CARBOHYDRATE CLASIFICATION

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

SUBMITTED BY-
SUSHMA GIRI (M.A) FOOD AND NUTRITION
FLOW OF PRESENTION

 INTRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRATE
 DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATE
 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE
 DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE
 ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATE
INTRODUCTION OF CARBOHYRATE

 Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers

present in the products of fruits, grains, vegetables and
milk. The American Diabetes Association states that
carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the
body. They are called carbohydrates, as they contain
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at the chemical level.
DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATE

 Carbohydrates are one of the three main classes of

foods and a source of energy. Carbohydrates are mainly
sugars and starches that the body breaks down into
glucose (a simple sugar that the body can use to feed its
cells).A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a
hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 .
CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATE

MONOSACCHARI DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDE

DES S
 Monosaccharides - Monosaccharide carbohydrates are those
carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give simpler
units of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. If a monosaccharide
contains an aldehyde group then it is called aldose and on the
other hand, if it contains a keto group then it is called a ketose.


 Example- glucose, fructose

 DISACCHARIDES - On hydrolysis, disaccharides yield two
molecules of either the same or different monosaccharides. The
two monosaccharide units are joined by oxide linkage which is
formed by the loss of water molecule and this linkage is called
glycosidic linkage.

 Example – sucrose, lactose, maltose

 POLYSACCHARIDES - Polysaccharides contain long
monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic linkage.. Most of
them act as food storage for e.g.
 It is a polymer of a glucose and consists of two components-Amylose
and Amylopectin.
 Example – starch , glycogen
DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrate is present in our diet in three froms -

Monosaccri
Polysacchari Disaccharide des
des s
(glucose,fru
(starch, (lactose,malt ctose,pentos
glycogen) ose,sucrose) e)
TWO TYPE OF ENZYMES ARE IMPORTANT
FOR DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE
 Amylases Disaccharidases

It convert
polysaccharides to It convert
diasaccharides diasaccharides to
monosaccharides

Salivary amylases , Maltase, Sucrase

Pancreatic amylases Isomaltase,Lactase
DETAILS OF DEGESTION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE IN MOUTH……
Digestion of Carbohydrate starts in the mouth, upon
contact with saliva during mastication. Saliva contains a
carbohydrate splitting enzyme called salivary amylase,
also known as ptylin.It requires Clion for activation with an
optimum pH of 6.7 (Range 6.6 to 6.8). ptylin action stops in
the stomach when the pH falls to 3.0.
CON…..

 DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRAT IN STOMACH…..

 There is no enzyme to break the glycosidic bonds in gastric juice.
However, HCl present in the stomach causes hydrolysis of sucrose
to fructose and glucose.
CON……

 CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN SMALL INTESTINE….

 Food bolus reaches the duodenum from the stomach where it
meets the pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains a
carbohydrate splitting enzyme, pancreatic amylase (amylopsin)
similar to salivary amylase.Optimum pH-7.1. Like ptylin, it requires
Clion for its activity. Main digestion takes place in the small intestine
by pancreatic amylase. Digestion is completed by pancreatic
amylase because food stays for a longer time in the intestine.
REACTIONS CATALYZED BY DISACCHARIDASES IN
SMALL INTESTINE

Maltose Maltase glucose+glucose

Sucrose Isomaltose sucrase isomaltase 3glucose+fructose

Lactose lactase glucose +galactose

ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATE

 Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as glucose,

galactose and fructose. By way of the capillaries of the villi, the
simple sugars enter the portal circulation and are transported to
the liver. Here the fructose and galactose are converted to
glycogen for storage. The glycogen is reconverted to glucose as
needed by body.
THANKYOU