Experiment 8

Hydrocarbons

SOLON, CHABELITA P.

Laboratory Group Mates

Sumbongan, Danica Dawn
Tranquillero, Marion
Villacora, Roxanne Mae
Visitacion, Aprilkent Roger

Group 3
CHY52A Organic Chemistry Lab
BSCHEM2 TTh 1:00-4:00 PM

A Formal Laboratory Report

Presented to:

JANET DUNGOG
Instructor

Date Performed:
Date Submitted:
INTRODUCTION
Hydrocarbons are compounds madd up of only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons could be aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are alkanes( single
bond), alkenes( double bond), and alkynes( triple bond). And the aromatic hydrocarbons are
the compounds having strong characteristic odors (Smith, 2017).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen and carbon that do not contain benzene
rings and tends to be flammable. Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be classified as saturated
hydrocarbon ( have only single bond between adjacent carbon atoms) and unsaturated
hydrocarbons( have double or triple bonds between some of the carbon atoms(Gauthier,
2013).

This experiment aims to examine the physical characteristic of hydrocarbons and its
chemical reactions by performing: Combustion: Ignition Test, Reaction with cold, Dilute
Permanganate: Baeyer's Test, and Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Solution: Tollen's Test.

II. METHODOLOGY
A. Chemicals and Apparatus
The chemicals that were used in this experiments were the following: methane,
ethylene, acetylenen, cyclohexane, toluene, potassium permanganate, silver reagent, and
95% ethyl alcohol, concentrated sulfuric acid. And the apparatus that were used were;
crucible and cover, crucible tongs, alcohol lamp, iron stands, iron rings, droppers, test tubes,
test tube rack, graduated cylinder, cork stopper, distilling flask, thermometer, boiling chips,
hot plate(Corning 420-D) , and rubber hose.
B. Procedure
A.Combustion: Ignition Test

Three drops of hydrocarbons( methane, ethylene, acetylene, cyclohexane, and toluene) were
put on the porcelaine crucible cover one at a time and were brought at the edge of the
alcohol lamp's flame using the crucible tongs.
B.Baeyer's Test

A 1mL dilute Potassium permanganate solution were placed on the test tube and was added
with 3 drops of hydrocarbon( methane, ethylene, acetylene, cyclohexane, and toluene) and
was mixed thoroughly. And observation of the solution occured with 5 mins intermittent
shaking.

C.Tollen's Test
On a test tube, 10 drops of Silver reagent is added together with 2 drops of the hydrocarbon(
methane, ethylene, acetylene, cyclohexane, and toluene) and was mixed thoroughly. And the
solution is then observered.

D. Prepation of Ethylene Gas

On a 250mL distilling flask with boiling chips, 15mL of 95% ethyl acohol were placed together
with 45mL of concentrated Sulfuric Acid. And the the distilling flask with the solution were
placed on the hot plate and was heated with about 165°-170°c.
III. RESULTS
In this chapter, all the data gathered during the experiment will be shown.
Table 1. Sample Description
Sample Desciption
Color Odor Physical state
Methane Colorless Odorless Gas
Ethylene Colorless Sweet like odor Gas
Acetylene Colorless Garlic like odor Gas
Cyclohexane Colorless Petroleum like odor Liquid
Toluene Colorless Pungent odor Liquid

Table 2. Combustion: Ignition Test

Observation
Sample Color of Flame Soot
Methane Blue No soot
Ethylene Blue No soot
Acetylene Yellow With soot
Cyclohexane Yellow With soot
Toluene Yellow With soot

Chemical Equations Involve:

Methane:
Ethylene:
Acetylene:
Cyclohexane:
Toluene:
Table 3. Baeyer's Test
Sample Final Appearace of the Mixture
Methane Purple Solution
Ethylene Brown Precipitate and Colorless solution
Acetylene Brown precipitate
Cyclohexane Colorless solution on upper part and violet solution
at the lower part
Toluene Colorless solution on upper part and violet solution
at the lower part

Description of the reagent: aqueous, deep purplish KMnO4

Chemical Equations Involved:

Table 4. Ammoniacal Siver Nitrate Solution: Tollen's Test

Sample Final Appearance of the Mixture
Methane Colorless solution, no precipitate
Ethylene Colorless solution
Acetylene White precipitate
Cyclohexane Colorless mixture, no precipitate, layer formation
Toluene Colorless mixture, no precipitate, layer formation
Description of the reagent: aqueous, colorless silver nitrate.
Chemical Equations Involved:

IV. DISCUSSION
As shown on Table 1, all hydrocarbon have the same color whether a hydrocarbon is liquid or
gas. What it only differ is the way it smells. The odor of hydrocarbon varies from odorless to
pungent smell. Pure acetylene is a colourless gas with a pleasant odour; as prepared from
calcium carbide it usually contains traces of phosphine that cause an unpleasant garliclike
odor( Tikkanen, ).

The Table 2, present the results of the Ignition Test of the hydrocarbons. It shows that only
methane and ethylene has emitted blue flame and had produced no soot. While acetylene,
cyclohexane, and toluene emitted yellow flame and had produced soot. A blue flame color,
means complete combustion of carbon. While, the yellow gas flame color is due to
incomplete combustion of carbon and the incandescence of very fine soot particles that are
produced in the flame cause it to appear yellow( Hahn, 2019). Soot, is a fine black or brown
powder that can be slightly sticky and is a product of incomplete combustion(Hanania, et al,
2019).
Table 3, shows that among all hydrocarbons only in methane that the Beayer reagent does
not react since methane only had a siggle bond. And Since the Beayer reagent is an alkaline
solution of cold potassium permanganate that reacts with compounds having double and/ or
triple bond. Purple solution forming brown precipitate is positive in this test like one in
ethylene and acetylene only since among all the hydrocarbons
In Baeyer's Test, the Beayer reagent is an alkaline solution of cold potassium permanganate

Baeyer's reagent is an alkaline solution of cold potassium permanganate, which is a

powerful oxidant making this a redox reaction. Reaction with double or triple bonds (-C=C- or
-

C≡C-) in an organic material causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown.
Decolorization of a purple solution and formation of a brown precipitate (MnO2) is a positive

result for this kind of test. Bayer’s test involves a redox reaction were in Mn7+ is reduced to
Mn4+ and alkene is oxidized to a diol. Alkenes react with KMnO4 to give a diol and MnO2.

In the experiment, when cyclohexane reacted with Baeyer’s reagent, there was no
color change observed, the solution still remains purple, and no layers were formed. This

confirms that potassium permanganate does not react with alkanes because they are
saturated

(single bonds which are taken and have more amount of hydrogen bonded). For benzene,
bubble suspension at the top of the light purple layer was perceived. The same remark also

goes with toluene but only has an exception, this time it is only lighter than what we have
observed in benzene.
Despite the unsaturation of aromatic rings, they do not usu5ually react with strong

oxidizing agent such as KMnO4. They are inert to oxidation. Table 6.3 below summarizes the
results of this part of the experiment5

And Table 4, shows the result in Tollen's Test.

V. CONCLUSION

VI. REFERENCES
Nicholas Gauthier. What is Hydrocarbon? - Definition, Formula & Compounds.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-hydrocarbon-definition-formula-
compounds.html