Backfill 370
7.7 Recommendations of Indian Standard Code of Practice 370
7.7.1 Lateral Earth Pressure 371
7.7.2 Dynamic Active Earth Pressure 371
7.7.3 Dynamic Passive Earth Pressure 373
7.7.4 Active Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge 374
7.7.5 Passive Pressure to Uniform Surcharge 374
Problems 374
 Contents ix

8. STRONG GROUND MOTION 376–407

8.1 Introduction 376
8.2 Strong-Motion Observations Studies 379
8.3 Strong-Motion Measurement 383
8.3.1 Seismographs 383
8.3.2 Other Types of Seismograms 387
8.3.3 Data and Digitization 391
8.3.4 Strong-Motion Records 392
8.4 Array Observations 392
8.4.1 Array Observations in Japan and USA 393
8.5 Characteristic of Strong Ground Motion 394
8.5.1 Earthquake Magnitude 394
8.5.2 Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV),
Peak Ground Displacement (PGD) 395
8.5.3 Duration of the Strong Ground Motion 396
8.5.4 Ground Motion Attenuation Model 396
8.5.5 Regression Analysis 398
8.5.6 Stress Drop 398
8.6 Strong-Motion Parameters and Its Evaluation 398
8.6.1 Frequency Content Parameters 398
8.6.2 Power Spectra 399
8.6.3 Bandwidth and Predominant Period 400
8.6.4 Spectral Parameters 400
8.6.5 Other Ground-Motion Parameters 401
8.6.6 Corner Frequency and Cut-off Frequency 402
8.7 Evaluation of Strong-Motion Parameters 403
8.8 Method for Simulating Strong Ground Motion 406
Problems 406

9. SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS 408–439

9.1 Introduction 408
9.2 Meaning of Earthquake-Hazard Analysis 409
9.3 Parameters for Seismic Hazard Assessment 410
9.3.1 Evaluation of Seismic Source 410
9.3.2 Ground Motion Attenuations 410
9.3.3 Earthquake Recurrence Analysis 411
9.3.4 Local Site and Soil Conditions 412
9.4 Risk Index and Evaluation of Earthquake Motion 412
9.4.1 Historical Earthquake Data 413
9.4.2 Aleratory and Epistemic Variability 413
9.4.3 Logic Tree 414
9.4.4 Active-Fault Data 414
9.4.5 Evaluation of Probability of Earthquake Occurrence Based on
Historical Earthquake Data 415
9.4.6 Calculation of Earthquake Occurrence Based on Active-Fault Data 415
9.4.7 Considerations of Combined Historical Earthquake Data and
Active-Fault Data 415
 Fundamentals Of Soil Dynamics And
Earthquake Engineering

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