A Sanskrit Manual (Part I) PDF

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ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

Approved by the Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examination (12th January. 1961),
A SANSKRIT MANUAL
FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
PART I
BY
R. ANTOINE, S.J., M.A.
AL L I E DMUMBAI
AHMEDABAD
NEW DELHI P U B LKOLKATA
BANGALORE I S HHYDERABAD
ERS LIMITED
CHENNAI LUCKNOW
NAGPUR
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Reprinted 2002
© Allied Publishers Limited
Published by Sunil Sachdev and printed by Ravi Sachdev at

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CONTENTS
LESSON PAGE
1. THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET ... ... ... 1
2. THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V N F ^ ) ... ... 4
3. MASCULINB AND NEUTER NOUNS IN B?
NOMINATIVB AND ACCUSATIVB ... ... 8
4. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (FTARFTF) ... ... 13
5. INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVB

THE SIXTH CONJUGATION ( ) ... ... 18
6. MASCULINE NOUNS IN % AND 3

ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE ... ... ... 22
7. THE TBNTH CONJUGATION (GUFTF)

LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE ... ... ... 27
8. FEMININE NOUNS IN BIT AND f

PRESENT TENSE—MIDDLE VOICE ( ANWTO^ ) ... 33
9. THE IMPERFECT TENSE ACTIVE AND

MIDDLE. FEMININB NOUNS IN 5 AND 3 . . . ... 38
10. MASCULINB AND FEMININE NOUNS IN

IMPERATIVE MOOD ( S I T E ) ... ... 43
11. FEMININB NOUNS IN 3;

POTENTIAL MOOD ( FAFAFE©) ... ... 48
12. NEUTER NOUNS IN 3 AND ^

AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE ... ... 53
13. PERSONAL PRONOUNS—PASSIVB VOICE ... ... 58
14. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND E ^

V
PASSIVB VOICE ( c o n t . ) ... ... ... 63
15. NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS ... ... ... 70

LESSON PAGE
16. NOUNS WITH ONE STEM ( cont.) ... ... ... 75
17. PASSIVB IMPERSONAL ( SPFLN:)

NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS ... ... ... 80
18. PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES ... ... 84
19. THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES ... ... ... 89
20. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS ( cont.)

DEGREES OF COMPARISON ... ... ... 93
21. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS . . . ... 98
22. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (cont.) ... 101
23. THB FORMATION OF THE FEMININE ... ... 105
24. INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^ T AND )

LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE ... ... 109
25. INFINITIVE IN ( GG* )

THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSB ... ... ... 115
26. THE ADVERB-CLAUSE ... ... ... 119
VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS ... 124
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ... ... ... 136
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY ... ... ... 151
SYSTEMATIC INDEX ... ... ... ... 164

PREFACE
The purpose of this Manual is not to give an exhaustive treatment

of Sanskrit grammar. It is meant as a practical method of teaching and
learning Sanskrit through the medium of English. Its composition is based
on the two following principles :
1. The effort of memory which the study of languages demands
becomes a mere drudgery when its rational usefulness is not clearly
shown and immediately given practical scope. An instrument, however
beautiful remains cumbersome as long as it cannot be utilized.
2. The drudgery of memory work is amply repaid by the capacity
which the student acquires of expressing himself in the language which
he learns. That is why greater stress has been laid on translation from
English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English.
This First Part covers the matter of the first three years (Standards
IV to VI or Classes VI to VIII). The beginnings should be extremely
slow. The vocabulary should be learnt by small doses (five to eight)
words a day) and frequent repetitions should be given.
The first ten lessons could conveniently form the syllabus of the first
year. Their treatment i$ very analytical.
Lessons n to 26 are more compact and will require more time to be
assimilated. They should be distributed over the second and third year.
In this seventh edition, besides correcting the few printing mistakes
which had escaped our scrutiny, we have incorporated the valuable
suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers.
R.A., S.J.
LESSON 1
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET
1. The Vowels—There are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit alphabet.
They are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs.
Every simple vowel, except the last, last shows a short and a
long form.
J short: a 5 i 3 u % r 3 1
Simple vowels 1 , * J.
[ long : en a f I u H r
Diphthongs: tr e ai 8?t o sft au
2. The Consonants—The Sanskrit consonants are classified according
to the organs of pronounciation. There are five categories : those
pronounced from the throat are called gutturals; those pronounced
from the palate are called palatals; those pronounced from the
roof of the mouth are called cerebrals; those pronounced from the
teeth are called dentals; those pronounced from the lips are called '
labials—The Sanskrit names for those five categories are :
qsN'*
Each category contains seven consonants : 5 mutes, 1 semi-vowel
and 1 sibilant. The five mutes of each category are divided as follows :
2 hard mutes, one non-aspirate, the other aspirate ; 3 soft mutes, one
non aspirate, the second aspirate and the third nasai. The semi-vowels
are soft, the sibilants are hard.
MUTES
^ ju N
Hard Hard Soft Soft Soft Semi- Sibi-
non-asp. aspirate non-asp. aspirate nasal vowels lants
GUTTURALS $ ka m kha 11 g a q gha § na (5 ha) : h
PALATALS ^R c a $ cha 5T j a jha SF n a ya 5T s a
CEREBRALS Z ta Z tha % da 3 dha OR i j a * ra Q §a
DENTALS 3 ta S? t h a da SR d h a q na $5 l a S sa
LABIALS <T p a pha ^ ba bha ma ? va : h
1
2 SANSKRIT M A N U A L
N.B.—An 'a* has been added to each consonant to facilitate the

pronounciation. Besides the consonants given above, the following
should be noted :
anusvara—a dot above a vowel, standing for final or for
any of the five nasals followed by one of the first four mutes of its
own class :
3»=kam ; 3m=anga ; f§£=simha
visarga—a double d o t : standing for a final q or a final
avagraha—the sign S marking the elision of sr at the beginning of a
word Isftr
a stroke below a consonant ^ indicates that it stands by itself
without any vowel following it.
3. Consonants followed by vowels—When a vowel follows a consonant,
the cosonant loses its stroke and the vowel is written in an
abbreviated form :
-3T is not written at all: JJ(4-8f
-3TT is written as T : 3>+8?T=$T
is written as f : =ftr
-f is written as't : =«ft
is written as^ :
-35 is written as : =H
N o t e — :
is written as c :
is written as £ :
is written as $ :
-tt is written as v r
-Tj[ is written as* :
-3ft is written as*t : ^+
-aft is written as^ : g-f
T H E SANSKRIT ALPHABET 3
4. Compound consonants—When two or more consonants have

to be written without intervening vowels, the following general
principle is followed :
All consonants, except the last of the group, drop their final
vertical line : ; ; ; \
The combination of consonants which have no final vertical line
assumes a form of its own: = ; > r
*T+sr=5r5 3+*T=2q; ?+*T=!T ;
; ;
; 1
The consonant T^has a special treatment in combination :
when it follows a consonant, it is written as
When it precedes a consonant or the vowel ^ it is written as
5. The Sanskrit numerals are :

b V, •
EXERCISE 1
I. Write the Sanskrit vowels.

II. Write the Sanskrit consonants,
m. What are the hard consonants ?
IV. What are the soft consonants ?
V. Join the following groups of letters :
^+31; q+an ; "5+1$ 5T+3; ;
<tMH; ;
*[ + »>;
4 SANSKRIT MANUAL
VI. Write the following in Sanskrit letters :

bhumavupavi§ami; snayuh ; jnanam ; k§etraiji; afigat; udyane ;
rohanti ; arthabhyam ; Sastraih ; sarvada ; kritjivah ; dr&yate ; asti;
andhakareija ; ratna ; atra ; ' tyakta ; ti§thami ; bhraraati; aSva ;
baddha ; sa na janati; tena suhrda rak§itah ; maya dattam ; tvaya
dr?tam ; yu§mabhiruktam.
LESSON 2
THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( )

6. (1) The Sanskrit verb cojugated in a finite tense has three persons
and three numbers. The three numbers are : singular, dual and
plural fg^R,
(2) The verbal root (sng) is the original form of the verb.
The verbal tese (arf) is the form assumed by the root before the
terminations are added.
(3)' The formation of the verbal base depends partly on the
strengthening of the radical vowel (i.e. the vowel of the root). Simple
vowels are subject to a twofold strengthening: the first degree of
strengthening is called gum : the second degree pf strengthening is
called vrddhi. The following scheme of simple vowels with their
twofold strengthening should be committed to memory :
Simple vowels ~
311
short and long * « t % * B
GUNA 31 XT Bft 8|3
VRDDHI e*T It eft an^ ons

T H E FIRST. CONJUGATION 5
7. Formation of the base in the first Conjugation

(1) The final vowel and the short medial vowel of a root
take guija.
A medial vovyel is a vowel which stands between consonants.
When a short vowel is followed by a compound consonant it
is counted as long, e.g.: ?r$n
(2) The letter or is added before the terminations.
That 3? becomes an before the terminations beginning
with ^ or qr. That si is dropped before terminations
beginning with 8f.
8. The terminations of the present tense—active voice >
are :
S. D. P.
1st pers. -ftr -q:
2nd pers. -"ft?
3rd pers. -fa -cP -Offer
9. Applications
Roots having a short medial vowel: qr?^ ( t o fall), gt* ( to
know ), ( to pull ).
Formation of the base
1
(1) Guiâ of the short medial vowel: q^-q^; ; f 1
(2) The letter 31 is added: ;
m^ + 3? = I
Before terminations beginning with n or ^Tm- ^ f -
Before terminations beginning with aj,
Adding the terminations

S. D. P.
lst pers. ^ f a
I fall We two fall We fall
2nd pers. ^ftr
Thou fallest You two fall You fall
3rd pers. ^fa ^ f o
He falls They two fall They fall
In roots like sffa (to live) and (to blame), the medial
vowel does not take gur>a because it is long.—Hence : sffafa, fa^fa I
Roots having a final vowel, short or long: ftr (to conquer),
(to become), ^ (to move).
(1) Guiia of the final vowel—fa § ; ;
(2) The letter e? is added—sr + 8?;
In Sanskrit, two vowels following each other must be com-
bined according to definite rules. Those rules are called the rules
of vowel-sandhi.
In the case of and of *ft+3|, the following rules applies :
When IT and 9FT are followed, in the same word, by any vowel. they
are changed respectively to 0TT and e^
Hence: ; 3?=*rsr
Before terminations beginning with or sr—srcn-, SKI-
Before terminations beginning with sj—SRT-,
Adding the termination
S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. ^TTftT WW* ^fi?
2nd pers. SRrfa WPP WW ^ f a Wl
3rd pers. ^fcT SRffi: ^rf^T mfo ^f^f

THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V^lf^ ) 7
EXERCISE 2
I. Vocabulary
Wi ( ) to draw q ^ ( q^fa ) to fall
(ifitefcO to play ( ) to know
^ ( ) to dig ^ ( ) to be, to become
( W f c ) to eat ( ) to walk
^ ( ) to move ^ ( ^ f a ) to worship
( âfh ) to move d C W f a ) to protect
fa ( wqfo ) to conquer ^ ( ( t f f a ) to grow
s f a ( s f a f a ) to live ^ ( ) to speak
( ) to abandon ^ I ^rfcT) to sow
^ i ) to burn TO ( qafct) to dwel
% " ( ^qrfrT ) to run, to melt ( qsfa ) to carry, to flow
WT* ( > to run ( ) to go
^ ( ) to salute ^ ^RTfcT) to praise
5ft ( iPTlcl ) to lead Q ( ) to go
( Tqfa ) to cook ( w f a ) to remembre
II. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

sfc W , f> f * and m
III. Translate the following into English :
suftr i eraftr i tfhnip i SRSEP i q^fe i i i i
wfan wiftri sfaferi wfai
STCTq: I TOTftr I I m^Rj: I q^fcf I I qw I I
I qiws I I
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit:
We worship. You twfc move. He conquers. They grow.
I sow. Ws two abandon. Thou salutest. They two remember.
They cooke I fall. He draws. You two dig. They know.
We two become. Thou eatest. They two move. We protect.

You live. He leads. We go. You two praise. They melt. I burn.
Thou dwellest. They two speak. We two run. You go. He carries.
I cook. You two eat.
LESSON 3
MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN sr
NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE
10. (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence

is indicated by special terminations called case-endings. For
instance, the noun gsr (son) becomes gsp when it is subject; it becomes
gsf^ when it is direct object. What we express by means of prepositions
such as 'with', «by\ *to\ •for*, 'from', 'of', 'in', etc., is also rendered
into Sanskrit by case-endings. There are eight cases in Sanskrit:
nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative
and vocative.
(2) As in the verb, so also in the noun, Sanskrit has three
numbers: singular, dual and plural. Sanskrit has three genders:
masculine, feminine and neuter.
(3) The various forms taken by a noun in all its cases and numbers
are called the Declension of that noun.
(4) There are two types of nouns ending in sr Some are
masculine and some are neuter. Both 9 masculine and neuter nouns
in 3? are declined in the same way except in the nominative, accusative
and vocative.
MASCULINE A N D NEUTER N O U N S IN 9
11. Declension of m. (a well) and of qR n. (a forest) :

S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nominative f?: egft «T«llf«9
Accusative ^qf^ ^ft ^TT^ ^ îfXfif
Instrumental ^pfa ^TT^TT^ <M 1*41*1
Dative ^TPT ^TTWI^ W I qâf:
Ablative WT^ ÎTOnH
Genitive f^T ^THl^ wfr jMMIH
Locative ^ ^qzft: f^g # ^Rft: q^g
Vocative ^T W qft
12. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number :
e.g.: A boy f a l l s — < T c T % \
Two boys f a l l — I
Boys fall—SITCST: qafcr 1
13. The Nominative case is used :
(1) to indicate the subject: The father l e a d s — s ^ f a \
(2) to indicate the subjective complement:
The sons become heroes—g^TT: qftfof ^tlT: 1
(3) to indicate a noun in apposition to the subject:
Rama, the hero conquers—im: 1
14. The Accusative case is used :
(1) to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb :
The father leads the sons—^b: gsfi^ siqfa i
10 SANSKRIT MANUAL
(2) to indicate the objective complement:

We know Rama (to be) a h e r o — s f e w I
(3) after verbs indicating movement:
The servant goes to the well- ^ra: iFc^fa I
(4) with the following prepositions: erffl (above), erg (after
along), erfi? (near), sq (near, below), (near, in front of), qfar:
(around), SRcf: (on all sides of), (on both sides o f f a q j (fie on),
9JTOT, faw (near), ftrcT (without), (without, concerning), BRRT
(between), 51% (to, towards).
15. Sandhi rules do not apply to vowels alone, but also to consonants.
Thus, in the sentences above, the final Jând the final: of a word
followed by another word undergo various changes.
(1) Final \when followed by a consonant is changed to anusvdra :
(2) Final: (visarga)

when followed by a hard consonant
-remains unchanged before \ q q^ 3T and ^
gsp I 5m: qaftcf I 5TT3: STCfa I
becomes 3T before T: \
-becomes ^ before Z and 5—q^: I
becomes ^ before ^ and *{— g^r: I
when preceded by on and followed by a soft consonant or a
vowel, is dropped: smfcf I
when preceded by 8? and followed by a soft consonant, is

changed to efT-gsp Wffo i
MASCULINE AND NEUTER N O U N S IN 3? 11
when preceded by ai and followed by any vowel except 8f, is

dropped: mî I
when preceded by a? and followed by at, at: 15 changed to aft while
the following af is elided: ^Rcf: I
iV.5.—When final visarga is followed by a sibilant ( 3T> ^ or s ) it
is optionally changed to the sibliant:
IOT STOT^ or, im^RW^ l 4R3: SttfcT or, I
EXERCISE 3
1. Vocabulary
Masculine nouns Neuter nouns Prepositions governing
the accusative
arcj: horse a?*m food arf^RT: near, in front
arrerc: conduct fuel qfer: around
qrita; pigeon gold gsfo: on all sides
hand (fetich lotus on both sides
crow âq/water fa^fie on
UTO: village grass )
r near
person misery Jwu J
servant qsra leaf f^T |
wlthout
I
^ffl: country qrsn^ vessel 9
above
W man fruit ^
after
^q: king body > according
< to, along
qsifl: mountain 5TTWI sacred precept near
5TTc5: boy sfca* character ^ t0> towards
^•q: cloud happiness between
tree WRJ^ place gq near, below
2
II. Translate the following into English :

(^) wsfa \ sqfo i ( \ ) \
( v ) a w qqa^ srfa snqfcr i ( ^ ) ^q: a r r e r ^ sfafo i ( %) ^RT:
sftqfof I ( v» ) I ( *) fSfl: I ( M
ftro ^rert i ( ) f ^ n sitf* sffafa i ( <n ) sfte^ i
( ^ ) JS^H I ( *) W I ( ) ^fr^: ^
snrfcr i ( ^ ) TOTH qfar: ^ f r ^ f t f t f f a r i ( e r a ^ i
(awîrn^rr?^ i ) qr# s ^ T w t a s q s r a i c z r s f a i ( n ) ^TT:
^RfeT I ( ) f ^ STTeS^ | m ) 3 ? ^ BRJ^T I ( ^ )
(M) ^PTCT: I^T^ ( ^ v ) aiggq^^ws
^rfcT I ( ^ ) a?g ^ ^ WcP I ( WTO* a?f*T<T: ^ f :
! ^ SWTT ( Û ) 3?fcT ^ f ^ L S^LI
( ^ ) ^q: I
III. Decline fully the following nouns :
^flcl^ fffiCTfe S R ^ l
IV. Join the sandhis in the following :

gq: ^rfcT I TOftcM ^fa I ^rfh I
^frcT I SR^ w f a I spy ^KftT I J I T ^ erftRj: Wf:
i
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

Example : Two servants lead the horses around the village.
Two servants noun-dual-masc.-subject-nomin. :
lead verb-pres.-act.-3rd pers.-duai: snffi:
the horses noun-plnr.-mac.-object-accus. : aftjT^
around preposition : qffa:
the village noun-sing.-masc.-governed by qfi[cf:-accus. JIT*?^
qftcTJ ^ f t 3T3IR 'TOP I
Sandhi : STRT qfoft ^Ttft BTSfR ^ s i
T H E FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f ^ f i * ) 13
(I) Trees grow near the well. (2) The pigeon becomes a crow.
(3) The king conquers the country. (4) Two horses eat grass.
(5) The servant draws the boys. (6) Persons carry the vessels. (7) We
live without happiness. (8) Trees carry leaves. (9) On both sides
of the well boys burn the fuel. (10) Clouds move towards the
mountain. (11) The hand protects the body. (12) Water falls on
all sides of the village. (13) Sacred precepts lead men to happiness.
(14) Fie on the crows. (15) Between the two trees the water flows.
(16) Persons salute the king. (17) I praise the lotus. (18) According
to (his) character, the king protects the people (persons). (19) You two
leave the place. (20) Character (is) superior to (=above) gold.
(21) The servant (is) inferior to (=below) the king.
LESSON 4
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( )
16. The Fourth Conjugation
Present Tense—Active Voice (q^ft spftn:)
(1) Formation of the base
(a) The radical vowel does not take guna.
(b) ^ is added to the root.
(c) The letter 8? is added before the terminations.
That becomes en before terminations beginning wih
o r
1 1
That or is dropped before terminations beginning with 8|
(2) The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation
(see No. 8).
14 SANSKRIT MANUAL
(3) Application : gq (to nourish).

(a) No guga of the radical vowel: gq
(b) ir is added to the r o o t : S ^ + ^ — g ^
(c) The letter aj is added : gsr+3f=gisr
Before terminations beginning with iôr cf: geqr-
Before terminations beginning with 3?:

S. D. P.
ist Pers. jyanftr g^nq: g^w
2nd Pers. g^faf g^T^j
3rd Pers. giSTcj: g^fo
17. The nominative and accusative plural of neuter nouns in

end in ft—TO^-WTft l In some cases, however, we have to
write fbr instead of ft, as in srfft^ (body)-5Hfaifor ( The rule to be
applied in this and similar cases is the following :
When, in the same word, ^ , is preceded by^9^,ôr and followed
by a vowel, ^ , \or it is changed to <JT.
The rule applies even when the is separated from the preceding
% Tôr \by several letters, provided those intervening letters be vowels,
gutturals, labials, or ^ and anusvUra.
Examples : ; ; \
But: TO^ because ^ is followed by nothing
g^fitT because ^ is followed by ^
because the intervening is neither a vowel, a
o
guttural, a labial nor > or anusvara.
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f^fi* ) 15
In order to remember the above rule, commit to memory the

following line :
-f&ffcl?When, in the same word, ^ is preceded by qg q or ,

-WW—and followed by a vowel or by ^ or ^r,
it is changed to
-qscl provided the intervening letters be not palatals
^ % ) > cerebrals dentals
or one of the three letters « or
18. Both in the first and in the fourth conjugations there are verbal
roots which form their base irregularly.
Irregular verbs
First Conjugation Fourth Conjugation
TO* ( *Txg&fct ) to go f^q ( ) to play
( ) to restrain ^ ( ) tQ c e a s e
( ^ ) to hlde # ~ x . .
^ ) to sit ** ( W ^ ) to be weary
9T { f a s f a ) to smell ( JTTSjfa ) to rejoice
<TT ( fqqfcT ) to drink ( f ^ f o ) t0 pierce
m ( m x ) to stand ^ ( ^ } tofall
^ r ( ^rfe ) to bite - .
^r ( w f o ) to blow * * ( w w f e ) to forgive
^ ( q^rfcf) to see Wl ( STORfe ) to roam, to err
19. The Sanskrit sentence usually ends with the verb. The normal
order of words is as follows : subject-object-verb :
e. g.: Two men see the f o r e s t — ^ W Wtft \
20. The negation «T is placed immediately before the verb :

The king does not blame the servants—ijqt ^TOT^ ft^ld I
The conjunction =3 (and) is either repeated after each one of the
nouns it connects, or is written once only after the last noun of
the series.
The man and the boys go to the village :
—srre 3TTH ^ f e f I
or—^tt WT I
EXERCISE 4
II. Vocabulary
are to throw ftp* to play u U ^ f a ) t 0 g°
to be ^ (STT^fcT) to be quiet ^ to restrain
pleased ^ to forgive ^ ( ^ r ^ f ^ t o give
to
•RT (iWftO Perish ^ to be
(jgftr) to hide
^ O n f t ) ^ dance tQ b e J " } * to sit
£ ? 7 • "t * 5,1
^ t 0 sme11
- - -
l (s^fa) to bite (sRfcl) to blow W (fasfa) to stand
f ^ ( f a ^ f c f ) to blame f to take away ( q ^ f a ) to see
well lake SRH forest

elephant flower head
moon s f t q ^ life not
STRfT^: palace wealth ^T and
W BTT^R qfa: d^cf I U) ^
W) siet srrcrtwfacfr \ ( 0 TO ^TOfcF
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f ^ f i * ) 17
5R5 * ftafo i ( *) WSR =?n {<>) qsnfor snprfor i

( ^ ) ^ f t 5TSR STTRfa I ) f? ftw 3T3T ^ f o f I ( )
fûfin ( n ) WfaP ( qtfwfaarftn ( ) t
( S ^ f t I^Tferof^T I ( 1 0 I ( ) HW. I (l^) I
( n ) ^fe I ) 5TTc5T SHPlfaT S^f^T ^ I (VI ) ^fatf i f ^ f a I
(^ ) I ( M MT«5T tffcfa 1 ( V*) W WSiTWfcl *
V ^H) TOf agftl » ( ^ ) *T53Tfir WTfcT I ( ) sfa ^ T I
WtcP fgtf
III. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :
^r , m W; and
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) I throw fuel. (2) Two men are dancing near the well.
(3) People run to the palace. (4) The elephant eats leaves, drinks
water and is pleased. (5) Pigeons do not bite. (6) Two servants
hide the fruits and the food. (7) I play and I am glad. (8) We
do not praise wealth. (9) You two smell the flower. (10) They
stand on all sides of the village. (11) Men dig the place and
carry the gold away. (12) You are weary and you sit. (13) The
horses are not quiet. (14) The king is not pleased. (15) The crow
pierces the fruit. (16) The boys faint. (17) The man blames
the two servants. (18) Life without happiness becomes misery.
(19) We see the moon. (20) Elephants live on both sides of the
lake.
LESSON 5
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE
THE SIXTH CONJUGATION
21. The Instrumental Case is used :

(1) to indicate the agent of a passive verb.
(2) to indicate the instrument which is used to do the action.
The boy hides (his) face with (his) hands—?Tat gtf I
(3) to indicate the person or thing accompanying the action.
I go with the servant- ^ f a q ^ l f t r i
In this sense, the instrumental may be followed by the pre-
position (with)—il^pftr I
(4) to indicate the cause or reason, i.e. to translate expressions
such a s : 'owing to*, 'on account of', 'out of', 'because of', etc.
On account of misery I leave the v i l l a g e — 3 J T * T c w f a I
(5) to translate expressions like 'by name*, 'by nature', by
family', 'by birth', etc. Rama is a hero by nature—^niR tfift
(6) with the prepositions (with) and fNfflT (without).

(7) with the particles and f ^ H (enough). Enough with
misery ! — 1
22. The Dative Case is used:

(1) to indicate the indirect object of verbs meaning 'to give',
'to send', 'to promise', 'to show'. The preceptor gives the books
to the students—afr^: ftf^wj: <jW4Slf«t S^KT I
(2) after verbs meaning 'to be angry with', 'to desire', €to long
for*. The father is angry with the s o n — g s r T O 1
INSTRUMENTAL A N D DATIVE 19
(3) to express the purpose of the action. He goes for war

(=with a purpose to fight) JJ^TO i
(4) to indicate the person or thing foT whose advantage the action
is done. He digs a well for (his) s o n s - f><f gsfrap ^ r f a I
(5) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No. 14).
The servant goes to the village—^rcfr JTCRTO i
(6) after the particles «np (salutation) and ^rfigj (hail to).
Hail to the king !—tpm i
23. The sixth Conjugation
Present tense—Active voice
(a) The radical vowel does not take guija.
(b) *r is not added to the root.
(c) The letter 9? is added before the terminations
That 8? becomes 3?T before terminations beginning with
Hor ^
That 3f is dropped before teminations beginning with s?
The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation
(see No. 8).
24. Application : (to strike)
(1) & (2) Neither guria nor
(3) The letter Bf is added :
Before terminations beginning with ^ or «r: g^r-
Before terminations beginning with s t :
Adding terminations
S. D. P.
1st pers. g^Tft?
2nd pers. g^ffc g^sp

3rd pers. g^cf:
20 SANSKRIT MANUAL
25. Irregular verbs of the sixth Conjugation

WL (f^cffcf) to cut ft^ tfWfc) to find
STiUlPfa) t o release (ftrefa) to sprinkle
OT (c|*T%) to break (l^fe) to wish
f^(fc5*qfcT to anoint 5PS3 (gx^fcf) to ask
26. When final visarga is preceded by any vowel except e? or a?T, a
new sandhi rule must be applied.
Final visarga preceded by any vowel except 8? or 3?T and followed by
a vowel or a soft consonant is changed to ^
STTS: I ftHsp I
27. We can now recapitulate the saftdhi rules applying to final
visarga (see No. 15).
When final
visarga is preceded by and followed by
| any vowel it remains unchanged
i any vowel ^ or ® it becomes ^
any vowel z or it becomes 1
any vowel ^ or it becomes %
any vowel except* a vowel or a it becomes ^
3T or 3TT soft cons.
3? a vowel or a it is dropped
soft cons.
9T a soft consonant becomes sft
any vowel except ! it is dropped
3?
becomes eft and
the following a?
is elided.
N.B—The particle srt: drops its visarga when followed by a w*vel
or a soft consonant.
INSTRUMENTAL A N D DATIVE 21
EXERCISE 5
I. Vocabulary
S* ($qfeO to plough (gsfa) to release wind
f^TT (f&qfa) to throw to break burden
(S^fa) to strike fo5q(fo5*qfcl) to anoint hero
f ^ r j f i ^ r f a ) to show (fa^fo)to find jackal
to write (fa^fe) to sprinkle swan
ftj^(f^rfcf) to enter ^ ( t o wish house
to create to ask ^hfjj bank
^ T OESSffa) to touch (SsfcO to laugh spuT^ ornament
(iFcTfa) to cut I to call jewel
Prepositions governing the instrumental : ei with ; fsRT

without.
Particles governing the instrumental : f c ^ enough.
Particles governing the dative : qq: salutation to, hail to.
W) ^Rrftn W vmfft 1 (O €tt

im*5% I (v») sre: iRfTfir 1 TO i (M srck4
fePOTI ^ter f^TT SCTo5Tfa * ^ m
(iH) I h 0 ^ f g m f e fasm: 1 S^H I
(1*0 g t o iTsn^ » ^ fa^fcn (<**) ^ sn^sfr
f^rfan mw vi ^Tftri (n) ^ f^ faî srrenr^
ftwr ft ft Hrcrfcr 1 ^TST isf f ^ f o r 1 1
(M) qtft c^fo 1 8?T^fR: I (VO STCT g ^ f a TO *
^TTfJT I I Û) f&ltTftr >
swfaei: ^ t o 1 U ° ) sffcrar w i ^ sjJtai
III. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice:

f > VI* a n d

(1)1 give fruits to the two servants. (2) Thou goest to the forest
for flowers. (3) He is glad by character. (4) Misery breaks life.
(5) Owing to the wind the lotuses perish. (6) The jackal finds food.
(7) The two men call the servant. (8) Through happiness the boys
laugh and dance. (9) The hero shows the jewels to the king. (10) He
sees the jackal and runs (away). (11) Due to (his) conduct, he leaves
(abandons) the house. (12) For the sake of wealth men plough, carry
burdens, dig the mountains and leave (their) country. (13) Owing
to the wind, the fruits fall. (14) We sit near the bank. (15) On all
sides of the house, jackals roam. (16) Clouds emit ( ^ ) water.
(17) With the heroes you enter the palace. (11) I stand near the
lake with the boys. (19) They see the lotuses and laugh with
happiness. (20) The swans move towards the bank. (20) I show the
swan to the boys. (22) Hail to the country ! (23) Enough with
misery.
LESSON 6
MASCULINE NOUNS IN * AND 3
ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE
28. Masculine nouns in f and 3
(1) There is a great similariry between the declension of masculine
nouns in 5 and that of masculine nouns in When the masculine
nouns in 5 have f , and IT, the masculine nouns in 3 have 35, ^
and sit respectively.
MASCULINE N O U N S I N 5 AND 5 23
(2) The Declension of gfa m. (a sage) and of fag m. (a baby) :

S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. gfa: grff g^f: fag: fa^ fasrc:
Acc. gft^ gtf* g ^ fagfl[ fa^X, faSH.
instr. gfon gftvqm gftfa: fag*T fagwrc* fagfa:

Dat. gfir^TT^ gfiw fag^TT^ ftrgvq:
AW. g^: gf^n^ gftwr: fasft: fagwn^ fagw
Gen. g^: Jpft: gifclTH fatff: ftl^:
Loc. gift gftg fasft fasfc fagg

Voc. g^ gcff g^: fasft fa3L fa*FW:
29. The Ablative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place from which the action begins or originates.
The sage goes from f o r e s t — I
(2) with verbs meaning 'to desist from*, 'to protect', to fear*
God protects men from m i s e r y — ^ ^ L ^ f a l
(3) to express the cause, the motive (cf. Instrumental, No. 21)
Out of anger he strikes the boy—s^tel^ g^ftf \
(4) with the following prepositions : (before, to the east of),
(before), aw^RH, (after), 3fT (until, since), snjfa (since), 5rf|:
(outside), (except), f^RT (without).
30. (1) The Genitive Case has no relation with the action of the
verb. It indicates a relation between nouns, usually rendered into
English by the preposition 'of'.
The king gives jewels to the son of H a r i — g ^ F T ^ f t JelTfa
S^fa \
(2) There is no verb meaning 'to have' in Sanskrit. To translate :

"The enemies have chariots", the sentence must be turned into : Of the
enemies (there) are chariots— sifturf qqfel I
(3) The genitive is used with the following prepositions:
W f t (above), sp*: (below), g*cp (in front o f ) , qsn^ (behind), q?Rp
(beyond), ^ f l ? ^ (in the presence o f ) , f ^ (for the sake of).
31. When a word ends with a vowel and the following word begins
with a vowel, both vowels are combined into one. The rules of
vowel-sandhi are divided into three sections :
(1) Combination of similar simple vowels
8? or 9?T + 3? or en=3n I gfasrr I
? or I + 5 or f = f i wftf f SR^ = W ^ t ^ H I
3 or + 3 or 35=951 " f e l 331=3 I
% or ^ + or l I
(2) Simple vowels combined with dissimilar vowels
a? or 8ff + ? or | = t r i mm \
3? or 3?T + 3 or g;=9ft l SSfT^ I
a? or 3?T + ^ or gfsRT =gftirfq: I
3? or en + 3 famvp ==fWfcl
3| or bit + eft =sft i sir* afte^ I
3? or 3?T + =ofV I q^rasrNn*

^ or | followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to I
mqfcT ^ I
3 or 35 followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to q j
I
MASCULINE N O U N S IN 5 AND 3 25
or
H followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to \
(3) Diphthongs combined with any vowel

rj and aft followed by any vowel except 3* are changed respectively
to 8ifi and (see No. 9.)
TT and eft followed by 3f remain unchanged while the 8f is elided.
Before any vowel except 8?, 8^ and may optionally drop the ^
and the ^
or ^ I
or S* # I
T* and sft followed by any vowel are changed respectively to G{[\and
8HqT. But 8TPT and may optionally drop the ^ and the sr.
or cl^TT t
SETt or ami I^PfflLi
(4) Exceptions
Interjections like do not combine with the following word.
f , fl^rf TJ, dual terminations, remain unchanged before vowels,
q^fcf—the guest sees two forests.
^sftffMrcrfcJ—the guest dwells in a forest.
26 SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE 6
I. Vocabulary
fire moon Prepositions governing the ablative
affafa: guest arrow s n ^ before, to since

theeast
enemy ^ teacher < outside
^ . Wbe f o r e
except,
P°et <R>: tree ^ ^ after without
faft: moun- axe w until> u p t o ^ without

N5a
tain L__
beast
gftfi sage Prepositions governing the genitive
Cpf: sun ^ friend gqft above Bid in the pre-
sence of
*Tfa: heap arm below ^ beyond
in the
ocean ftw: drop g0 ^ : in front of W&l Pre" ,
sence of
quarrel fag: baby behind f ^ for the sake of
II. Translate the following into English after breaking up the

Sandhis :
(i) iRgrftn U) q^n

f ^ T I ( V ) 8?faftitf ^rcn T^fcT I snr§wit a s I
(Ofewnwrn (*) wm («) ^W|4JMP< tftanftri
(^ ) qfffo I 5T*rfcT I ( <n ) |
TOcT: I {K) ^ft: srft * S^fcT I (n) W I
fa*) TO: srma^ g^: w r j trarfcreftn
l i O srr$ h * ) g^Rr afe ^ f a s^fcr 1 arm*
TONT I ( n ) S^Trt ^ ^TJTT if m^fof I qfTcl,^: fa^
^RTfrT I
THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( ) 27
III. Join the following sandhis :

SÎT 3tfcffa: l W^fa mm, I i i I
sir i snwt - p w ^ i i
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :
(1) The poet shows the trees to the sage. (2) The sage calls the
boys. (3) The boys stand in front of the house. (4) The clouds
move above the mountain. (5) The arrows of the hero pierce the
enemy. (6) The boy falls from thfe tree and breaks (his) hand.
(7) The guests have no water. (8) The servant takes away the food
from the fire. (9) The water of the ocean is calm. (10) The beasts
of the forest roam around the village. (11) 1 hide the jewels behind
the tree. (12) The poet has a place in the presence of the king.
(13) From the babies up to the men the people are tired. (14) With
(my) relatives 1 go from the mountain to the forest. (15) Eh carries
the axe with both hands. (16) With heaps of leaves we feed the fire.
(17) Sages worship ths sun. (18) Owing to the quarrel, the teacher
leaves the village.
LESSON 7
THE TENTH CONJUGATION ( )
LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE
32. The tenth Conjugation : Present Tense—Active Vo«ze
(1) Formation of the base
(a) A short medial vowel take guiia.
(b) A final vowel takes vrddhi.
vc) ajar is added to the root.
(d) The letter sr is added before the terminations,
That a? becomes an before terminations beginning
with ^ or ^
That is dropped before terminations beginning
with 8?
3
28 SANSKRIT MANUAL
(2) The terminations are the same as those of the first

conjugation (see No. 8).
(3) Application: (to steal); ^ (to owe).
(a) Guna of medial short vowel: ^
(b) Vrddhi of final vowel : sjrc
(c) 8RT is added to the root:
(d) The letter a? is added: ; W^H-^sn^
Before terminations beginning with ^ or ^ : ^fan-, STR^TT-
Before terminations beginning with 3? : ; ^TR^
S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. ^tWR: ^R^nftr WWW
2nd pers ^TW* sftQW ^TR^fe ^TR^W ^TR^sf
3rd pers.
33. Irregular verbs of the tenth Conjugation

to
^SS^fa) desire ; ^ to c@ver.
34. The first, fourth, sixth and tenth Conjugations at one glance.
Guna of 8?
short medial Guna of Vrddhi of before
vowel final vowel final vowel ^ termination
1st Conj. + + — — ~ +
4th Conj. — — — + — +
6th Conj. — — — — — +
10th Conj. + — + — + +
THE T E N T H CONJUGATION fÛf?) 29
35. The Locative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place where the action takes place. In
English it is rendered by the prepositions 'in*, 'at', 'on', 'upon',
'among', etc.
I play in the garden—gqr^ s&Wlftr I among the t r e e s — I
(2) to indicate the time when the action takes place.
In summer—sft^ i
(3) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No. 14)
such as to 'fall', 'to place', 'to throw', 'to send', 'to enter', etc.
The tree falls into the lake—f^t q^fa I
(4) to translate expressions like 'concerning', in the matter
of, etc.
In the matter of modesty Hari stands f i r s t — f f t s
smf^sfoI
(5) to indicate the object of emotions and feelings :
He feels affection for (or towards) H a r i — f ^ S j f c f I
36. The Vocative Case is used as the case of address :
O Baby ! — | fcntft 1
37. Verbs preceded by a preposition
A preposition prefixed to a verb changes the meaning of that
verb.
The prepositions mostly in use are :
over, beyond : to go beyond, to cross,
near, unto : (srfcirc&fo) to go unto, to obtain,
arg after, along : ajg-s (arg^fa) to move after, to follow.
3jq away from : (arq^fct) to move away, to depart.
towards : a?f*r-srpr (arfasjT*rfcO t o r u n towards, to attack.
3T«r down : a j e f - ^ (are^ffa) to burn down, to destroy,
STT unto, back : an-fft (aff^fcT) to take unto, to bring.
30 SANSKRIT MANUAL
up, forth : to arise, to be produced,

gq near : aq-firaL (gqfirarftf) to sit.
fa under : fa-faq ) to throw under, to put down.
faraway, out: fas^S^to carry out.
qft round, a b o u t : qft-q* to fall around, to fly around.
51 forward : (sRafa) to move forward, to set out.
51% towards, against: 5rfcHn?v (^fOTcgfcr) to go to wards, to return.
fir apart, without: fir-srcr to throw apart, to scatter.
together, fully: (tffgrqfa) to throw together, to
summarize.
EXERCISE 7
1. Vocabulary
(Wlfa) to tell q ^ (qT^fe)
f/% prncc
q® fena^fa) to wash to protect
. , j. . x 3Tf*H7* ( e f f g ^ f c l )
(naRfa) to count cjfe ( q W f c ) to obtain
to oppress ^ ^
to
to proclaim to adore f° I J °w
ftRLl ) to eat ^ ^ depart

to adorn
to think (W^) arft-OT (erfasmfc)
(qtorfa) to steal ^ fawfo) to arrange to attack

(OTWftr) to cover S T ^ (SPo^fa)
^ to burn down
<•* fowfe) to console ^ (8n8wft[) tQ b r f n g
to punish to long for ( g ^ f a ) to arise

% (W^fo) to owe (+dative) OT-f^^^lfe) to sit
T H E T E N T H CONJUGATION f ^ U f ? ) 31

sandhis :
Example; | strand f^fa I
| voc. sing, of O poet,
loc. sing, of sirens in the palace
jjûri instr. sing, of the teacher
prep, governing with
gen. sing, of ^q of the king
em prep, governing in the presence
fcfgfa 2nd pers. sing., pres. tense, active of thou standest.
O poet, in the palace thou standest with the teacher in the
presence of the king.
00 q ^ f r sffafen 00 | ^ST i (\) ^TR
^ R W j f a I W) Wt^TT^ T^F^TW: I (M gMsfa I (O ^t
^ snaircftn (*> w srftf ( O g^rc
gfr w m m ft^fin hO srare (iv) ^r

Cm ( v O qrt* w ^f^T^T^rf^r i
(nv») is? fowrqfasw i *) arft&r ^ûrt q ^ r r g ^ i (n) ygftizi
qflwr^^fan On) 0 ^ ) arfip^re
i (M) ^ ^ < (v*) ^ ^ r f ^T^l i
f ^ R yr^^riftr i i <ftearfcr i
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit:
(1) The enemies attack the king's palace. (2) In happiness,
people are glad; in misery people are weary. (3) The clouds
cover the sun, (4) In both villages there is no water in the
wells. (5) On the bank of the lake the poet sits and thinks.
(6) We console the servant. (7) Crows live in trees. (8) Thou
countest the drops. (9) I arrange the jewels of the king.
(10) The swans cross the lake from bank to bank. (11) Servants,
you do not throw leaves'on the fire. (12) Boys follow the teacher.
(13) They sit with (their) relatives in the house. (14) You two sit on
the heap of grass. (15) The child covers (his) face with both hands.
(16) The servant washes the vessels with the water of the well.
(17) The enemies are throwing arrows at the heroes. (18) We owe
jewels to the two teachers. (19) The two boys of the teacher have
no friends.
RECAPITULATION
I. Vocabulary
God BTRtwr* health atfa: bee wind
gsr: son poem monkey death
jjq: virtue i*^ fate ^qftf: king 5ig: lord,
iSfc: world strength seer master
ftiR: modesty qfa^ meat ssrfa: sound enemy
îffi: father fasr* friend fafa: treasure cause
entrap sky saying qiftf: hand mw honest
STFW arrival g f c ^ * beauty fafe: fate man
SRJT^. favour 555* plough ray Raghu
(fafgrcfa) to put down Adverbs and prepositions
(fMf?fa) to carry out 8T5T here ^ like
to fly round ^ there trq* thus
to return ipf just, only 3?fa even
fa-arej^fa) to scatter 8RJ today never
to shorten Wgn now ^ always
IL Give
the instrumental singular of jpp, ftpp^ ftfa: and ^vgi
the genitive dual of gun, TTf^T2 and ^ s
the vocative singular of f^R:, ftf^T* and
FEMININE N O U N S IN Off AND 33
III. Join the following sandhis :

fafa: 1 <|5p fasfcT i tTf l Sffq* I 8T^T I
I ^ tr^ I cfgfa I f^g i gift 8?fq i
IV. What case is governed by the following prepositions :
fiRT, 35, ft WT 2
V. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :
I> W\> fe«T, aq-g, fa-sreM
LESSON 8
FEMININE NOUNS IN ^t AND f
PRESENT TENSE —MIDDLE VOICE ( )
38. Feminine nouns in sn and f are declined as follows : (a creeper),
(a river) :
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. c5cTT 55cfT: ^
Acc. c5<TT: ff^L ^
Instr. BflT^T^ BSTfa: 5RIT
Dat.
Abl. *5cMT: V3VXT-
Gen. a^TCT^ ^ ^
Loc. ^FTT^
Voc. e5cfT2 ^
34 SANSKRIT MANUAL
3?. Present tense—Middle voice

When I do an action for the benefit of another, I use the active
voice When I do an action for my own benefit, I use the
middle voice ( e n ^ q ^ ) . In Sanskrit, the distinction between active
and middle voice has not been strictly preserved. Besides a small
number of verbs which can be conjugated in both the active and the
middle voice most verbs are conjugated either in the active
or in the middle voice.
In the middle voice, the verbal base is formed according to the
rules given previously for the active voice of the first, fourth, sixth
and tenth conjugations (see No. 34). The terminations alone are
different.
40. Terminations of the present tense, middle voice (sTTcW^^t):
1st pers. -tr HP?^
2nd pers. -fifr
3rd pcrs.
The letter 9? added to the base before the terminations becomes

m before terminations beginning with or it is dropped be-
fore terminations beginning with e* or t^.
41. Examples
1st conjugation : (to rejoice) ; verbal base : sft^-; 3rd pers.
sing. :
4th conjugation : (to think); verbal base : IJ^-; 3rd pers.
sing.:
6th conjugation : (to incite) ; verbal base : 3rd pers.
sing.:
10th conjugation : (to counsel) ; verbal base : 3rd pers.
sing. : H'^fil I
FEMININE NOUNS IN AND | 35
42. Conjugation of c5'^(to obtain):

S. D. P.
1st pers. aft

2nd pers. 55
3rd pers. ftSp^"
43. A Sandhi rule to be remembered (see No. 31)

The final tr of a word followed by a vowel
General rule : T£ followed by any votvel i: changed to 8TO
Exceptions
(1) Final q of a word followed by remains unchanged while the
6f is elided : i
(2) Final 11 of a word followed by any vowel except 3?, after changing
to e?3T way optionally drop ike q : = 1 Wf^FjR^ or
second form is by far the more frequent.
(3) Final tr of a dual form followed by any vowel remains unchanged:
44. Special construction of the verb ^ to please, to

appeal to.
The verb ^f governs the dative of the person who is pleased,
while the thing which pleases is put in the nominative.
Fight appeals to the h e r o — e f ^ i s r I
Boys are fond of fruits (=fruits appeal to boys)—qsssifi?
I
Travellers are found of water (—water pleases travellers)—
qfq%«fr l
36 SANSKRIT MANUAL
45. The difference between 3c!Tg and is the result of the

following rule :
When ^ is preceded by a vowel except 8? or or by \ or it is
an
changed to q when. in the same word, ft y vowel follows—
An anusvura or a visarga do not affect the application of the rule.
+ i
EXERCISE 8
I. Vocabulary
nfFT the Ganges qir(I town to see

plantain- river to tremble
tree mÂ nurse to dive
g^T seal, coin gfsjsft earth ^(^T^) to be born
^fftTT splendour efTtift voice €t to fly
wife queen to think
shade fe^t lioness to fight
^F^TT twilight mother (ffa^) to please
VFTQT speech woman INÎFSPKO to consult
assembly wife ^ ( w ^ ) to search
^slT line nfirfi sister ft-fa to conquer
garland ajfi|<ift house- qfT-fa to defeat
t0 take leave
c5cTT creeper wife
srif&ET girl ^Hftft night of(+accus.)
sandhis :
( i ) muh ^rrvrf ^tefcr ^mi \ wqh sfan^: \
(t m 1 (*) fat mw i (M wh vfo^vzr^ 1
{%) ^rf^T f r ^ i (*) g^T 1 (*) ftrftri ta^fa 1
FEMININE N O U N S IN 8fT AND | 37
(M ifaRT âra^r i (ô) fa^fa sr-rat g m I (<n)

I WTg ^ qftqaa: I W^ti »
(<W) STTJT^T ^rfe^T JTTo5T ^qf^T I g ^ ^ T f a efeqfa I
sr&rrtH i (i*) mvaw fte&i (<u) # ^ ^
i (n) ^qrcfa JT ^ f ^ r ?r ^Tfq
i IWT qt^TCT i (vO smqt g ^ a i 0
s q f o w w t îqf^rftr i (v*) srai^f TO i (vO aft^s
^ffcTT ^ ^ I

(1) Through fate, the enemies attack the town and conquer.
(2) Even today I do not see the Ganges. (3) The voice of the
queen pleases the poets. (4) The speech of the child is the cause
of the mother's happiness. (5) We carry out the sacred precepts
of the R§is. (6) Just around the village men are bringing heaps
of grass. (7) Out of modesty the honest man worships God
(as his) Lord. (8) The sound of the waters of the Ganges
pleases the sages. (9) I sit in the shade of the tree and think.
(10) Like a jewel, the moon adorns the sky. (11) Thus speaks
the king. (12) Here people have no wealth. (13) The woman
scatters the flowers of the garland on the earth. (14) There
the creepers adorn the trees with (their) flowers. (15) We take
leave of (our) mother and go to the teacher's house. (16) Because of
the splendour of the sky and of the earth we praise God the Lord.
IV. Decline fully the following :

g^T and sjTsft I
LESSON 10
THE IMPERFECT TENSE ( <H*J ACTIVE AND
MIDDLE, FEMININE NOUNS IN ? AND 3
45. The Imperfect Tense (
(1) There are three past tenses in Sanskrit: the Imperfect ( 55^),
the Perfect ( fes ) and the Aorist ( g ^ ) . Originally these three past
tenses had specific meanings :
the Imperfect was used for past events of which the speaker
had been a witness ;
the Perfect was used for past events of which the speaker had not
been a witness ;
the Aorist was used for the immediate past.
In classical Sanskrit, however, those three tenses are used almost
indiscriminately, with this restriction that the Perfect is very rarely
used in the first person.
(2) The formation of the base follows the rules given for
the present tense of the first, fourtn, sixth and tenth conjugations
(see No. 34).
The final 8| of the base is changed to en before terminations
beginning with ^ or and is dropped before terminations beginning
with 8?.
47. The Augment

(1) To all verbs conjugated in the Imperfect, the augment 8?
is to be prefixed, e.g. : q ^ ; verbal base : qft ; augment: ej-qft-
(2) When the verb is preceded by a preposition, the augment
8? should be inserted between the preposition and the verb, and
the rules of sandhi should be applied :
S-finff ; 51-8? firar ; STf^r-
srfireu sftwqa ; wm-

T H E IMPERFECT TENSE ( 39
(3) When the verb begins with a vowel, the augment 8? forms
vrddhi with the initial vowel:
QT-38TTO-
48. Terminations
S. D. P. sa D. P.
1st pers. -R -f -^f?
2nd pers. ^ cTJJT -«TT: f*lTH
3rd pers. ^ -s^ -ft -8RT
49. The Imperfect of f ^ f J P a r . y a n d of ^ ( A t m . ) :

S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. Sffa^ STawiff?
2nd pers. Bffw: ajfwfi^ 3?cWT:
3rd pers. BlR^ ^ ^ ^ ^ T ^
50. Femine Nouns in ? and 3

Feminine nouns in % and 3 borrow most of their declension
from the masculine nouns in % and 3 (see No. 28). Their instrumental
singular and accusative plural are similar to those of feminine nouns
in f (see No. 38). Their dative, ablative, genitive and locative
singular have two optional forms, one similar to those of the
other to those gfa and ftrg i
Declension of *r% (thought) and of (cow) :

S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. ' Rft^j ^
Acc. irf^H ^
Inst. 5Rc2TT ^rftpaiTOL ^ T
Dat. ffawTIH
Abl. JTtcTWT:
Gen
ar^
Loc. ^ ^
Voc. *r<=ft mq: ^ft ^
51. The verb f>, to do, belongs to the eighth conjugation. Yet,
owing to its frequent occurence, its conjugation should be learnt
from the start:
Present Imperfect
S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. ^ft? f^: WW^ ^
2nd pers. ^ftfq f^T QTf^T
3rd pers. f^cT Bffift^ STf^ftTH ^

THE IMPERFECT TENSE ( ) 41
EXERCISE 9
I. Vocabulary
$ ( ^tfcT ) to do, to make qft-sft ( qfarafa ) to marry
^ ) to disagree irfWWTO ( )
l<lA ) to exist t 0 resort to (+accus.)
ftnft ) to desist from ^ ( ^ ^ ) t0 ^ ^
OT-ra ( ) to approach , ~
M M i ) to be sad to speak
-^T ( eifaftrafir) to live in ( ) to begin
l+accus.) ( ) to obtain
( / . ) mind ('/.) cow idioms containing
STfa: ( / . ) power ( / . ) beak the verb ?
*fftR: ( / . ) devotion flg: ( / . ) body ^ftq sftftr I place on my
gfHJ ( / . ) satisfac- ( / . ) rope head
tion ^g: ( / . ) dust, ^ qBfrftr I take in my hand
(/• ) conduct pollen ^<rr sffftr I wait one
( / • ) Jest (/• ) jaw moment
}jft?:(/. ) earth q&R^work Jrfa $ftftr I turn my mind
tjfe: ( / . ) dust tfc: jar to (+loc.)
tfftp (/• ) night en^Sr: order qtftftr I set foot (+loc,)
II. Conjugate the following in the imperfect, active voice :
and Brfa-ft-fasH
III. Decline fully the following :
Ufa: and 1
IV. Translate the following into English after breaking up the
sandhis :
42 SANSKRIT MANUAL
wfal (0 W ^ T ^ fofOTfifRft&rf H i^wt, ^ f ^

* ^STOTT: I (<) SStf I (V; SrsPJTTmtffa Effostftf
^T^fft t (,1°) g^ft fo^ i (<n) ftn*^ ^ T fWfyr: i (w) ^
hO ( l * ) HJ^ l ^
ii^t (n) swt: TOT^ ^flrcgf&wwcn 35ft ^ sRiff
wrotsîqer i (vO gfiwfflorf tfrforafcraj fw^

(1) Through God's favour he resorted to devotion. (2) I was
always fond of jest. (3) Two boys took the rope in their hands.
(4) The girl adorned (her) body with jewels. (5) Owing to the
clouds and the dust cows did not eat grass. (6) Even for the
sake of (his) friends a honest man does not desist from virtue.
(7) Men think Raghu (to be) a hero. (8) At night a sky without
moon is like a lake without lotus. (9) By order of the teacher
we began the work. (10) He spoke thus and the people of the
town praised the power of the king. (11) You took the pigeons
in your hand. (12) .We two always disagree. (13) You two
obtained happiness owing to (your) modesty. (14) Two friends
found a treasure and carried (it) home.
LESSON 10
MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN n
IMPERATIVE MOOD ( )
52. There are two types of masculine nouns in agent-nouns

and nouns of relations. Their declension differs only in the
nominative and vocative dual and plural and in the accusative
singular and dual ; in which case the final % of agent-nouns
takes vrddhi ( S T T O while that of nouns of relations takes guija ( 8R ).
(i) Declension of (leader) and of fqg (father) :
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Norn. JfaT ^cTOC: fiRTT faftft
Acc. Stwft ^ faero* M l
Instr. ^fT ^cp^m ^gftr: f^T pT^T^ fagft:

Dat. M
Abl. ^WJIH ftg: ft^wn^L
Gen, Stft: ^TOL fqg:

Loc. ^ft: ^ fqcfft fq^T: fqqg
Voc. Sfe* iftnft ^T?;: fq<R^ fqft^ fqft*:
(1) (husband) and «fH (grandson), although names of rela-

tions, are declined like e.g. : accus., sing : stHTm I
53. Feminine nouns in % are all nouns of relations. They are
declined like fqg except in the accusative plural which end
with 55:; (sister), however, is decline like except in the
accusative plural.
4
44 SANSKRIT MANUAL
Nominative and accusative of in? (mother) and ^ (sister).

S. P. P- S. D. p.
Nom. IMT j I m^x- miv
Acc. j SfTtf^ j ^Tc!^ | mwi mift
54. All the visargas met with in the previous lessons stand in
tbe place of final Final ^ also
becomes visarga : ; m c T ^ ^ I So also in the adverbs
S^S 5 * 2 (again) and SRr^STO: (early).
Visarga standing for fmal ^ follows the general rules of
visarga-sandhi (see No. 27) with one exception.
Visarga standing for final ^ even when preceded by e? or on and

followed by a vowel or a soft consonant is changed to I '*
e.g. : g*: ; fan: ;
When visarga is changed to ^ and is followed by \ f the first ^ is

dropped and the preceding vowel, if short, is lengthened:
e.g.: = I
SfTcP = ^TOftf I
55. The Imperative mood («5t3) is used :

(1) to express a command or an advice
(2) to express a wish or a prayer
(3) to express a possibility or doubt
(4) with the negative m to express prohibition.
MASCULINE A N D F E M I N I N E N O U N S I N 45
The formation of the base follows the rule given for the
present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations
(see No. 34).
The final 3| of the base is dropped before terminations

beginning with 8?.
Terminations
S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. -STTfa -3TTO ^ ^T^t
2nd pers. — -cT -f^TT^ ^ ^
3rd pers. -fTT^ t ^ -SRIR
56. The Imperative of (Par.) and of ^ ( Atm.)

S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. sfrsnfa aftelcr gtHnq iftutI
2nd pers. ^t^l^ St^RT IRTCT JT^^ ^ ^
3rd pers. sffag sft^T^ ^ ^ H^dl^
57. The ^ in onfir (1st pers. sing.) follow the rule given in No. 17 :
thus:
Bfffa=+snfa=^qrftri
EXERCISE 10
I. Vocabulary
fcrai) m. donor (sfelT) / . afcp anger
l«rf) m. doer daughter at*: greed
(^T) m. leader /.mother desire
4
ifclfe (sffiT^T)/. sister-in m?? illusion
w. hearer law ^ destruction
Sffag (afacTT) m. sun ^ /• sister qrFHq; sin

conqueror OT chariot cause
ro ue
JfHOm) m. grandson S * * ( W r f o ) to arise,
* . garden to be produced
ft* (flWl) »». father ^ ,( + d a t ) ^ ^
SffiJ ( W l ) m. brother tfxjxp:) again to proceed
^ W g (^TRTcn) son-in- early ^P^(^^rfd)
law morning to break
II. Decline fully the following : and ^ I

III. Conjugate the following in the imperative mood, afctive voice:
S and f s q j
sandhis :
(1) ^TStaTâi 00 iff^ JPFFg \ U) I

(v) m ^ftend g f r ^ R ^ p g 1 (I) ^ T
I (V3>) | 3155 fûnr^m I (*) | JT^rf f N f c I
W ^m^rr wnrrat faa^ ^rarcV mîm^nni
sfcft TOf? SmXgmtll («) 9Tci:
Sift TOÎ (iv) g w q ^ i (1*0 ^ TTT
MASCULINE A N D F E M I N I N E N O U N S IN ^ 47
(10 f m mzi ^fcmrt i SRT: ^ F T R ^ F U (H) I

Mtarc:, m n ^ f ^ r ^ * (n) I fMfe^ I
cfr^T? ^TTÎI
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit:

(1) Out of anger (my) brother broke the jar. (2) May the
donors give wealth to the people of the village ! (3) Let him live
in the forest. (4) See the beauty of the garden. (5) You desire
happiness : desist from greed. (6) The man sat in the garden with
(his) two grandsons. (7) Hail to the poets ! (8) O sister, do not
abandon the house. (9) The hearers stood again in front of the
palace. (10) Through the destruction of the enemies the conqueror
has freed (released) the country. (11) May I always live among
(my) brothers! (12) Let the leader punish the rogues. (13) O
daughters, follow (your) mother up to the house. (14) May sin,
the cause of misery, perish ! (15) O heroes, fight with the enemies,
follow the leader and protect the country.
LESSON 10
FEMININE NOUNS IN «
POTENTIAL MOOD (ftfirfav )
58. Feminine Nouns in 3; are declined on the same pattern as
(see No. 38) ; where ^ has f and > feminine nouns in $
have and q respectively. Besides, their nominative singular
takes visarga.
Declension of (young woman, bride) :
Nom. q^s qssfr qsq:
Acc. qNft ^
Instr. q^T ^WfTH q^fti:
Dat. q^w m ^
Abl. ersn: qgvzTO iwqi
Ov ^
Gen. qsqi: qsfr:
Loc. q^TH q^t: q^g
Voc. era "W
59. Potential (or Optative) mood ( i s used :

(1) to express a wish or a request
(2) to express an adviee
(3) to express possibility or doubt
(4> to express probability or near future
(5) in conditional clauses.
FEMININE N O U N S IN 49
The formation of the base follows the rules given for the
present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations.
Since all the terminations of the Potential begin with f , the
combination of the final 3? of the base with that f will give ^
(cf. No. 31 : QT+f=tT) :
Terminations
S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. -fq^ % -fff -f^T -f^fe -t*rf?
2nd pers -f: -f^ -fcT -fTO I^TOT^ -f*^
3rd pers. -ffi " t ^ "fg* -s^ldUJL t^L
60. The potential of ^ ( t o become) and of search) :
1st pers. qiftn ^ ^ ^ IT^fe I^T^rf?
2nd pers. 'FftTO
3rd pers. vft^ ^cTT^ ^cT ^l^ldiH,
61. Illustrations of the use of the Imperative and Potential

(1) Order, prohibition, advice :
} —Bring water.
I ferer in q^rq*—Do not annoy the baby,
j TO Sctf Man should always tell the truth.
I ^Rf sfirar:—You should not enter the house of the
wicked.
(2) Wish, prayer, request:
j fo&lk ftrerfa— O that I may stay in my father's house !
1 1TRTC -May the boys see their mother !
50 SANSKRIT MANUAL
(3) Possibility and doubt:

] fW wg—There may be poison.
I sf You might not receive the reward.
(4) Conditional clause :
Tf^ *TTc!T If the mother does not come, the cjild
wilfdie.
62. Imperative and Potential of the verb f:, to do.

Imperative Potential
S. D. P. S. D. P.
1st pers. stfraTfar f^frf

2nd pers. ^ ^ ^ farf: flfcfflL
3rd pcrs. Egftg f^TR f^fa fsfam '
63. The verb srcr, to be, (2nd conj.) is conjugated as follows :

Present Imperfect
S. D. P. S. D. P.
OT w WTWi em* 0HW
srftr w TO aircfc s n ^ a? T^
Imperative Potential
S. D. P. S. Do P.
eraift ^hft BT^TR- ^ ^ ^T* ^HT

qfa WTJ TOTciH TOTcf
wra TOTcJR
FEMININE N O U N S IN 35 51
EXERCISE 11
I. Vocabulary
bride if b u t ; elf (^T^fe)

to beat
army n ^ T once upon a , . .
( ^ K f ) to be angry
time
%*r. mother- in- (+ dat)
law m i star ^ M ) to be fit for
. . . , (+dat)
8*% (m.j sword ^ maul-servant ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t0 know
e&r; wicked person (^fcfgftr) to rise
a m w hermitage - ^ ( ^ f r ) to weigh
eft*** medicine ^ ^ wr-ffcuanffcrfo) to order,

g^T^book to command
field ^ ^ fear ( s ^ f c O to wake up
3 ( f e ^ ) to die ; arc
lruth
fojT knowledge ^ ^ fafa) to be
II. Decline fully :
III. Conjugate the following in the potential mood, active voice :

JCT, , f and wr I
sandhis :
(<0 * (H) u ) firm smwt

fafa: ^rm I (v) ^ ^ T ST^ ^TTTx^H I | ^T
îurf qTf^r i (0 font ^ ^ > M I HÎ
vnqqr^ i (<0 arffcfo ^ w f ^ l w f ^ ^ f c n (*) sfxF^g to ^sr
stw ^ ^f i (i ^ p vh^KV i
s ^ : ^rresnwroeSg: i ( n ) (vo fori
cwî hv) I^TT ^ g ^ z f r sttoftt foftfo i ( i n ) m^f ^^t^ftr

f ^ g ftgtf^T WU (<iO 5TTCT: sr^t^r f^C
OTT^l, E ^ : qg * ^ T f t 5.-TO ^ r wki 1

(1) On the order of the king the army may set out for the
village. (2) If you were to rise early, you would roam along the
river's bank. (3) People should know the modesty of the sages.
(4) Wait a moment: I just put down (my) book and come.
(5) Maid-servants should follow the bride up to the house of
(her) mother-in-law. (6) If you long for knowledge, you should
dwell in a hermitage with (your) teacher. (7) You tremble out of
fear of G o d ; you should worship God out of devotion. (8) Men
live and die, kings conquer and perish ; truth alone does not die.
(9) Like a star in the sky, like a lotus in the lake, like a flower on
a creeper, the sage should live in the world for the happiness of
men. (10) Do not be angry with (your) friend ; anger could only
be the cause of sin.
LESSON 10
NEUTER NOUNS IN * AND ^
AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE
64. The neater nouns in 3 and % are all declined on the same
pattern.
Declension of mf^ (water), JTJJ (honey) and of sng (dispenser) :
Nom. mft qrftoft sroftfar *ra*ft ivffi ^ ^
Acc. enfir mftrft ^ftfa qqft W^ft ^ ^

hwtr. ^ T ^ ^ T T t W l ^Tftftr: ^ T WgW^ ^ W l
Hat. m f v ^ i snfoar:
Abl. q n f t w i q i f ^ n ^ qifoafs ^wro*
Gen. cnfi[ur:îft: ^ WgV Wgftt ^ VTfpi: îg^ft: ^ ^
Loc. qTftfw^TTfHt: m f c * ^ f t tf^fTt: ^fur^Tg^ft:
Voc. j ^ mftfe ^ Wft P^Tcpn TOftr
65. The declensions seen so far can be classified as follows :
(1) Nouns ending (2) Nouns ending (3) Nouns ending

in ar & 3TT in f in 3
Mas. : f j j : Mas. : gftf: Mas. : f ^ g :
Fem. : Feim. r Fern. :
Neut.: s r ^ Neut. : ^Tft Neut. :
(4) Nouns ending (5) Nouns ending (6) Nouns ending

in ^ in | in &
Masc.: ^ Fem. : Fem. : snj:
Fem. :
Neut. : sng
66. Tbe adjective, whether it be usued as an epithet or as a

predicate, agrees with the noun it qualifies in gender,
ntiraber and case.
(1) Most or the adjcctives ending in 8? form their feminine in e?T
and their neuter in I
Thus : (dear) will be declined in the masculine as —f^R*
in the feminine as 553T—fsRTT
in the neuter as -faqi^
Examples: qualifying the following: 3T&: (instr. plur.
masc.), (instr. fem. sing.), errftfur (loc. sing, neut.) will take
the form :
fiWi I fsmT ^f^TT I M STftfor I
(2) Adjectives ending in f[ are declined as follows :
in the masculine, like gfa:, e.g. : (pure)
in the feminine, like trffo e.g. :
in the neuter, like gift, e.g. : fjftf
In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in % can be declined
like the masculine, except in the nom., acc. vocative.
Examples: f j f a (pure) qualifying the following: (gen.
dual masc,), j r j (dat. sing, fem.), ^ T ^ (abl. sing, neut.) will take
the form :
NEUTER N O U N S IN 3 AND % 55
(3) Adjectives ending in 3 are declined as follows :

in the masculine, lik ftrep, e.g.: (sweet)
in the feminine, like ijrg:, e.g.: 335:
In the feminine, however, adjective in 3 denoting a quality

have an optional form in f (ê.g. : OT-sssfV) declined like
in the neuter, like e.g. :
In the neuter however, adjectives ending in s can be declined

like the masculine, except in the nom,, acc. and voc.
Examples: (soft.) qualifying the following. 55% (voc. sing,

masc.), *fl<j: (gen. sing, fem.) a^^T (instr. sing, neut.) will take the
form ;
^ t I or or ^ n : *JTg: I I
(4) Adjcctive ending in % are declined as follows :

in th^ masculine, like ^cTT, e.g. : ^ffiT (generous)
in the feminine, they have a form in | declined like iflfr,
e.g. : sisfr
in the neuter, like e.g. : îg
In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in % can be declined

like the masculine, except in the nom. acc. and voc.
Examples: (generous) qualifying'the following : g^vq: (dat.

plur, masc.) (loc. plur. fem.), ft^ (npm. dual neut.) will take
the form:
EXERCISE 12
I. Vocabulary
snfi; water Adjectives forming their feminine in on and their
- neuter in sfn
oney
v m blind small> m e a n ^ favourable,
tear - , clear
generous ^ l a m e <frrfat
**WatCr one-eyed sharp, acute ^ dead
* * knee ^ skilful dimcult t0
*et ^ old
p e w
^ thing ârtificial ^ ^ T f ^ sick
reg
TO wood * n r wretched ™ Sfigatory «»killed
Adjectives in 3 a/irf ^
girfa* sweet- QTT^T swift generous q ^ f a ^ ) to salute
smelling lovely ^ doer ^ to abuse
mftT fragrant ^ T ^ W f t ) to go, to
heavy victorious obtain
Pure fa-q^(faq^) to fall
S ft
^ much, many ^ ° ^ eloquent into misfortune
to
STO virtuous sweet going proper
sandhis :
ft) (v)
gsn ^T^pg i 5AH i ^ n r qprf %5nwrnr«rfbr n f c r i
(0 I WT: 1 fh^J I (*) efTO5n#T s f a : STTRT^TR^ 1 (*)
i^fafcqfal (\) (<)o) grsft
(11) s t f t r s m ^ r e f t ^rgvqt ^ r o m a ^ i (i^) ^rrcfr 55^:
NEUTER N O U N S IN 3 AND ^ 57
f g m f t ^rsn^ fnjfar i ^r^ is ^ fa^Tfa i

f^TTfa ^ f f w f^f I hH) ^ ^rf^cT I
( i O er^ftînf^T to i h^) gsro ^
fq^g 1 ( u ) ^ r STHT^T w r a gsiftr gfcr 1
III. Make the following adjectives agree with the following nouns :
with iftq,
<0 itfftq,
V3 ^TT,
gfa with
^ with f S ^ îfai:, ^f^TT,
q w i t h gifri, ft^Pk ifûft^ ^^TT^
IV. Translate the followtng into Sanskrit:
(1) O Lord, be favourable ! (2) A skilful leader obtains many
things. (3) The one-eyed servant burnt the heap of soft wood.
(4) A pure mind is like a fragrant flower. (5) Let the eloquent
queen lead the heroes. (6) Hail to the victorious king ! (7) You
insult the wretched blind men, but you do not blame the wicked
man. (8) Persons of the village carried the bodies of the dead
heroes to the bank of the river. (9) In the lovely garden many
creepers and many trees scatter (their) fragrant flowers on the soft
ground. (10) Let the victorious hero pierce the enemy with (his)
sharp sword. (11) Sick and wretched, the travellers stood
near the well. (12) In (his) new book the teacher has summarized
•many things.
LESSON 10
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PASSIVE VOICE
67. Personal Pronouns
So far, the personal pronouns in the nominative have been left
unexpressed : I salute—Wlfa. Their declension is now given. In
the first and second person, the personal pronouns show no
difference of gender. The personal pronoun bf the third person is
replaced by a demonstrative pronoun and is declined in the three
genders (he, she, it).
1st person : 2nd person : gsj^
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. ^ W
BTT^T^ aromc gfT^

Acc.
(m; (**) T) (TOL)
Instr. ^ T
at
* (it) (5ft) (*) (3)
Abi. m^ ^TcTTV^ c ^
iw en^tfts as gwts gûre^

Gen
' (ft) | ( y ) (3) (TOL) («:)
loc. anwls BiOTi c#r g^tft:
The optional forms in, ft, ^r, ejjij, should not be used
(1) at the beginning of a sentence ;
(2) in connection with ^ (and), qj (or) and irq (just, indeed).
PERSONAL PRONOUNS—PASSIVE VOICE 59
3rd person : ^ (that)

M. F. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. g: ^ ^ m % m: cT^ ^
Acc. cW; ^ ciT^ ^ ^T: ^ ^
Instr. cmann & ^T ^TÎTH STfa:
Dat. ^Tf ^fWTH mWTH Like
Abl. aw^ cn^TOL aWT* m^P the
Gen. ^qT^ OTts masculine
Loc. ^H2
( 0 iJcffiL (this) is declined like cf^: Masc.—Tjq:, i^ft, etc.

e t c
F e m . — - Neut.—qcITfa I
(2) ^ and can also be used as demonstrative adjectives:
they, then, follow the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see
No. 66).
Examples : I saw these horses—T^lFTClFraÔT I
He fell into that river—CRJUTRRU
I am angry with those two friends—^fl^rf firsfpatf
1
(3) and qq: follow a special sandhi rule :
G: and IT^: drop their visarga before any consonant and before any
vowel except e?. Before 8?, they become s t and qqt while the following 8?
is elided:
5
] 60 SANSKRIT MANUAL
68. The Passive Voice (s^far WtÔ

(1) The passive voice is formed from the yerbal root and not
from the verbal base (see No. 6), except for the verbs of the tenth
conjugation which keep their strengthened radical vowel while losing
the conjugational sign T h u s : the passive voice of
if formed immediately from , and not from and w . That
of formed from ^ c ^ a n d not from
(2) q is added to the root.
That q becomes qT before terminations beginning with
That q becomes before terminations beginning with

e? or n
(3) The terminations of the passive voice are always the
atmanepada terminations (see Nos. 40, 48, 55 & 59) :
e.g. : are led.
let it be burnt.
(4) A final short 5 or 3 is lengthened, far—sftqTwt we two are
conquered ; sO r —CV, \ it was heard.
C5) The roots ^T, sit, *TT> *i> ?T> <TT>TOTchange their final vowel
into f;
it is given ; q1—iftifa it should be sung.
(6) Final after a single consonant becomes ft— g am
taken away ; after a compound consonants, it becomes 3ft .
them both be remembered.
(7) Final is changed to should
be spread ; but final ^ is changed t o ^ ^ a f t e r a labial:
? # S i q H e t it be filled.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS—PASSIVE VOICE 61
EXERCISE 13
I. Vocabulary
I duty e^: killing faRLwhat ?
si ht Dea
^ thou ^wealth ^ S ^ (+gc„.)
sa,va
„ . . /• " vfi&m. name which of the
t h a t
^ ' tion ^ b e w i l d e r e d two
W
tr^this nt^Gopala f ^ ( f ^ ) ^ violently
arrow RSSfrc* to feel affection ftTCTOf innocent
sweeper (-floe.) S-ffor (sf^rfct)
V chariot ^ ! S n m a t i ^
thief i^Tfic^: courtier to serve to see
II. Conjugate
in the present tense passive : and ^T
in the imperfect tense passive : and
in the imperative passive : sfa, effa-feroand
in the potential passive : and
III. Translate the following into English :
^Sîcti ^fr w r f * ^
fa ft^TO^t f^tsvr^l WFff J J R f c f t f a ^ < n f w W ^ l
s ^ m O T ^ T O - "^r^R snfrwro^ 1 ^ T TOT 1" mm
] 62 SANSKRIT M A N U A L
1
I fa S i R R F i ^ feg TO ^MldL ^ T TOt ^Trf^T I s&cTCt
5TT T^nftf W M f t l ' d ^ I S ^TT^ ^Tg^L I
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit (use the personal

pronouns):
(1) I lead. (2) We two are led. (3) We go. (4) Thou art
remembered. (5) You two run. (6) You are abandoned. (7) He
plays. (8) She is protected. (9) It is burned. (10) They two (m.)
move. (11) They ( / . ) are conquered. (12) They (w.) are cooked.
(13) I dug. (14) We two were nourished. (15) We danced. (16) Thou
wert blamed. (17) You two perished. (18) You were taken away.
(19) He blew. (23) She was seen. (21) It was quiet. (22) The two
( / ) were struck. (23) They (/?.) were created. (24) Let me plough.
(25) Let both of us be released. (26) Let us touch. (27) Do thou enter.
(28) Let both trees be sprinkled. (29) Do you throw the arrows ?
(30) Let him be punished. (31) Let her go. (32) Let it be told.
(33) Let them (m.) both wash. (34) Let them (/.) be counted. (35) I
should not steal. (36) It should not be stolen. (37) They (m.) should
not oppress them (/.). (38) They (/.) should not be oppressed by
them (m.). (39) It should be brought. (40) You two should be
followed. (41) Flowers should be scattered. (42) You two (/.) should
not disagree. (43) It should be done.
LESSON 14
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
^ AND
PASSIVE VOICE (cont.)
69 this
M. F. N.
S. D. P. S. D, P. S. D. P.
Nom WTOL & P7T: ^ ^
Acc. ^ fmft
I'lStr. ^ 8H^m
rat. envqm onv^nn Like

Abl. W R trvq: ef^f: 8TW the
Gen. QT^T awft: WR ^ simTH masculine
Loc. awfc b^T: sng

tpr^ft: IpRft:
70. that
M. F. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom BTtft Sflft QT^fV SJijfiT
Acc. Wl ^ QflJR ^ ^ 8^? QT^j

Instr. er^pi Wftfa: B?gqr
WJT^ fir:
Dat. ;wftep 8?g*r Q^Jr
j wp Like
Abl. erg- BflJ: 8^- 8?^- the
Gen. stffoT^ 8Tgtqi: 8?*pft: masculine
hoc. erg- argzft: omta btS^th Brg^ft:

farce,
(1) and 8 ? ^ can also be used as demonstrative adjectives:

they, then, follows the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see
No. 66).
Examples : These kings c o n q u e r — i j q T SRifccT I

The boy is led by that woman—srgzn ifprf iffos: I
Those fruits please m e — q i s s r f a TO ft^ I
T H E DEMONSTRATIVE P R O N O U N S AND 8J3RT 65
(2) wft (nom. pi. masc. of follows a special sanditi rule:

The final | of ajjft never combines with following vowels :
w f t mi-1 wrt I
71. Change of Voice

(1) In the change from the active to the passive voice :
the nominative of the active voice becomes an instrumental;
the accusative of jthe active voice becomes a nominative ;
the verb changes from active to passive and agrees in person
and number with its subject. The tense or mood of the
active voice must be preserved.
Example : Active voice Passive voice

Nom : The king ^rq: <--» Instr. : By the king gfrr
Verb : conquered QJ^RT^ <—> Verb : were conquered BT^ftzRT
Acc. : the enemies <—» Nom : the enemies
(2) In the change from the passive to the active voice :

the instrumental (agent) of passive voice becomes a
nominative.
the nominative of the passive voice becomes an accusative,
the verb changes from passive to active, and agrees in
person and number with its new subject. The tense
or mood of the passive voice must be preserved.
Example : Passive voice Active voice

Instr. (agent) : By you two gfT^TJ^ <—> Nom : you two gsrT^
Nom.: the well egq: <—» Acc. : the well
Verb : should be protected qfifa <—> Verb: should protcct
g ^ W f t f t V&RI I i
]6 6 SANSKRIT M A N U A L
(3) Irregular formation of the passive voice :

^ (to bite) (to speak)
(to fall) ywfo ^ (to speak) &&
(to break) ^PT ( t o sow) gt^
(to take) ^ TO^ (to dwell) gn^
(to ask) ^ (to carry) gg^
(to pierce) ft^ TOT (to praise)
^ (to worship) s p ^ (to bind) ^ ^
(to command) ftf^ | (to call) gj^
^ft (to lie down) ^ (to sleep) go^
(4) The imperfect passive follows the rule given in No. 47 :
+ I^RT = ^ r a
EXERCISE 14
I. Vocabulary
this are*? inferior SfT^rT hope
that
orf^TR last ^ J T daughter
9TT-TO ( STFTtSfa ) . ,
to come ^ ^ boundless OTT st0f
y
FIR-m ( f^Rfct ) ^TRT^: preceptor ^ tongue
shame
to forget w % messenger ^ ^
( ^ to play < ^ ^ therefore
snaKe
^ to break .. .
„ \ . ^ tt . BTîT otherwise
315 to sieze f K: Han
^ .o order Rama ^ " ^ i . s . , ,
to speak \ « /
to bind TOTSita so, thus
) ( a d J ) light for a long time
to shine ( *Tcrf ) husband qjuftH silently
T H E DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND 8J3RT 67
II. Translate the following into English and change the voice :
(1) WW jpf ?! s^Tfa fforcftn (M ^Tfti
U ) Wis tffaf ^ S ^ q ^ l (v) ^qf f f t W R U ««rf WiRTI
(0 ;gWM*kUH> Start i U) a * *rt ;
3RTCT m ^ l (M ÎWT jftWTfiR^ I (<>•) TO ^^TTfa
Tiqif c^t fa^fa I i t f M ^ H I I W) îTRf

ffwftrfH g t f ^ g i h ( v o f*rt (it) I

(1) That boundless ocean was seen by many heroes. (2) Two
trees were broken by the wind. (3) Let the thief be seized!
(4) I am ordered by the preceptor. (5) Two cows were bound with
a rope. (6) Enough with shame ! (7) Let your tongue move and
let your eyes shine. (8) Our father was given a rare ( ) book
( = a rare book was given to our father). (9) The work should
be begun now. (10) If truth be not spoken you will be punished
(potential). (11) They two may be blamed for their conduct.
(12) For a long time the sage stood silently before the dead body
of his son. (13) Let the wretched girls be brought to the house ;
otherwise they might die (14) You two should never forget your
generous mother. (15) Thou art called by thy father.
RECAPITULATION
I. Vocabulary
TOB^ weapon omi first WQ always 5KT to
bestow
ifeqftp / . fame fefo second * for, indeed ^ ^
... , as,OTTso peiform,
ridicule ^ one , . ... J
^ to establish
WW with
old age asleep " (+instr.) <SNTOI%)
to make black
wheel ^ poor f ^ T in . a
to
day-time
/ . motion q ^ wholesome succeed
at night to
SVKW human ^ healthy ^ secfet endure
cffort v
ftnj (ftiwO to
hot f«TT in vain learn
effort , n r^
* T cool, cold W5 yesterday »
griCVe
I r i t a : desire
tomorrow
par black * to
deer * slowly
SR: fl , increase
. . ^cf white %qr to
^rArjuna ^ ^ at once ^ tremble
m re(i
S^^friendship (gaqfa) to
SSST suddenly " wallow
sftfti:/ affection ^ yellow
Sconce «T (1WRI) to
blue Slng
8?Sfn[: charcoal ^
s ^ f a some- to feed,
song ^ffo green times to support
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND 8J3RT 69
II. Decline the following : in the singular ; g f e oTOT in

the dual; g in the plural; Qf^T^ in the singular ;
in the plural; in the feminine dual; in the masculine
plural.
III. Conjugate the following : in the imperfect active ; in

the imperative passive • snr-q^ in the potential active ; S^sjT
in the imperative active.
IV. Frame sentences containing the following words : f^T,

m* 1
V. Translate into English the following verses taken from the

Hitopadesa :
%t m m I f^T \ (|=two)
fTOF? fC^t ffefalffcaRt m \\ ( ^ )
^TT * to i r f e f t q j
p w r t w fer ^ * u ( ^ )
SSlfo f? f ^ j f c ? WtCT I
* f5 a f r o ^ T g l w : II (\)
qsaf \\ ( v )
ot e ^ r sfH^r snfq *
W r ^ f t r ^ i ^ r : stfta: toiji c 'a )
LESSON 15
NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS
72. General Principles of Consonant-Sandhi
(1) No Sanskrit word can end with more than one consonant. A
final compound consonant must be reduced to its first member, e.g. : iftÊf
becomes
(2) Exception is made for a final double consonant the first member
of which is ^ and the second, a consonant which is not a termination
e.g.: which according to (3) will become I
(3) A Sanskrit word (i.e. a verb with its terminations or a nominal
stem with ks case-ending) can end only with one of the eight following
consonants: ,2 , q, or visarga. All other final consonants
must be reduced to one of these eight:
and palatals are reduced to ^ or e.g.: ^re becomes
99T5T becomes 5RT2 I
Cerebral are reduced to e g . : STTf^becomes STf?
Dentals are reduced to e.g. : g g ^ becomes
Labials are reduced q , e.g. : becomes
^ and ^ are reduced to visarga, e.g.: becomes ftRTC^
becomes focP'i
(4) A final hard consonant becomes soft before a vowel or a soft
consonant, e.g. : ^qr^ 5 ^WK îfo 1
(5) This rule does not apply to the final hard consonant of a
verbal base or a nominal stem followed by a termination or a case-ending
beginning with a vowel or a semi-vowel, e.g.: I
It does apply, however, when the final consonant of a verbal base

or of a nominal stem is followed by a termination beginning with a soft
consonant (except a semi-vowel), e.g.: I
N O U N S ENDING I N CONSONANTS 71
(6) A soft consonant becomes hard before a hard consonant, e.g. :

+ g = I + <Tcrfa = UdcMdfa I
(7) This rule does not apply to the final soft aspirate of a verbal root
followed by a termination beginning with ôrq, In that case, the final
consonant of the root loses its aspiration, and the ^ or q of the termination
is changed to e.g. : a * + cl = I
73. Division of nouns ending in consonants
Nouns ending in consonants are divided into three classes :
(1) Nouns which keep the same stem throughout their declension.
(2) Nouns which have two stems, one strong and one weak.
(3) Nouns which have three stems, one strong, one middle and
one weak.
74. Case-endings
Masculine and feminine nouns have the same case-endings. Neuter
nouns differ only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative.
M. & F. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. tf -3ft -m^ — -f
Acc. -wr^ -oft -STCT^ — -t
Instr. -8fT -van* -fa:

Like the
1
Dat. -TJ -vq :
Abl. -8TO masculine
Gen. -3TCT -ef^T -BfPT and4 ^feminine
Loc. -f -aft^ -g
Voc. — -aft -ere —
75. Nouns with one stem
(1) The final consonant of the stem remains unchanged before

case-endings beginning with vowels [see No. 72(5) ].
(2) The final consonant of the stem follows the rules of
consonant-sandhi before case-endings beginning with a consonant.
(3) Neuter nouns in the nom., acc. and voc. plural insert a nasal
before the case-ending % of the nom., accus. and voc. plural.
76. Declension of J j ^ m . (wind) and q r ^ / . (rpeech):

S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. qrr^h"
ACC. mvi irH*
Instr. fT^n^T IVZX ^TTOfR ^T f w
Dat. JT^TR 3FWT:
Ab. JT^qn^L q m ^ qprvq:
Gen. Tt^fi
Loc. mfa îf^
Voc. Wl^ TOj^ qpft 5IR:
Declension of (world) :
Nom., Acc.,:
The rest like
N O U N S ENDING IN CONSONANTS 73
EXERCISE 15
I. Vocabulary
m
( - garland ( s f a D / . fuel
cloud m. wind 5ni1 ( ) /• rainy
^ ( ) /• hymn ^ ^ m , king season
( c ^ ) / . skin f q g ^ / . lightning direction
ST* C ) /• speech gfeg*/. lightning 8 ^ ( 3 ? ^ ) n. blood
S* / . grief g f ^ / . Aver VWRL ( TOfP > m -
f f q s t ( tfWL) m - W^ (5PO m
- friend
°Q m0
merchant w< p l a D t * * c r e a t o r
Wat
f ^ j f i m ) m. doctor snq^ (ejrq^) / . adversity ^ ^ ^ "" ".'Jk
( ) m. flu*) / danger ^ ^ breast
P n e S t
^ ( ^ » { - - a l t h ^ ( % ! ) , m i n d
m. q f ^ {qfwO /.
mind
emperor assembly ^ ^
fame
qft^rsr ( qftms ) m. ^ ( autumn SRW ITOO
mendicant ( g q j / . hunger W S (WO age
II. Join the Sandhis in the following :
aftraL arrcft^ i i ^ ^ 1 I f ^ 1
5Tff2 B H ^ f o I si: SfTcTW I gqft[ m W l S ^ W J ^Tf? 1 W ^ ^
III. Decline the following : fey^ and


sandhis :
O) a w i (*) fai^^gSSTCR* I (\) uit ftwrfhi
(v) ^rrarre^dwi w ^ f a r (flow) i ( o ^stfe-
^Knft <ftcuft ^ §§*TTft sfcr i ^ WT i
) 35HT ^TT ^ r r a f ^ n f ^ ^ x T i i ^ T O t g-.^snfa m&i i (i•;
ftreft^gîftewu ) sirai* m ^ f r fe ^mTf^fcf i n x ) g ^
5KT WRJiqj ( ) w f t gfa: S W r a p U (<1 v) STc^
sr^rcrfcri o s ) IF! fsnfa: i n*) wr^f am

(1) The thieves were seized by the husband. (2) The lightning
plays among the black clouds. (3) We dived into the cool water
of the river. (4) The leaves are taken away by the wind. (5) You
two go at once to the forest, for your brother is there and calls you.
(6) In day-time you do not work ; at night you sit down in the
garden and sing. (7) The king rose suddenly and departed from
the palace. (8) Why should you grieve ? (9) Friends sit
around you, brothers and sisters are full of affection for you.
(10) Should you be abused by that rogue, remain silent: charcoal
blackens the hand only if it is touched. (11) O friend, you cane
once only to our house and you were never seen again. (12) Sick
and wretched, the king's messenger was bound and led to the forest.
LESSON 16
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM (cont.)
77. The main varieties of nouns with one stem are :
(1) Nouns with stem ending in palatals
Final \ is changed to ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plural
to before s^TO, fa: and
Final sMs changed to and, at times, to 3Mn the nom. sing, and
loc. plur.
to Tând, at times, to ^ before fa.
and v?:
Final ?ffis changed to or ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
to ^ or ^ before vqu?, fa: and w
Nom. sing. Instr. sifig. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.
(speech) qi^T ^Tfor:

(merchant) qfasF qfarsfT srfafnr: erfag
tRT^m. (emperor) SOT5TT SSrefa: §
/ . (direction) ftpB %TT f^ffa: f^g
ffa• m. (settler) fop fen ffefa: f^g
(2) Nouns with stem ending in cerebrals

Final cms changed to aîn the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
to s before vqm, fa: and vq:
Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.
J 5TT(monsoon) SITf^ SHI^T STT^fa: STFl^S 1

6
(3) Nouns with stem ending in dentals

A final dental except ^ is changed to in the nom. sing,
and loc. plur.
to \ before v q m , fa: and sap
flffo/. (river) sf^ sfctt trftf^;: sfcg

s f ^ / n . (plant) sf^l sf^l sfsfs?
g f t r * / . (fuel) sfiraL aftreT efirf^:
(4) Nouns with stem ending in labials
A final labial is changed to q in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
to ^ b e f o r e v^niT, fa: and
(region)
(5) Nouns with stem ending in ^

Final * is changed to visarga in the nom. sing.
A short vowel preceding ^ is lengthened in the nom. sing, and
before , -fa: -wp and -g
Nom. sing. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. piur.
(door) gt: gTU gift: 5r<|

fa*/. (voice) ift: fau *ftfa:
(6) Nouns with stem ending in 3

Final becomes visarga in the nom. sing, and before fa:,
xqi and g. That visafga follows the sandhi rules (see No. 27).
Final ^ r e m a i n s before case-ending beginning with vowels, being
changed to âccording to the rule given in No. 45.
N O U N S WITH O N E STEM (COTtt.) 77
The masculine and feminine nous in o ^ lengthen the ef in the

nom. sing.
The fftufer nouns in s t e , a/w/ lengthen the 3?, f and 3 and
insert a nasal ( anusvara ) in the nom. acci/a-. tfm/ vac. plural.
Nom. sing Nom. plur. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.
W. ( g o o d ) gffTO: §*F?tfa: §*R:g
OT^/. (dawn) OTT: 3*itfa:
(fame) *TCftfa:
^fatf(oblation) ^cfffa ^fafa:
s n g a w. ( l i f e ) ang: BfTjq
(7) Nouns with stem ending in

Final becomes ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
becomes before v ^ , fa: and
In nouns ending with faf^, final becomes 2 and ^
In final becomes ^T and ^
Nom. sing Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Loc. plur.
q g f e f ^ m . (bee) J m O T f ^ f a : Wfeg-
OTCTt,/- (shoe) OTTirffc:

TO^/I (cow) OTFTO
The appearance of ** instead of ^ in is explained by the

following sandhi:
Rule : When ând lose their aspiration owing to combina-
tion with following consonants, the preceding consonant becomes aspirate,
if possible.
EXERCISE 16
I. Vocabulary
( f f e ) m - Vai&ya / . voice (g^TO w.

town learned man
( ) / . direction 3 1 W f- "
dawn
" V 7 door ( / yoke (3qT0 /•
aJV m enemy cW^(cW) n. darkness
n. glare, 8ng^(®ng0 life ffcm standing
energy
bow ftnw worthless,
fa^ ( f ^ O n. head ^ ^ ^ e ye without quality
(OTO n. penance ( s g f t e ) m. S t ^ being, vigour
TO (TO) n. residence " " ^bee W compassion
<ffc) 11. oblation shoe to withdraw
(wfrfip) light f ^ ^ ^ (wrfp)

fsiq dear to happen, to be wish-yielding cow
II. Decline the following,

the singular ; g ^ i n the dual; in the plural ; g q ^ in
the singular ; in the dual ; in the plural.
in. Translate the following into English :

(i> ^ r mn ^RR g^for \ (V) ifiw ^sxw wtftw11
U) qftR gjf* fetfNt I (*) I
W 3ft g w s s^t f q ^ 1 (%) ^ ==r nfq^Tq 1 H
555 nit ss w w r t q^Tfa 1 (*) q ^ f c r SRT: I
(M fira c i ^ e T w qte^ 1 ( M sTCROT^fa «
(<n) fgtf ^ TOFSTT TO^fa^ I f*RT siTte&T: I (<) g^W
W f a WT * ft^ I O v ) sqa^fl ^fa I ^qT:
N O U N S WITH O N E STEM (COflt.) 79
W fa^ ftafcT i ( ) 3?jqf^ ^ I O v») VD

faefa: fgJTTilf ^SR SE* i (*K) sftTOWl (n) I
(X°) qffar^ q n n ^ 5TRt I (XI) s q i f a ^ faqSTT^facT I
(XX) 3?*5 qT^T ^ I (X*) | SWt g^T qfef Ufa ^ t I

(1) In autumn the fruits fall from the trees. (2) Around
the fire the priests were standing and singing hymns. (3) May
your head be adorned with flowers, your arms with a bow, your
mind with compassion, your life with happiness! (4) In the
assembly, the poets proclaimed the fame of the emperor. (5) Upon
her breast the blood of the child killed by the enemy vas seen.
(6) O worthless servant, you have forgotten your master. (7) May
I stand by you, O mother, in danger and adversity ! (8) Due to
anger, light shone in his eyes, his bow fell from his hands and his
mouth quivered. (9) The sage should practise ( ? ) penance for a
long time, restrain his speech and guard his mind from sin.
(10) Pigeons fly in the direction of the wind. (11) The learned
man standing at the door was attracted by the voices of the children.
LESSON 10
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( qft jiÎT: )
NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS
78. In Sanskrit, not only transitive verbs, but intransitive verbs also,
can be conjugated in the passive voice. Thus, the sentence:
"The horse runs" can be turned into a passive which means :
"Running is being done by the horse" or "the action of running is
done by the horse". That is what is called Passive impersonal.
The verb is always in the 3rd pers. sing. pass.
(1) In the change from the active to the passive impersonal:
the nominative of the active voice becomes an instrumental ;
the verb changes from active to the 3rd pers. sing,
passive. The tense or mood of the active voice should be
preserved.
Example : Active voice Passive impersonal
Nom. : effa: the rivers <--> Instr. : sftfg: (by the rivers)
Verb : qgfar flow < * Verb : (flowing is being
flfafr I done) g f t f ^ s j ^ l
(2) In the change from the passive impersonal to the active
voice: the instrumental of the passive impersonal becomes
a nominative ; the verb changes from passive to active and
agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense
or mood of the passive should be preserved.
Example : Passive impersonal Active voice
Instr. : tpqrfa: (by you) Nom.: you
Verb : ft (it should be spoken) Verb : f should speak
g^nftr^HT 1 I qjr ^fen
79. Nouns with two stems
The main varieties of nouns (and adjectives) with two stems are :
(1) nouns and adjectives with stem ending in QiRj. They comprise :
(a) nouns and adjectives formed with the suffix ( irgq* )
and ^ ( q g q j i
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( 5J2FT*T: ) 81
(b) present participles active (parasmaipada) in (5F5)

(c) perfect participles active ( ^Rq^) in ^
(d) adjectives of quantity: fteraL,
(2) nouns and adjectives with stems ending in They are
formed with the suffixes , f q ^ , and fti^ 1
(3) comparative in \
80. The nouns and adjectives with two stems are declined in the
masculine and neuter only. The feminine is formed independently
(sec LESSON 23).
The two stems are used as follows :
in the masculine, the strong stem is used in the nom. sing.,
dual and plural,
in the accus. sing, and dual,
in the voc. sing., dual and plural,
in the neuter, the strong stem is used in the nom.f accus. and voc.
plural. The weak stem is used in all other cases.
81. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown
again here below with the indication of those before wh;ch the
strong stem is used.
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. s -aft — -f -5
Acc. -3ft — -f
Instr. -err -fa:

Lite
Dat. -IT -VQR^ -VAN
Abl. the
Gen. -3RT -eft: -3TT*T
- ^ masculine
Loc. 5 -aft:
Voc. — -aft j -are I -f %

82. Nouns and adjectives formed with the s u f f i x e s — ( jjgq ) and
The strong stem ends in the weak stem ends in 9?<i

The nom. sing. masc. lengthens the e? into a?T
sfor^ (talented)—strong stem; sfaffiL; weak stem:
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. sfttTRC I s/tacft I I
Acc. $ftRin sfopaV vtmi
Instr. yftqm ^jff^:
Llke
Dat. sftosw?:
Abl. sffrRi: the
Gen
- ^ m j masculine
Loc. sfarfa sffofr: sfong
Voc. ^ sforeft ^ sfarftr
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( *n% Sflff»i: ) 83
EXERCISE 17
I. Vocabulary
snfarg. long-lived ( f ^ T R , ) m. f w ( W 3 ) to smile

Himalaya qft.^ (qfwjfa)
Str0ng 10
( overcome
HanUm5n
( H * n * ) m. God ^
to turn
fofa: diversion,
JTf^L Prudent pastime
t0 avoid
time
t a l e n t e d
^ c ^ dissipation,
- need to laugh at
tfTJT^ rich c qîsj hard, rough
Jj^: fool
VnmL learned - . e?Tf*5 disturbed,
TOT sleep afflicted
wraL wealthy quarrel long
ÊTSt l ^ f c J sfacfUT I
c ^ J f =q ^ f w t faSTCT II (<1)
(x) | WSRL^q^r 1 (3) sfoRfr smfa * i
(v) trcT^rf gf< s t o a t qfasn gsfts^rpRTi qf^rfoi
(O ^T^'ci^ ft^n i fm) ^ f c ^ f : 35ft sftqcfr faq*rt s f e r c
^ r T ^ qffare f f ^ q ^ g q i i ^ i s) ^qwwi^ fomi
tftSWtf gftqcf qx^fa fqqffS^qT^ W&qfa =q \
(<n) BTCT tjq rf q^rfsi (H) ipf: qwfa q^nfa qqfcu
(M) 1 fa) I ^ t engsFdt 1 (<i<v> s
qfq f w f t q q^qq ft f ^ t e ? ^ f o c qffcra^
g ^ r ^ ^ f t ^ l (<**) 3T55 fqiffol I sffafs^r^Tqq qftfffo I
HI. Change the following to the passive impersonal:

e?^ I irf^FcT^^ff ftre^ I ^ f a I ^fWT^Wf I
IV. Change the following to the active voice :
Ii&SuR* i ^RTfir: ift^jraTî a r a f s^fterf s n ^ i i s T ^ N i ^ d i
(1) Smile always, in prosperity as well as in adversity.
(2) Learned men are not disturbed by the speech of the fools.
(3) Around the residence of the wealthy, many poor and sick people
long for happiness. (4) Through hard and'long penance, the sages
have crossed the ocean of misery. (5) O talented one, you should
avoid the dangers of riches. (6) In sleep, the fool forgets his illusion,
the learned man forgets his knowledge, the poor forgets his misery.
LESSON 18
PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES
83. Present participle active and passive ( grg, s r ^ )
(1) Present participle active
Verbs taking parasmaipada terminations form their present participle
active in . To form it, the termination 3?f?cT of the 3rd pers. plur.
of the present active is replaced by sr^
e.g.: ift H^far — — leading
% ô^cT — — playing
f ^ — f^RTfll — entering
^qfal — — stealing
In the masculine and neuter, the present participle parasmaipada
is declined like sfor^ (see No. 82), wiih the following modifications :
(1) the nom. sing. masc. does not lengthen the 8?;
PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES 85
(2) the nom., accus. and vocative dual neuter take the strong
stem in—8?^, necessarily in the 1st, 4th and 10th conjugations, and
optionally in the 6th conjugation.
(For the feminine see No. I l l )
Masc. Nom. -j
Isft^ sfK^cf:
Acc. | ^teRT^ st^fiV

^faRW ^VR'-
ifZRft
Neut. N.A.V. fam ^Rft
^ ^ ^Rfr ^^fcr
Masc. N.A. like cfz^

Neut. N.A.V. flrot, flRRft or firofar
Verbs taking atmanepada terminations form their present participle
in To form it, the termination ^ of the 3rd pers. sing, of the
present tense is replaced by *n«f *
e.g. : obtaining
IRL JF^—IRWW—'thinking
1 —dying
——seeking
The masculine is declined like ^q: (see No. 11), the neuter, like
(see No. 11)—Masc. : 5WTR: avrarat SWTRT:, etc.
JVew/. : w i ^ SOTl^f 55VWT5TTffr, etc.
(For the feminine, see No. 108)
(2) Present Participle passive

All Verbs form their present participle passive in ?n«f. To form
it the termination ^ of the 3rd pers. sing, of the present passive is
replaced by ^jq :
e.g. : TO being gone to
5T qfa^ - ^toh—being given
? -being done
being remembered
^ ^ — W W —being stolen
The masculine is declined like eg*?:, the neuter like i
(For the feminine, see No.. 108)
84. Perfect participle passive (fffST ^ )
(1) The perfect participle passive is formed by adding a to the
verbal root :
fa-facT ST^LCTO SH-sfr faq-faTR
m-mz jfr-fftci 53-32 m-mi fiRtfij?

gq-gs fg
(2) A great number of roots insert an 5 before adding 3
ft^fafa^r s^-^frfar
^q-wtfqcT Stq-SffacT JIOTflfnra
iîfm fa^-faf^r q^-Tfeci ^-sf^r
f^-feter ^T^TfacT ^srfoffi fa^-fof^ l^faf
(3) The following verbs lose their radical nasal before cf
^-srer
araL-w a^-aa
(4) The following verbs lengthen their radical vowel:
m^tt VJ^RT STUrSfT^
^T^FcT ^-WcT
PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES 87
(5) The following verbs change q, I and q into % and 3

respectively :
RxS-^S qq^SH
^-fq^ SKT-sftET
(6) Verbs ending with the single aspirates or ^ change

those aspirates to qând n respectively while ft becomes q
WtM** Si^SF* or f g
^r^ <?w-55cEr ftrs^fsro
[ No. 72 (7) ]
But: ; I
(7) Several roots instead of adding ft add ff
ftr^-fira; ; ; fe^-f^ ; ; sft-csfa ; a-®* 1
(8) Some verbs form their perfect participle passive irregularly :
The maculine is declined like cgq:, the neuter like q?^ I

(For the feminine see No. 108)
85. Perfect participle active ( fasT q^qg )
The perfect participle active is formed by adding q ^ to the perfect
participle passive, e.g. : fa-f^q^ having conquered
In the masculine and neuter it is decline like sftaraX.see No. 82).
Masc.: fvSRfqT^ ftffiq^ facfq^:
fsRrq^ facfq^ f ^ q ^ n etc.
Neut. : fsmq^ facfq^t facTCf^ etc.
(For the feminine, see No. I l l )
EXERCISE 18
I. Vocabulary
sr to bathe ^ to cry fa^ to break
* to hear m to sport ^ to cross
fa to collect m to hurt <j to fill
i
9?Tq to obtain ^ to spread f ^ to cut
( q t ^ ) to shine to kill j* t 0 tear
to praise ^TMo sleep ^ t0 stjc^
(qT^) to beg ^ to obstruct to adhere

t0 cut
^ m (gwrftf) ®
to prattle to be agitated to put
*TT to measure gT to abandon (fpifa) to dry
II. Decline the following :
gT^qîn the masc. sing.: s n g ^ in the neuter plur.
III. Make the present participle active of $ and 3 agree with
the following : fa^, ^ w f t : . ^ K H and sfag 1
IV. Give the present participle passive of the following: anr-vn^;
fa-fSPT ; , 3T, qT, * * ,
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit:
(1) The children abandoned by fheir mother roam in the
forest. (2) The food begged * by that poor man has not been
touched. (3) The broken jar should be taken away. (4) See those
fruits collected by the sage's daughters. (5) Yesterday the house was
filed with guests. (6) The jewels stolen from the king's palace were
thrown into the river.
VI. Give the perfect participle active of the following :
*TT> PL,
VII. Decline the following :
fsRW^ in the neuter sing. the masc. plur.
LESSON 19
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES
86. (1) All participles are use like adjectives.

I saw the two trees falling—q^ffift f S ^ ^ H I
Being carried away by the water, the boy died—w^q «ftq*TT«ff
I
To the hero who had slain the enemy ( = having slain the enemy)
flowers were g i v e n — e f a j q ganfar QtffrzRT 1
Blamed by my father I ran away from the house—fq^T fqft^flst
OTWWHl
(2) Special use of the perfect participles active and passive ( ^ TF^)
The perfect participles active and passive can fulfil the function
of a finite verb in the past tense. In that case, too, they are treated
like adjectives.
e.g.: The servant brought the water—^T^t vUMiMqî
^TTifaqraLl
The water was brought by the servant ^Tsfa I
WcWn^ftanj
Change of voice
Active voice : The friends saw you—ftreifar <qf SSqfcf (neut. plur.).
Passive voice : You were seen by the friends—fiqw^f SB: (masc.
sing.).
(3) The perfect passive participle can be used :
as an adjective {see above),
as a finite verbe in the passive : (wfor TR:, see above),
as a finite verb in the active (QSFIFT TR: ) in the case of

intransitive verbs and of verbs meaning to go', 'to stand',
'to dwell', 'to climb', 'to be born', 'to awake':
e.g. : I have arrived from the village-^5WTT5fjP?T*W »
Two monkeys climbed the t r e e — ^ g r c n ^ f t I
as an impersonal passive ( ^R: ) It is then always used
in the neuter singular, e.g. : qqT It was fought by
me ( = 1 fought). qfoan =? it was fallen by the tree
( =the tree fell ).
in the meaning of the present ( TR: ) with verbs meaning
'to wish', 'to know', 'to worship'.
N.B.—When the past passive participle is used in the meaning of
the present, the agent is not put in the instrumental, but in the genitive.
e.g.: 'jf^cT:—He is honoured by Rama.
87. Sandhi rules of final ^ followed by a vowel or a consonant
(1) Final ^ preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel
is doubled:
515^ a n i r ^ f a ^ s j ^ m ^ f c l I qf&l = qfosRq: \
(2) Final ^
followed by ^ or ® is replaced by anusvUra and ^
followed by or z is replaced by anusvUra and q
followed by fôr ^ is replaced by anusvura and ^
cTR, q cftsj I sftqH qsfa I ciTSqfcT=
T^qfa I
88. Sandhi rules of dentals in contact with palatals, cerebrals and 3
(1) Any dental coming into contact with a palatal is changed to
the corresponding palatal: gg^ = I BfHq^WBiânqq^
[see No. 72(4)] =8?Tqq*f«W{j ^ ^ T = ^ w<qr I
(2) Initial ^ preceded by any of the first four letters of a class (see
No. 2) is optionally changed to g>—^pr s^qT
O optionally becomes cfx^/s O<qT i
T H E USE OF THE PARTICIPLES 91
(3) Any dental coming into contact with a cerebral is changed to

the corresponding cerebral—3*fqq^ 2TfH I gq+a=gs I
(4) The preceding rule does not apply When a dental is followed by
1
S—WETO
(5) A dental followed by & is changed to 3 ; ^ followed by C5 is

changed to nasalized I ISTT^ g^^fcf—Wt^L SF^fcT !
EXERCISE 19
I. Vocabulary
q^JT garment food tooth (Braq^fa)
qwpath ftanholc gratitude to adorn
5Wcf much, q f t ^ s q to be
m necklace q«*ip bravery many
^ T O meal z m w offence ^ ^ fearful ^ ^ joyfully

tg&r. mouse WTeWT net fervor dejected loudly

qqcrer wmsnu afar* & fa^tsqî s w f u f t grit u ^ t
fa|* q^cTM csf ^ p f

I ^ OT^Fft I gs^sf qaqj^ I Q|gr {Tq ^ ^f ^
q^q SKTfT^ g^qPU sftur cTftfT^f # ^ fiTSflU
flffci^ 5TT& qfcTcT: 3 fa?: I efcfrsl ^ f ^ I cf ^ q R JJJpK
"t 1 i swnaiTBRf gsiftr i" s srra i fatHtw*
7
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, rendering all finite verbs
by participles :
(1) Many women were killed, their bodies were torn by the lion's
teeth. (2) Abundant food was given to the poor children. (3) People
honoured ( by fools have always been laughed at by intelligent
men. (4) The necklace fell from the bride's hands and the pearls
were scattered. (5) They ate their meal and slept. (6) The victorious
enemies entered the city by force. (7) The path was obstructed with
fallen trees. (8) Our men crossed the river, fought like heroes and
seized the leader of the enemies. (9) The place was measured, fuel
was brought and the darkness suddenly shone with light. (10) You
forgave my offence.
IV. Change the voice in the following :
SHRIwtf ifqtfti fag: | SffiTRt qfd&ffaa: I W^T I T^T
tffa^l ^f ^frTcT^RT: I gftfa: l ^ftgfiiqfft ^ I ^fens
gftitaiv
V. Join the following sandhis :
3T55HI TTxSft c f ^ fa^f ^ q T : I TO » 8??
i ^ I T ^ T ^ l ttcT^ *
LESSON 10
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO
STEMS (Cont.). DEGREES OF COMPARISON
89. The adjectives (how much, how great), (so much,
so many), qrc^ (as much as, as many as) l ^ T ^ (so much,
so great) are declined in the masculine and neuter like vfor^ (see No. 82).
Masc.: ffen^ fereft" f&FGh etc.
Neut. : f W j , feftft fterfrck etc.
90. The adjective q f ^ (great) has the strong stem iTfFft
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. ITSFH SRfRft TfT^1 ^
Voc. qgl^ H?^ *fi|Tfel
Acc.
The rest like sfftffiL

91. 3T331 when used as the honorific pronoun (your honour) lengthens
the ef in the nom. sing. masc. : SRT^ 1 The verb having sr^R. as
subject is always in the 3rd person. Similar expressions denoting
1
respect exist in English : Your Majesty deserves p r a i s e —
92. Nouns and adjectives in
The strong stem, ending in %% , occurs before all case-endings
beginning with a vowel.
In the nom. sing, masc., the final ^ is dropped and the preceding
5 is lengthened.
In the nom. acc, and voc. neuter plural, the 5 is lengthened.
The weak stem, ending in occurs before vzn^ > fir, w and
(strong) -strong stem : q f e ^ ; weak stem
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. srfcwft sfe qfosft
Acc. srferq; sfcsft qftw sfeft sreftfa
Instr. qfe^TT^ sMVf:
Dat. scfe^ qf&af:

Abl. srfcw qfcWqT^ qfowp the
Gen. qftsft: srfgETTH masculine

Loc. qfefq qfeift;
— — •••
Voc. Sffoq: srfoôrsrfo srfoift qfaft
93. The Degrees of Comparison—Comparative and Superlative

(1) The comparative and snperlative of adjectives are generally
formed by adding the suffixes ^ and cUT to the stem as it appears
in the instrumental plural masculine.
Adjectives Instr. pi. masc. Comparative Superlative
(long) . fimi
g f a (pure) gfa-fa: gf^rc: gfow
sfor^ (wise) sftiT^-fir: sftiRW
sTfa^ (rich) ^fsf-fir: qftcW
fag^ (learned) fag^-frf: f^m
(2) Adjectives denoting qualities can also form their comparative
and superlative with the suffixes f ^ and Before thes^ two
suffixes are added, adjectives of more than one syllable lose their
last vowel and the consonant which follows, if any. Some other
changes occur which are shown in the following list :
N O U N S A N D ADJECTIVES W I T H THREE STEMS (contd.) 95
Adjectives Comp. Superl. Adjectives Comp. Super!.

(firm) sstea (distant) Mfatf qfqB
( soft ) Sl^m (big) SafaB
(broad) ssftqs sfqg ^ (wide) qftqff qfta
(thin) ^fi&B (young) qqfaff
<5§ (light) asftqs (small) ^tqfas
q§ (clever) qafatf (quick) ^Pn^
g^ (heavy) ift^ Wq (little) ^ftq^
^tq (long) ^TqtqH (old) sqiqs
faq (dear) 5tq^ 5tB q§ (much) ^ S
— qc5q?3L qcstqsr qfe^s
(better) (best) (strong)
feft (steady) $$ sffaw? (near)
94. In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in and the
superlative in and are declined like and qqui
In the, masculine and the neuter, the comparative in fqq^ is
declined as follows :
^qVq^ (lighter)—strong stem : «5qtqfa ; weak stem : a q ^ ^
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. sqtqT^ sqtqfflft aqtqfa: fcqfa: *5qtq*ft 5*qtqffa
Acc. asftqftft cflftqs: Bqfa: aqtqtft 55qtqf%
Instr. 55qVq^T 55qtqtvqm *5qVrfa:

— Uke
Dat. 55qtq§ BqtqtvqT^ *5qtqt*q:
Abl. fcsftqg: BqtqtwjTH sqtqtsq: the
Gen. esqfrq: sqtafc masculine
Loc. SSqtqfa aqtq^T: o5qtq:§
Voc. ssftq^ 55qtqT^Pt ssqtqfa: fcsftqdV aqtqffa

95. After a comparative, the term of comparion is put in the

ablative, e.g. : The king was defeated by an enemy stronger than
Bhima-tftm^ 3TW tft fm: I
After the superlative the genitive or the locative are used,
e.g.: I gave a garland to the dearest of my friends- ftfîorf SIEPT
Among heroes, Rama is the best—qftq w . 1

96. gq (all) is declined like a pronoun ;
M. F.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. ^ t ^qf fli ^rf:
Acc. s^n sraft mh. ^
Instr. SR^TT SRfann fl^ffa:

Dat s r c f T O yqkmn
~ AbL ^pay? riwn wtom ^ T
Gen. S33T S^ft: «wfcl!*L
Loc. sHrfan sis siû* gqfg
„ —
!
Voc. m fli fli
N.
S. D. P.
Nom. Acc. Voc. flg? ^qffuf
The rest like the masculine

N O U N S A N D ADJECTIVES W I T H THREE STEMS (contd.) 97
EXERCISE 20
I. Vocabulary
how great, so much great qfo^ strong
how much , V our
ur ^fq^r rich
WSRT
N K
so much ^ y° JL .
qTqâm. honour Bhima
as much as firm ^ gajTT thirst
gfupi virtuous b d w (rftiftr)
near
W f t ^ learned ^ ' to grow old,
nfeTC. w. (iFsft) W thin pleasure to decay
t o en
minister ^ clever i°y srtqqt^ , i f e
ftftm sick ^q 5n§nn: brahmin
M r : bright ft* steady ^ ^ money
rnfa (*3T*ft) m. ^ big aiT-fa

t0 n
husband, master j to depend on
M t ) m. ^ wide to go (+acc.)
moon ! f$rq quick gq all obstacle
qft^^qt firejqT qfqatsfr S^l
irforosa: f«roV q i (i)
vftm q g w qq^q gwr^rit q ctn qq^q cTHT:
«E?T q 2?Tcft qqfo q sfoff qq*tq sfturf: II (*)
i\) Wqi^Tfefq^T: feqiqifTfr ffol\ (v) cliqR
IM 5SRTT q^q TO q I ( 0 t^lftqq & OTcflWfal ^Tc5Tfq
q sqifa SSTfq I (vs) 3q *TrTT cq^ qfeqi^ <q cTWRq^qRi
U) qTc5Tq aqfafs m i \ {%) zitym spifarf t
(<|®) ^qqf guriqf fqqq: I ( l l ) trq q j ^ f qfqsj: fc^g qg*qt sqTqtvqt
qT^vq: g qtqrR: I (H) tfqt qf&3: I ftfaup
II. Translate the following into Sanskrit:

(1) How many sick people live in this town? (2) As many
(cTT^) as ( q r q ^ ) there are healthy people. (3) Go to the
nearest house. (4) The hero, steadier than a mountain, was
carried by a horse faster than the wind. (5) The sage's body
wa« thin owing to hard penance, but his face was bright. (6) The
cleverest of all is not the oldest. (7) In a garden bigger than a town,
virtuous ministers went by a broad path to a lake adorned by many
lotuses. (8) Dejected, tired and tormented with thirst, two learned
brahmins who had left (=having left) their house were seen slowly
walking along the river's bank. (9) Many obstacles were overcome
(crossed). (10) I play with my smaller brothers. (11) Life is sweeter
than death, happiness is ligher than misery, friendship is steadier than
money.
LESSON 21
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS
97. The main varieties of nouns and adjectives with three stems
are :
(1) the reduplicated perfect participle active in which
must not be confused with the perfect participle active in
(see No. 85). Both participles, however, have the same meaning :
fflqând ^fq^= 4 having done'.
(2) nouns ending in s?^
(3) adjectives of direction ending in a?^
98. Nouns and adjectives with three stems are declined in the
masculine and neuter. (For the formation of the feminine,
see LESSON 2 3 ) .
N O U N S AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (contd.) 99
The three stems are used as follows :

the strong stem: in the nom. sing., dual and plural \ of the
in the acc. sing, and dual Y masculine
in the voc. sing., dual and plural j
in the nom., acc. and voc. plural of the neuter
the middle stem: before ft?:, and g, and in the nom.,
acc. and voc. sing, neuter.
the weak stem: in the remaining cases (their case-ending begin
all with vowels).
99. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown
again herewith the indication of the various stems to be used :
M. N.
S. D. P S. D. P.
Nom. •% -aft _
Acc. ~ -f
Instr. -3TT
Llke
Dat. ^ -W
Abl. -SW -wr: the
Gen. -are -sfr

^ masculine
Loc. "I -S
Voc. __ -aft ' — "t
100. Reduplicated perfect participles in

The strong stem ends in q f ^
The middle stem ends in
The weak stem ends in gq. Before a preceding shorty is
dropped.
q f ^ (having done)—strong stem: q f q f a ; middle stem:

q f t f ^ ; weak stem : [see Sandhi rule, No. 31 (2)].
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. qftffsft ^ m : ^fi^ tttt qf^tft
Acc. qflt^t qf^ qfcrffa

Instr. ^mj qfiT^TTJi
Dat. qf^qi^ ^S^WT:
Abl. ^S^TOl the

O
GeD
- masculine
Loc. q*§<it:
Voc. qf^t^fr ^fflfa: ^tf qf^tfe
iVom. Nom. plur. //itfr. swg. /hfr. plur.

fag;^ (a learned man) fa^ fagfa: f^JT f^f^
wfwTftf (having gone) STftqqT^ srfwTqfa: JiWÎ
clfejTO (having stood) cffe^T^ tfmm*- cT^T cTfmf^:
f ^ W (having led) faifclT^ faifclW f^gqT
w f e ^ (having killed) wflmfl: ^JiT wfsraffe:
e.g.: The thief was seen by the two men who had stood
( = having stood) in the g a r d e n — f l f f c f a ^ R t
TO^rt I
To the brother who had gone (—having gone) to Hari's
house, food was given by the s e r v a n t — 5 arnj^ gr^T
LESSON 10
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH
THREE STEMS (cont.)
101. Nouns ending in
The strong stem ends in
In the nom, sing masc., the final 3 is dropped
The middle stem ends in s?
The weak stem ends in ^ after dropping the preceding
In the loc. sing, and in the nom., acc, and voc. neuter dual,
the stem may optionally end in
Stems ending in and preceded by a consonant always
form their weak stem in and not in
102. U ^ m. (king)—strong stem: middle stem nw ; weak
stem :
ifUR, n. (noun)—strong stem : w n ^ ; middle stem : ; weak
stem:
M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. u^t imj^t ^rq ^TMtowft
Acc. . tfsran mxft ^rosft-srwift ^ i m f a
Instr. n^TH •ITOT sfWWTWL ilHlftf:
Dat. IWnH tWW* «TTSTPPanq. TOW
Abl. IW tf^najTH n w p ifi**: TOWH TOW
Gen. tfft: tffm TO*: i^Rt: TOTO*
Loc. uffKrafa l ^ i snfa-TOTfa qTRt: TOig
Voc. tfSR ^T^Tsft tfsrtt: f ^ H ^ ^ l TO^fr-TOFfi TOTlfa

103. erciH n. (path)—strong stem : q^r?^; middle stem : ;

weak stem :
n. (work)—strong stem: middle s t e m : s&if; weak
stem :
Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing. Instr. plur. Voc, sing.
^ Wft q^TT
104. Adjectives of direction ending in

The strong stem ends in e ^
The middle stem ends in ere
The weak stem ends in f q when 8?^ is preceded by q
in when ere is preceded by ^
105. (backward) strong stem: middle stem :
weak stem : SRfNr^
^ M. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. g^ft Sc^ Scft^ SRqfe
Acc. Scffa: ^ ^ SRttat Ftfqfe
Instr. si^j S c ^ R
1 Like
Dat. SffqTOHH
Abl. srarcjT^ S^rap the
Gen. SRftsft: Scft^

- masculine
Loc. sicftfa Sc^g
Voc. SlfNt SRqfe

N O U N S AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (contd.) 103
106 Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing. Loc. plur.
(downward) are-aî; iftaT szjg

(right) S^-SWJ^ fltftaT
(upward ) s^tey
( following ) 3^©-aFepE
f ^ R (pervading) f^s-flpz^ f^g; f^r faw
107. fcphr ( horizontal ) has the weak stem fcTC^ I

turned away ), ( eastern ) and 3RT7 ( southern ) have
only two steams : the strong stem is in the weak stem in
3TR I
Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing. Loc. plur.
f&N fofe: ffazrr f^m

^T^T
SH^m ^T^T 5ITg
EXERCISES 21 & 22
1. Vocabulary
Pronominal adjectives UW^ W^tt) m. king
other ^fTO having done n. path
rtm* having gone
^ttsbo tone
fcer fl^Rtf
M "having
having led
stood greatness
nfor^ ( n f wheaviness
) m.
wfaTO having killed ^ love
m
which of two learned (man) ^KOiW • head
m. self t*%I) m. n. ^ F l l ^ r ) n. house

, . Brahman, the (atq) n. hair
^ ( ^ . . n a m e AbsoIute skln>
leather
work n. sky
n. birth WR. ashes disguise, fraud
sr^pq western, averted fq*qq^ pervading ^qtcSTT moonlight
j j a* u • * i qogTO: outcast
szjxT downward Kfq^q horizontal ^
faq^ poison
right, proper turned away fr-srr to perform,
to lay down
^ upward s,,^ eastern
spqq following 3?qrq southern to stop, to cease
qqt fqftcfflTqq:I
q ft sqicSTT II
qffwrqf^TcqTqY qftqT ^ f : I {\) mm mk^QSH M SUfrqi
qcqqi 3rftqff«qtftfaqsq& I (H) WTT q^T f R q f q ^ I
^ ) f^Ttf ^qq q w f q ^ q i f o r fqffcTq^: I (*) qTqw fcT^fe
^qqf (*) quqwfr uirt qarw ST^R eftuq ^FSTT
f B * Tc^ 3 ? q ^ | ( 1 o ) sn ^ q ^ r ^ f o f t q f r s ^ q t J ^ f T 553fqT I
III. Decline the following :
f q j ^ in the masc., sing., fglîn the pi., e^qqîn the neuter pi.
(1) Your face is turned away, your mind is dejected, ashes
cover your head, you have even forgotten the names of your
friends. (2) From a pure sky the moonlight falls upon the path.
(3) Shoes are made of (with) leather. (4) The child has drunk
poison : give him (some) medicine. (5) The king and the queen
rejoiced at the birth of a talented son. (6) Let the ministers
defeat the western enemies by fraud or by force. (7) For t^s
sake of others the honest man bears the heaviness of misery.
LESSON 23
THE FORMATION ON THE FEMININE
108. The general rules for the formation of the feminine of
adjectives ending in vowels should be carefully revised (see
LESSON 12).
Adjectives forming their feminine in B?T are declined like »cIT I
Adjectives forming their feminine f are declined like ^ i
The present participle atmanepada and the present participle
passive the perfect participle passive the comparative
in cR and the superlative in and form their feminine in en I
gfacWT ; l
109. Some nouns and adjectives ending in 3T follow special rules in
forming their feminine :
(1) Nouns and adjectives ending in form their feminine in
(2) The following adjectives ending in 37 form their feminine in

I — ; fiRfK ftsfrO ; c f ^ - c f ^ . ; rfi^T-^T^ |
(3) Nouns ending in 3? and denoting a class or a species form

their feminine in f ; szrnHansft ; fftur %fyft ; ;
W$> etc.
Exceptions—sbfa&j, 3^, 3?«fT, a[55T?ET, I
(4) Adjectives ending with the suffixes ipT and form their
feminine in ; f t & w - f ^ i f t ; spnra^-gûft 1
110. Adjectives ending in consonants and having one stem only
have the same form both in the masculine and in the feminine,
e.g. s&TiTfKt (granting d e s i r e ) f m ; i
111. Adjectives ending in consonants and having two stems form

their feminine as follows :
(1) adjectives ending in qq^ and q ^ , perfect participles active
in ^ q ^ and adjectives of quantity like f c q ^ etc , add | to their weak
stem—qfa^-qtq^ft ; qqq^qqqaT , q t ^ q t q ^ ; faq^faqtft l
(2) present participles active in of the first, fourth and
tenth conjugations add | to their strong stem ; those of the sixth
conjugation add f either to the strong or to the weak stem—
qq^q^cft ; y^giSRft ; qftq^qtoRft ; fiRT^-fq^Rft or fq^Tcft (see the
rule for the neuter dual, No. 83).
(3) present part, active of ^ forms its feminine in *rq?cft 1
honorific pronoun forms its feminine in vjq^ft I
(4) adjectives ending in add | to the strong stem in ^q—
qfqq-qfqq^ 1
(5) comparatives in fqtf add | to their weak stem— q^tqsr
qAartft l
112. Nouns and adjectives ending in consonants and having three
stems form their feminine by adding t to their weak stem :
Weak stem Feminine
qqsq qq>qt
fqg;s
qdte sreftq^
RT^ ST^ RTqt
THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE 107
113. Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Declension of the interrogative pronoun (which ? what ?)
M. F. N.
S. D. P. S, D. P. S. P. P.
Nom. eft % % TO % STft
Acc. ^ ^ TO?, % TO % îftT
Instr. TO^ WT ^Tfiff:

— — ^ Like
Dat. SBW SH^TO^ ^T TO^ TO^:
Abl. ^FRI^ TO^TOI, ^ST^TOJ TO^T- the

Gen. ^TT: Wt: 4MIH, masculine
Loc. ^ftl?^ ^ft: %3 Wt:
114. Declension of the relative pronoun ^ (which, who)
M. F. N.
S. D. P. S. D. P. S. D. P.
Nom. q: ^ an ^ TO ^ ^ ?nfif
Acc. ^ ZTT^ TOJ, ^ TO ^ ^nft
Instr. ift TO^TH* T^TT TO^TO* ^fo

—— Like
Dat. TOf qiVTO^ TOP TOT TO-*TOJL TOBf:
Abl. aftTOt TOTOJL 9TSTO3L the

Gen. ZTFT ^TO^ 3RTO zpft:
_ masculine
Loc. arffcr^ Sfa TOTT^ 3TS
8
EXERCISE 23
I. Vocabulary
Wif&ET girl I sqra tiger BT^r: goat ^ T old age
ffrt: disease
«nfa: Singer j tigress m n r . crane ^ ^ harmfuJ
deed
songstress sfirnp dear sparrow
^ surprising
white hind earthen strange
f ^ f t ^ adolescent female swan WOT spiritual to menacCf
.r , , *H?OT leathern to threaten

youthful q ^ r peacock
5TIV5IR1CU
to strike
like, similar q ^ y peahen " water
cTT^T such cuckoo body to perform
^ftr^ forbearing guraif^ g o ^ merit favour-

appreciative able
competent ^healthy < W loss, decline
sound awhile ^ ^ ^faraway
what swaicf
^f^TH sense kind of unimpaired
sw 5 e f f o r t
reraedv cnw- " **<M<KN*>
remedy N _ ^ ,
^ sr q:) n. supreme to burn
house good digging to be done
II. Give the feminine of the following :
timpi sfar: i fam. i zfmFK qtsp i fe^rte i SFOTI^ *

INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^WT AND SSPQ 109
ID. Change the voice in the following :
UfT \ ^ f t ^nf^r^T tftorer: t mwtî

VI. Translate the following into English s
f^sfcr ^ t t qfcf&rert si^rc ^fNri^t
^Tt ^ T g w f t ^nft s ^ r \
snra^îftre t r t i w o * ^cfr
wtm f ^ ^ f ^ s r f ^ r r snrt ^rg^: i
aTTc^^fe c f T ^ f ^ T
^ ^ g f q ^ j R a ^ p w ^ r : n (V)
LESSON 24
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( qsn and )
LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE
115. The participles dealt with so far are treated like adjectives
and are subject to the rules of agreement with the noun
they qualify.
There exists a past participle active, also called gerund, which
is never declined.
Its formation is as follows:
(1) verbs not preceded by a preposition form their gerund by
adding cqTT (tf^T) to the root, in a way similar to that of the perfect
participle (see No. 84) :TO^-iTcHIcqT; q<l-qfcRT-<Tfac3T ; W ^T-cW^T}

Verbs of the tenth conjugation, however, keep their full active
base : ^pc—<iUfqMI1
(2) verbs preceded by a preposition replace cqT by q (sqq ) :
verbs ending with consonants and long vowels simply and q—
qftf^qfcftra ; ; QfTqT-snqiq I
verbs ending in short vowels add instead of q—
fafa-fqfacq ; ; QTgf-9?3?cq I
verbs ending in ^ or ^ and dropping their final nasal in the
perfect passive participle have two forms: 8TTnJ£anq*q
or 3Tiqcq; sraqtsppq or qnRq ; ^gq^-argq^q or ajgqcq [see
No. 84 (3)]
166. Use of the indeclinable past participle
When two different actions are performed by the same agent,
the first of the two actions is expressed by the indeclinable
past participle :
e.g.: I bathed and ate ( = having bathed I ate ) —fcildl^^RrqHI
On seeing me my mother was pleased ( =having seen me
my mother was pleased ) — ^ I d l ^ d J
I came, I saw, I conquered ( =having come and having
seen, I conquered )—anq*q ÊqT l
When the second verb is in the passive voice, the indeclinable
past participle refers not to the subject, but to the agent of the
verb, i.e. to the noun in the instrumenral case. Thus : ajgjjyqpj
fqsTT fqft^ftS5H==On coming home my father scolded me (both the
action of coming and that of scolding being performed by my
father). Hence, if the voice is changed, the indecK past part,
remains unchanged : falT qf fafcqaqR I
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^WT AND SSPQ 111
117. Locative and Genitive absolute

An absolute phrase is a phrase containing a participle the
subject of which is different from the subject of the main verb;
e.g. : The sun having set, we went home. Every absolute phrase
can be replaced by an adverb-clause.
e.g. : The boys being tired, the master stopped the class =Be-
cause the boys were tired, the master stopped the class.
The hunter having gone, the birds began to sing=After
the hunter went, the birds began to sing.
Your father being there, you did not rise from your
seat=Although your father was there, you did not
rise from your seat.
An absolute phrase can be translated into Sanskrit by the
locative absolute. The subject is put in the locative case and
the participle agrees with it in gender, number and case.
The present participle is used if the action of the absolute
phrase is simultaneous with that of the main clause.
The past participle is used if the action of the absolute phrase
precedes that of the main clause.
The active or passive participle is used according to the voice
of the participle in the absolute phrase.
118. Examples
(1) The soldiers throwing arrows (=while the soldiers were
throwing arrows), the general mounted his horse :
The soldiers : loc. plur. masc.—
throwing: active participle denoting an action simulta-
neous with that of the main clause : pres. act. part.
—
arrows : acc. plur.—

(2) The burden being carried by the servant ( = a s the burden

was carried by the servant ), we walked fast :
The burden : loc. sing, masc.—
being carried: passive participle denoting an action
simultaneous with that of the main clause : pres.
pass, part.—sgpn^T
by the servant: instr. sing.—R>4»}UI
feûflgiqfl qq f^JWTTOq I
(3) My brother having drunk water ( = a f t e r my brother had
drunk water), I read my lessons.
My brother : loc. sing, masc.— SfRfft
having d r u n k : active part, denoting an action which
precedes that of the main clause : past part. act.—
water : acc. sing.—sraq^
(4) The garland having been given ( = a f t e r the garland was

given), the boys sang.
The garland : loc. sing, fem.—mttiqi^
having been given: passive part, denoting an action
which precedes that of the main clause : past part.
pass-ÎWUi
HlcMql qTc5T [
119. Genitive absolute
When the absolute phrase is equivalent to a concessive clause
implying disregard or contempt the genitive absolute may also be
used, erfq is usually added :
e.g. : His father looking on (=although his father is looking
on), the boy beats his younger brother—fag: q ^ q g t s f t
qTc* $ q W Wftt ciFSqfa I
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^WT AND S S P Q 113
120. When the subject of an adverb-clause is the same as that of

the main clause, the use of the locative absolute remains
possible if the voice of the adverb-clause can be changed :
e.g. : After he had defeated the enmies, the king started for
the palace,
Change of voice: The enemies having been defeated, the king
started for palace.
Loc. abs. : u m 5UOT? sfcffi: I
121. When the absolute phrase containts the present participle of
the verb 'to be,' it can be omitted in the locative absolute :
e.g. : You being my protector (=since; you are my protector),
I have no fear—^fij qq w i I
EXERCISE 24
I. Vocabulary
to receive fan brahmin Sjfi rogue srfcT-t^(sicfi^)
(Bigwftr) ~ era: then " t0 wait
to feel, * 2 a certain
means
to enjoy, c to examine
Gautama iqp sacrifice STO excellence q ^ . ^ to address
aûro forest . A . base, foot f ^ J dog
• << to buy c , <
shoulder BTFMT^ coming an-^Vîwîd)
t 0 sel1
ftr-^T to put fr-tf to hear, to listen
down spn: goat fear i fa^fcnrncertainly
ifcrawnc®^ snw i * *
sfararu a âforowiitfaa: i cTcT^fV fafoa^*
^Fi: %sVFgqftsr ^ I Wflsfc
]114 SANSKRIT M A N U A L
Scfr^T TPT f ^ f t i ^ T TK&l 3 Mtsftrf^T: I "tft

mm ft ^ t i t u ^ " ffcT \ M w t w ^ — "qTq ftFg W^T^1"
I&fiJtocmtî c^T^f ^ i p i i w f ^ j f t f t q r q q f t s q
^ SRTWR^ — "TO OTTi ft f ^ f d I I
*TT ^ T i cfl^-dtali Sjift" I fq& q<ff SFT
IcT^ I
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, using in every sentence either
the indeclinable past participle or the locative absolute :
(1) I saw the minister and spoke to him. (2) The enemies
having conquered, we fled. (3) The enemies having been conquered
we sang. (4) The merchant sold two cows and bought one
horse. (5) While the guests were arriving, all the servants adorned
the house. (6) If you are alive, I, too, am alive, (7) After blaming
me, my mother consoled me. (8) While your honour was our
king, our happiness always increased. (9) We all fell asleep
while the teache*- cpoke. (10) If a lion is stronger than a jackal,
you should certainly vanquish your enemy. (11) Dear friends,
look at me and have pity on me. (12) When the two black
horses have drunk water and eaten grass, the cows should be
brought in. (13) As the baby was carried away by the thieves,
the mother, overcome by sorrow, fell upon the ground. (14) Al-
though his daughter had fallen into danger, the rogue did not stir
from the house.
LESSON 10
INFINITIVE IN ( gg*)
THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
122. The infinitive is formed by adding g n to the root after
guiiating a short medial vowel and a final vowel, e.g. :
Many verbs insert an 5 before e.g. : ^-vrfagn 1

Verbs of the tenth conjugation keep" their present base and
insert e.g.: ^ ^ f f t f a g q j
Many verbs form their infinitive irregularly (see Verbs and
their Principal Parts).
123. Use of the infinitive
(1)The infinitive is used to express the purpose of an
action :
e.g.: He came to acquire knowledge—ftsnfffw^ ^ WRP 1
(2) The infinitive is used with adjectives meaning 'fit\ 'able\
and with verbs meaning 'to wish4, 'to begin', 'to be able':
e.g. : I am unable to drink—qigsgwfsfcR' I
He wishes to hear the song—fficT sftgfip^fa »
He began to run—^f^TRSffi I
(3) The infinitive is used with the verb ejf^ (to deserve) in
the sense of polite request, e.g. : You shoul "protect me— *?f
(4) The infinitive has no passive form. When the passive

is to be expressed, the verb accompanying the infinitive is put
in the passive:
e.g. : Active I begin to see the t r e e s — \
Passive: The trees begin to be seen by m e — f ^ T T
124. The Subordinate Clause

(1) The Noun-Clause
A noun-clause introduced by the conjunction 'that0 is ren-
dered into Sanskrit by a double accusative, e.g. : He thinks that
Rama is a hero ( = h e thinks Rama to be a hero)—uq q f ^ T q f c T I
A noun-clause introduced by a conjunctive pronoun is
equivalent to an adjective-clause, e.g. : What he says is true
( = that which he says is true)—q^q^fb ^SRqJJJ
Indirect speech does not exist in Sanskrit and must always
be turned into direct speech. The end of the direct speech is
marked by the word e.g. : He told me that he had conquered
the enemies ( = " I have conquered the enemies" so he told me)
—3?i facTqTfqfcT tftsqq^t
125. (2) Adjective-Clause

An adjective-clause is introduced by a relative pronoun.
The case of the relative pronoun depends on its own gram-
matical function in the adjective-clause,
The number and gender of the relative pronoun depend on

the number and gender of its antecedent.
e.g. : The man to whom the book was given has gone away
from the house.
Adjective-clause : 'to whom the book was given's
to whom : dative case governed by the verb 'was given*.
masc. sing., because its antecedent 'the man' is in
the masc. sing—q^q g ^ qrR,
q*Tq ^ a wîcP I
INFINITIVE IN GGQ ) 117
126. Only the first four numerals arc declined in the three
genders :
(one) % (two)
M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. ITcET ^ | 5
Acc. ^ ^TH t t
Instr. q^T 5WTH
hkC
Dat. Tf^m ST^TU*
the
Abl. rr^n:
Gen. q^TT: masc. 52ft:
loc. q^n^L §pft:
f?T (three) (four)

M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom. m- fc^F: SFTFA ^CR* ^ f t
Acc. sfH fc^T. sftfur ^Tft
instr. ftrftr; fasfa: T .f T:

- Like Like
Dat. f^q: ftf^WT: ^cTO^
the the
Abl. f^Fq: ^TO^T
~ masc. r~i ~~ masc.
Gen. wrrs, m^rrn qgwrn ^ i w i
Loc.ftrgftreg
EXERCISE 25
I. Vocabulary
WW able eft^tfa)to fault
^ defect e?g*T*T: love
eratra
W1W unable
unable q ^ ^^ R li ^. t *o " ™ ^S ^ L^v i r t u o u s to esteem,
strive f , 0 e r
W capable of ^ ^ / f # to honour
being done it is proper ot virtue ^ ^ ( tfg^)/.
t0
spot, mark assembly
5TCRP cessation be depressed ^ , UcUIWB driving
* i. i, oZTTT^r: m. disease
5RW. I.t to check ^^ ^to be able
(enfufe) hardly l J m m . away
courtier
t0 born
m. chario- mount, to
teer climb ^T or strongly built
iimfo jpnrfa sorcifanjfr sr fe^ i
sftcOT STfafa qfttf 3*5f*ffa I! (<))
4 ^sgôr tfnTwftr gefs t
^ f t a n w w mret u ^ s s m : n (M
STT^TW if s^Tfa 3T S^pf cft^t
^fagsiirg^tsfa g q ^ i ^ r n (0
W) I W ^ nftr ^ c l ^ tfcWR fc^fa I
{%) ^fftr STCpS* m f% ft sfa I (vs) ^qf fell
aw OTif^rî (M qrt q f t s ^ f t r f a I OTT I

III. Translate the following into Sanskrit •
(1) On hearing that her husband had arrived, the young wife
ran to the door. (2) We should protect those for whom we feel
affection. (3) It is proper to salute the master entering the house.
(4) Her sweet song could not be heard. (5) Those who are able
T H E ADVERB-CLAUSE 119
to check their senses are like a competent charioteer. (6) Those

who begin to dig a well when their house is burning are like
men who take a medicine when sickness has led them to death's
door. (7) O king, you should forgive inf.) my offences.
IV. Change the voice in the following :
Ûm m f o w r nt^w^mi I^jsM^fa i
LESSON 26
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
127. The adverb-clause expresses a particular circumstance of
the action of the main clause. In Sanskrit, the adverb
clause generally precedes the main clause and is introduced by a
conjunctive adverb to which a simple adverb corresponds in the
main clause' e.g. : The tree lies where it fell* will be translated
into Sanskrit as "Where the tree fell, there it lies".
128. List of adverbs
Interrogative Conjunctive Simple IndeOnite
TIME ^ ( w hen ?) Q^T (when) | ^QR(then) ^ I F ^
(at times)
qT^RI (while) ) S^T
(always)
PLACE 5R QSR (where) ^ (there) wft
(where ?) (everywhere)
MANNER (how ?) qsjT (as) ^T (so) Q^FEI
(somehow)
CAUSE f w j w h y ?) (because)
CONDITION — QFQ (if) (then)
CONCESSION — QSJFA cWTfa (yet)
(although)
Examples
You came when the guests had gone—qqifaqqt 'IdlfrKI cTOT^: I
Sit down while I fetch water—qiqqf STcSqwqTfq cfTq^qfro I
They stood where the hero fell—qsf e f t f t s q ^ ^ ^ s f a * ^ i
Virtues adorn the heart as flowers adorn the tree—qqj q^nfw
f ^ cfqT 2WT g^f ajqqfrcT I
He does not speak because his friends have left him—q<fr fq^lfor
cWcq^ S q i
If your mother comes, you should wait upon her—qfa WdHKsH
(ctft) at I
Although I live in the forest, I still remember my friend—
qsrfq q^ qSTfa aqrfq ftT^Tfar WUfq I
129. When an adverb-clause is translated by an indeclinable past
participle or by a locative or genitive absolute, the conjunctive
and simple adverbs are not translated (see LESSON 2 4 ) .
130. The numerals % ftf, agree in gender and case
with the following noun.
The numerals from q ^ (five) to q5R^5L (nineteen) are declined
alike in the three genders. They agree in case with the noun they
qualify. Except for qq^ (six) and ereq, (eight) they are all declined
like TO^
Nom. qsj q^ or 8lit
Acc. qjq q2 or sj it
Instr. q^ftr: qeft?: ^gftf: or
Dat. q^vq: q^vq: o r STSTvq:
Abl. q^vq: q^vq. eresq: o r QTgT^q:
Gen. qynm qîiq^ QlSTqW
Loc. SREG o r QTST§

THE ADVERB-CLAUSE 121
131, Cardinals and Ordinals from One to Nineteen

Cardinals Ordinals Cardinals Ordinals
% -qr ^bt^T^ t^^r -srt

fir qcfk -2H ST^R ST^T
-ift SR^TCL -^ft
132. SWT, and are optionally declined like pronouns in

the dat., abl., and loc. singular.
All ordinals form their feminine in f except ffefte, gdfa,
and which form their feminine in 8JT.
EXERCISE 26
1. Vocabulary
rn. f ^ ^ day ^ ^ having j p w serpent
bird
~ , water female
&TT army ^ day . ^
... g?m pair serpent
gfrs: soldier week
g r o u p egg
m. ^ ^
of threc
general month ggfec! famished
mango < eaf ^ g W * group ^ iean,
rupee ** of four emaciated
enânna ^n^ncentur>' famished f ^ m pitiless
t g : doctor ûr^debt srf^5T woman g^q: man
sfrferc: learn- ôRTg money- ^r one's own fTcfsq to be avoided

ed brahmin lender cF3T sluggishness / . prosperity
inn Yama atffc*8 brother heart
slowness yrFtiRf: devotee / . intelligence
srara: origin 5IMT: (m.^/.; life
wise man 55 here ; nranr
from me
wwwfiwwise _ t o b e Vice
q t ^ eight q^qtobe
miles qitsr: two miles dwelt in o n ^ ^ laziness
BTi mw sprit Wd' ^ sraail' I
qc^T qf gm VTITORNcIT: II )
STOT* w sitot* ^wrfif * n W

g^Taf ^ f ^ f e l g ^ f gspft I
f% if «ftfcl <TTT TO fewi wfof II (})
SS qtqT: g ^ F f ^TcTSJTT ^faftr^ST I
ftRF Wit? 3IR5W ^ II (v)
I^JRTclT ^ ^ II (<0
N.B.—The time and distance during which an action lasts are
put in the accusative :
Sfji TTSraL f ° r many months, 5 qfaft for sixteen miles.
The time and distance within which an action is done are put
in the instrumental:
ftfftr: within three weeks ; infa ^ftfa within two miles.
The time after which an action is done is put in the ablative :
q^nsft after ten years.
The price at which a thing is sold or bought is put in the
instrumental: qfo: bought for six rupees.
(1) On the sixth day of the week I sold fruits for 18 rupees
(2) In the nineteenth century many great men fought and died
T H E ADVERB-CLAUSE 123
tor the country. (3) While all the children are playing, we are
able to write poems. (4) For how many rupees did you buy
that horse ? (5; After returning from my friend's house I was
sick for two weeks and four days. (6) Within 18 miles, we
saw only five or six houses. (7) Three sisters and four brothers
lived happily for many years. (8) The general told the soldiers
to rise and to fight like lions. (9) Do as you are told. (10) There
is nothing sweeter than honey, nothing dearer than a frier.d,
nothing lighter than a pure mind (11) The guests are tired for
they have walked there kroSas.
IV. Conversation between a fruit-seller and a customer .
e n w r j errant
^ter cmfa i q^nfir i
I CTT^T I&Hth w e n sng wwfo ?
^ i
awiwifa i
ft m f a \ ^ f K w f a i ^T^j^f t i a r a i r i f s f a i
STÎ ft^ ^cTT ^ ?
gRSTptf 5 ^f^TT^T I
^T^ I
Wg I Te^Tftr I
fcTCS3 Wlf WEITHI
cPT ^fTftT I I IZtittfa g ipfrî
gi^rwf sftfar f ^ f t r ^ g^r^ i
t ftRfel ^ f a w f a i
V. Three types of men :
STOTT f^yf^f^dl ftwf^T fT^TTi |
5TTW * MRwwPd II
9
VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS
K>
From the present tense in the active voice, the imperfect, imperative and
potential active, and the present participle active are derived.
From the present tense in the passive voice, the imperfect, imperative and
potential passive, and the present participle passive are derived.
From the perfect passive participle, the perfect active participle in is
derived.
The indeclinable past participle and the infinitive are given independently.
The present tense active of verbs which do not belong to the first, fourth, j»
sixth and tenth conjugation, is not given, (to be) and $ (to do) excepted. §
6
Verbal root Present act. Present Pass Past pass. p. Ind. past p. Infinitive ^
g
3T3toroam (i) a^fa soft qfea stf^ aifegu §
q&JLo worship (1) sfqfa 3?f%<qT P
m ^ i o request (10) m ^ srfq^ erqfq^T mftt&l
v f c j o deserve (1) QTfel arftHT
8?q to protect (1) arefa Sfoq?* sif^f 3?ftRqT erfqgq
ere; to be (2) arfi^f vr^ ^ *r<qT
throw (4) 3K3 3*fa<qT
wish (6) trcjq
to see (1) f ^ f ^ |%cl If^RST
to abandon (6) g^RRq^" sfaffiT sfoqgq^
1
l' ' I
Verbal root Present act. Present pass. Past pass p. Ind. past, p. Infinitive
to burn (1) afrqfa aftffcRqT eftfqgq

^ to grow (1) ttvs^ trfas trfacqr qfag^ g
^ to tell (10) WFfo-it Wq^ ^f^tcT wfilWT wftig*! g
to shake (1) ^fafff P
to shine (1) qmfo q&rfw STftCTT I
f q to be angry (4) frajtl ffqRT ffq^T $tfqgq 3
to embrace (4) f^qfa qftfagq
$ to do (8) ftfiq^ 5c! fc^T ^ »
f^L to cut (6) fx! ^l^T 8
to draw (1) fg fn^qr qsgq 0
•fq^ to plough (6) fiqfa f1g f^T §
q> to scatter (6) facfel tf ^ ^tfr qftaf «ft$PL Q
qo^q to be fit q ^ r
to walk (1,4) q>Tqfci q5T*qfcT ^PcT ^T^qi ^pg^ jg
qste t o play (l) ^ f a &&& qftfear ^tfk^n qftfeg* g
qsq to be angry (4) qpqfo sp^TT
^ to cry (1) sterfo ^tojt ^t^q
gq;to be tired gl^T SfagflL
(1.4) -
' L • " ,„|
—
I »•
I1 1 to
cr>
Verbal root Present act. Present pass. Past pass p. Ind. past r- Infinitive
%*TJo suffer (4) ffc^ft £Wl

m j o hurt (8) go^ ^cT
g ^ t o endure (1,4) qnfiqwfti ^fac^TT ^fag^TST^
$T5Uo wash (10) ^qfa tg&fit îfecf STTaftr^T sncsfagi
% to decay (1) tfqfb faftT
to throw (6) f$PT% f^RRt f^TT
to be hungry (4) STtfag* §
to tremble (4) gsqfa ^f^T srtfag* *
^ to dig (1) ^T^-^T^ ^TcT ^T^T-^f^T | ^fag*^ h
^ to eat (1) ^fa *slTf^lT ^rfi^
to count (10) miRrfcT-^ ^faa nqftr^n ^nrfirg^ §
IT^ to say (1) JT^fa IRI^ IT% ilftpn p
TO t o g o (1) IFFI ITC^T
Hf^ to blame (1) JT^f
UT5 to plunge 0 ) ^Tf^ TTBI^ *TT3TTf5<T TT35TT mf^TT I T J ^ w f i g n
s s f t o hide (1) ^ ijfsen
to sing (l) tfta RFTEN *TT<3*T
SPET^ to swallow (1) sraft IT^T
^ to take (9) ^ ggfa ggfaT
Verbal root Present act. Present pass. Past. pass. p. Ind. past. p. Infinitive
TO to fade (1) Jrarefa i ? 5 T * * 5 T c q T ^WL

to proclaim (10) tffa qtfacr qtqftRqT tffofagpL 3
SIT to smell (1) faafa SlTq?t 5lTcT 5JTOT fafjRqT I
r
^ to move (1) ^fa ^ ^ftcT **foqT
=q*5to move (1) qafa ^fecf =qfc5cqT qfogq S
fq to collect (5) sftql for »
f ^ t o think (10) ^Rfqfcf^f fafrtt fa^fq^T ^Rlfqg^ |
a
to steal (10) jtwfofi <qtq*t xftfar ^fq^T ^ f ^ ^
try (1) ^ Sj
to cover (1,10) gsr S
f ^ t o cut (7) fe^T o

W^tobeborn (4) 5TTq^ wra £
srqjo mutter (1) srqfa sp^ srfqcT sifaqT >
s r m o prattle (1) sreqftr sr*^ sjftqRT 5Tftq<qT srftqgq g
fa to conquer (1) mfa sftq^ srgq^
flftqtolive (1) sftqffr sftfqa ^ftf^TT sftfaa^
m to grow old (4) sftqfer sftq^ sftor srfcqT
ST to know (9) sqq% fffi ?T<qT K
-- I—*•
Verbal root Present act. Present pass. Past pass. p. Ind. past. p. Infinitive
glow (1) S^fo

€t to fly (1,4) ^skret sftrg*
to beat (10) die^Pci-^ cTT^ aTfefl cfT^T^T
cT^ to spread (8) cFT^ flT^ cFg^R
c*q to heat (1) cfqfa cT^ cfR
to strike (6) 35% 33^ 351 3^T
3 3 to weigh (10) rft^farft tftfocT cftefoqT tftef^S |
3* to be pleased (4) gprfti 3s 3^T tft^ |
gq to be satisfied (4) g^rfcf g^T Ej
a. to cross (1) crcfcT M ^ ataf ^3^^3*1 g
z
to abandon ( l j c^srfa ST*^ c^ ^T^T ^3*7 £
r
^ to hasten (1) ^firî <^$3^
^ to bite (1) qzfh ^ q&n
^ t o punish (10) ^fb^T ^ftR^T ^ f ^ L
^ to tame (4) ^ ^T^faa ^fac^T
^ to burn (1) fgfo ^ ^
5T to give (1). qx^fa W ^(T
f^T to play (4) <£sqfo ^ ^ ^ T ^3*
f ^ to show (6) fi^ fogqT
5 to honour (6) fg[q^ Sfi

^T to see (1) q^qfa ^ ^ te <
to shine (1) gt^ 3 faff sfrfogq I
g t o melt (1) s^qfa v fc^T 3*31 *
^T to put (3) f|cf §
qiqtorun (1) qTqfa mfiRT ^Tf^rT ^Tf^q 3
3 to hold (1) M qfo |
to owe (10) qRqfrT mftcf *
to blow (1) qqfa ^TTcT **TTcqT ^3^ »
to meditate (1) ^HOT ^31 53
q<5 to sound (1) qqfa qf^cf ^^T qfq3*T §
q ^ t o salute (1) iffirfa qa JfcST g
TO to perish (4) ^ q«?qT q*g*Tv £
^ to bind (4) ^fcT q^ qg TO3T IfR^ 5
f ^ to blame (1) fiptfcT • fq^ fafa^ ftP^HI |
qt to lead (1) qqfa ^ ^c^T
^ t o dance (4) gxl "ilcicii ^ 3 ^
q ^ t o cook (l) qqfa qxq^ qqq qq^qT qqgq
qs to read (l) qsf?r qs^ qfef qf&qi qfsg^t ~
i r f I I
g
Verbal root Present act. Present pass. Past pais. p. Ind. past. p. Infinitive
TO to fall (1) qaft tfcET qfeCTT qfaj^

q^to go (4) q^ TO q^qT qrjq
qT to drink (1) foqftf <ft<qT qigi^
qt to protect (2) qtq^ TO qrg^
qjcJ^to protect (10) qi^qfa-% wfcft qiafq^
<ft^to oppress (10) flfot <farfq<qT tfefa^
gq to nourish (4) gsqfa 3® qtfqgq[ 2
^ to worship (10) <jsrqfa ^rfq^qT ^f^L M
q to fill (3) <51% ^qf §
ST^to ask (6) g^fa SB qtgq g
sft to please (10) sfararfcf ^ sftff sftcqT |
qj^to burst (1) ^feff q>fe^qT P
q^to bind (9) q^Rt q? q^T q^q
qUT to obstruct (1) STq^ ^TfacI qifq^qT qifq^
to know (4) f«q% gg ql^q
*T^to eat (10)
*F3f to divide (1) ^
TOjo break (7) *m êqgq
*TTq to speak (1) ^ wf^TcT Wf^^TT *TTfqa^
ft^ to cleave (7) ' fqsft firo ftw Sm*

\ to become (1) ^ ^ ^ g
to fall (4) ^ W^r |
SPTtoroam (1,4) î* SfRf STRAIT £
IT^ to be glad (4) Trfi^T q

to think (4) j m ST^TT *
to consult (10) i^sr^ j srfesRl H^tol ^fag*^ gj
to sink (6) *
ITT to measure (2) faa f*RT |
RT^ to seek (10) §
ftr^tojoin (6) firssfci ftr^ ftrf^r ftffe^T r
g ^ L t o ôsen (6) g^fcf g^ g^^lT *ft3Fg*T >
to rejoice (1) gfi^ gf^TT *
g ? to faint (4) ggjfa g ^ g^^JT
q to die (6) ftpR*
^ T to ponder (6) ^rfcT ^
ST to repeat (1) qsifcl 5TT<T £
I I * 1
1
1 a I h—1
oo
t® to fade ) v&m
to sacrifice (1) q^rfff ^ ^ n q^q
to attempt (\) ^ ^ 3rfcTc3T
to restrain (1) ap^fcT TO ^T
qre to beg 0) qT^ qifaff qTfq^T qifag*
to join (7) g ^ g^R gî
gq[ to fight (4) g*^ gg g^T qt^T £
^T to protect (1) tf^pr |
^ to arrange (1) ^fff-^ ^fqÎ ^fqgJT |
W to begin (1) l^T T^gq 3
W to sport (1) flHRfr ^ ^T £
shine (1) imfft ufaff £
^ to please (1) frq^ ^facT ^fac^T
to obstruct (7) ^ 553T ÎfJf
to grow (1) dsfcT ^WT
to leap (1) af fa aff^
to be
ashamed (6) ctt^S &&& osfeaffi
to get (1) c55q WBjq
fawq to write (6) foqfo f&^Rt M m f&fe&T ^ 3 *

fog to ano nt (6) ftwfcT f&q f^c^T I <-
5ft to stick (9) *5tq% 55tq cJfcn |
to wallow (4) gaqfa gfer r
§q to break (6) gH S^T at^ §
g^T to covet (4) §*qfcT gsq cflîT 3
^ to cut (9) ^T |
W
q ^ to speak (2) 35RqT q^ff
q<^ to speak (1) qqfa ^ sftfcqT ^3* g
q ^ to salute (1) q ^ q ^ qfa^ S
W to sow (I) qqfa 3H q ^ §
to vomit (i) wfff qRf q^qi qfirgq Q
W to dwell (1) ^ afar 3fq<qT q^q >
q ^ to carry (1) S^TT qt§q 5
f q ^ to find (6) fq?q% M fq*T fa^T ^ §
fafrto enter (6) fq*rfa fq^ fag if^q
f ^ to exist (1) fxf f^T q%q
f q to increase (1) qq^ fg f^qi
sqq to pierce (4) fqsqfa f^q^ fag ftgqT sqgq
_ ^ oo
' I *-*
oo
Verbal root Present act. Present pass. Past pass p. Ind. past p. Infinitive ^
• W^to go (1) Wn^t Srf^TcT afa^T

to praise (1) smfcT
SfT^to be able (5)
OT^to curse (1) SNfcT-^ m sm^
to stop (4) OT^ffcl WFd siftrg^
fasMo learn (1) f ^ t f^Rt f^rf^T f^rf^L
g^to grieve (1) sftefa îtfac! STtfag^ >
dry (4) gsrffr $
«rHto be tired (4) tfTnrfa sp^ 9TRT STR3T sffagiT §
ft? to reach (1) srofa sft^ fac! stfagl £
3T to hear (5) ^T ^T §
to praise (1) WTO £
fm\ to embrace (4) fa^fa f^Rt ftm
to sit (L) FFT^fa m ^T^T STI^
S? to bear (1) g^t ^ tffg^
to console (10) SRSRfo-^ STf^cT STFc^faon HT^ffrg^
to sprinkle (6) ftrafir fax^ farR f^F^T
ftpsMo reach (4) fa^fo ftf^ fas S'fag*
3 to go (1) mfa f^T^ Sfl Q^T ScfH,
to create (6) s^rfa Qg gc^T W&l

to serve (1) ^ SPlfff $
TOT to stand (1) fa^fa ftqcT ffc^T *9T3*l 3
R
FA^TOIOVE (4) FMFA FAREN
ST^ to throb (I) ^Nff 8
to touch (6) «
long for (10) ^fa-jt |
q ^ t o throb (6) *
fa? to smile (1) faff faR^T «
3
^ to remember (1) wfa wft ^ ^t
a to flow (1) sqfff Sff §
^ to sleep (2) ^3* Q
to taste (1) msft ^ff £
^ to kill (2) 5ff g
to laugh (1) f^fa §faff ^fac^T g
to abandon (3) ^RT FTA F^*T 5T3H
f to take (1) fff f^T
| to call (1) fqfff £1% fff f^T 5T3H
OS
I ' • I . . . . I o*
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
3T erPl even &TCT (4) (ar^fa) to
«?fjf: m. fire unimpaired throw; (hjst-
a p ^ tip, point e?fiTO»near(+acc.) %) to scatter^
3 i f i ,
in front (+gen.) ^name unable
goat ""J w a t e r " f t " m • sword
(1) (afafa) to roam ( W ) «. water w f a limitless
e gg forest (e«£B) «. blood
w enem 1 see
a??T therefore > y ( n. 67)
a i f t f t : m. guest ^ healthy m. serpent
adhere s ^ U ) (aprfa) sjffer harmful
a ^ s that {see n. 70) ^ to worship ^
SRI today arcJIO) ( a ^ )
, • , W from, up to v ( f a b . )
aw* lowest r to request 'k '
aw: below (+gen.) "W object, riches '8 y
3?if5J disturbed
WHTnow (1) (0?ffrT) . ,
t . amrir: arrival
•PRRHafter ( + a b l . ) to deserve
^ w i n d ênough(+instr.) ^ ^ ^
^ ^ along (+«cc.) preceptor
a ^ favourable ™ ^ anna
• 5 0 * love ^protect «WHL(«1WT> «• self

^ b e t w e e n (+acc.) ^ IRR^Cnw^)
^ T without (+acc.) ^ supreme good
8fW tear ^ order

, e?^: horse ang first
food e®* eight (see n. 130) ^ ( 5 ) to obtain
9jgj? v( off ojft oTO ) W Rs f.
other ^ " ei hth
' a d,V C r S..l t y
a w r otherwise
oincrwise . , *
aret^Pi.eighteen mango
•PÔRWPIjft am^ ( < f t ^ ) engs (sngO „. life
-VTC) following eighteenth (.»n*«iRfr
W W : offence ewr ( wfer) to be -H^) long lived
3
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO SARY 137
smtnin health 3 ^ ^
laziness * lmir11v v money-leader
^Thope i f L ^ , I — P 1 <+abl>
• n w p hefrmitage hi
*hest'best i t f l n m. seer
W W refuge, supportt ^ ^ drivitlg a w a y
one ( s e e 1 2 6 )
ansrc: food ~ upward ^
j0y once u
^ m. ocean ^ Pon a
tjme
S ^ generous, noble : m e j m (see
p,ant n 130
f ^ wish ! - >
gft. t h u s ggq: effort o^)
I r o this (see n 69> ^^garden 1 eleventh
m moon ' ^ f t above (+gen.) ^ t h i s (see n. 67)
(
S o t 'sense ^ ^ 5 f' shoe (
' }
. j gqiq: means so great, so much
ST/1™ ^ or< both sides just only
so great, so much , x , <+acc-.>
ljke (3*0 n. breast fr
*» (6) ( f ^ f t l ) to wish ^ . . . Indra's
* ^ 33 (1) v(afara) to burn elephant
f
53: m. arrow - . s , ' - <
^ here dawn TT^^ power, sway
gror hot
f ^t
t* (lHf^)tosee; * s f a a O ^ n. Louse
q f M f c t q f a * ) to exa- ^ f ^ : ) n. vigour ^ ^ n P
mine , ftfrfeORM a f t . / . wave T ^ ' ' ] " ' ^
to expect boiled nee
fs^r ( • f T T oSETH.) **
such l ^ f IPS )/• hymn 3TT
I W God, master debt a f a ^ medicine
qj m. quarrel f q where ?
^ who ( rce fa^) ^ q m r ^ welfare (4) to be
direction ^ q : m. poet " angry ( + d a t . )
ûj: neck" TO: one-eyed skilful, expert
4
^cR: which of two TO: crow f * t ) CSWfa)
t0 e
W (10) 0&qqfa) to tell /. beauty ^ ®brace
flowcr
how ¥jq: desire WTO
somehow ( TOW ) ^QWC, v.
^ when granting desires * ^ ^ ^
sometimes ; TO: body (BRfrftft)to deco-
q q^nrfq never cause rate
^q^gold TO to be done (fRfftr) to cut
youngest TO^work, business grateful
(*qR°q*ft ®q:) TO: time Scl^cTT gratitude
younger ^ ^ ^ ^ p o c m ^ f o r the sake of
TOT daughter tQ (+gen.)
$fa: m. monkey shine; SHET^T (Sf- SWT artificial
pigeon ^ T ^ ) to shine wretched
lotus servant lean, emaciated
TO (1) (TO&) f%?3 but to draw ;
(6) t0
to tremble fa^ ( v w who a P,0USh
W hand w h a l a (see v 113)' p v : Kr ? ija
^ f ^ ( ^ t ) w. elephant ^ f ^ fofe^ f W black
Wi (10) ( ^ q f a ) to hear foqfa ^ T q (f^Tq&) to
a cert in make b
^ HT-ri ( « n M i ) to * 'ack
hear, to listen V
how great ? how *f ^ f ( 6 ) ( f t l f c ) to scatter
x , _
W* ear much ? q^T (1) (TOa) to be
fit t o
^ f 0i*rf) m. doer, f ^ f a ( o # ) adolescent * conduce
master
c < (MP %fti«/.je.t C+dat.)
^ ( W ) w. work of what kind ? ^tfo*: cuckoo
spot ^p^r: dog c6tq: anger
quarrel ^ whence ? son of Kunti
3
gsjl (1,4) (jpmfa, 35TKT- Wfcfal ( f f f t w f t ) t o 1%:/. course, gait

fa ), arfe-^H ( sif<335T- shorten, to sum- ( c<u <>3fV ) goer
) to go beyond, marize odour, perfume
to cross i
fast> qu c k ) to go ;
(9) to buy ; fa.ft wasted, lean { )
„ „> # l A » f i . w « t n i « r small, mean to obtain; s^-mr
^ ( 1 ) (tfM*) to play m ( 4 ) to ^ tQ k n o w j
S7c4) a (SifcT^ to be hungry W-W lanumfe) to

°angry ( + dat.) ( g ^ ) / . hunger come; (3<T-
anger g v ^ famished T ^ f o ) to approach
i f ? ( 0 feforfa) to cry ^ (4) ( j ^ f a ) t o be ( srffrtr^fa )
to return
cry, shout " * agitated * \
*UM>*nriir. ^fieid ^ Ravines*
to be tired ^ m ; w SOD g
felC4)(^)tosuffer ^lame W : singer

pain, trouble W (10) songstress
^ where? to break
sm(8) to hurt TO Piece, section fa; ( # ) f . . voice"1186
W moment (1) ( ^ f c l ) to dig ^ mountain
decay, loss I^Jffl digging jpr: virtue, quality
(1,4) (5rn%,5rmif<!) indeed, surely gnraiff^ ofôft
to endure, to forgive ten^fa) to eat appreciative
-ftrift °fq) f^(4) to be g o ^ f f a (ojft efipjft
^•"bearing afflicted, depressed loving virtue
g a (10) (W^fcT)^ ^ ^ f r a known, famous gopi^
{ m m to°decaay U ~ fil^T!
( W t
( 6 ) ( f * f t O to n*t Ganges ^ ^ j j j g
throw *T5f: elephant heavy, honourable
( srfafgrcfa ) to (10) ( m v f a ) to g^: m. teacher
abuse; fa-f^ ( fa- count; 35^(1) (l^fcO to hide
) to put down ; TW^fa) to despise gfT cave
house WBL (W) disguise,

fraud
^f50ft housewife fourteenth |
*T (1) (*mfH) to sing ^ s moon i SW goat
Rls cowherd, (^WTO m • i^ to cut
Gopala " m oon fe^ hole, crack

iftew: Gautama ^ army 5T
^ fWfiT) to move ;
white, fair V w to ^ ^
TO (1) (TO*) depart; (Ht- ~ V} h a v i *
to swallow to perform aftnn , L A
unr. village ^ *' ^ be
^ o q q q ) leathern ^ born
qz: jar (1) ( ^ f a ) to move man> person
(10) ( T f m f a ) (05ft) outcast father
to proclaim TO lovely, beautiful ^ ^ mother
fcW ghee fa ;5) to collect, to ^ ^ bjrth
gathcr
s i U ) (ftarftr) .. W* U ) ( w f t n
to smell ^ surprising - to mutter
^ (10) ( f W i f a ) 0 id age
to think W ater
* apd . ^ ^ ^ q (1) (^qftf)
^ff^L ) spiritual ^ to prattle
o q ^ ) having done fo^ after along time snfa:/. race, caste
* * * wheel ^ (10) | WT3 knee
c e
y to steal TOT? (TOTcn) m.
f . beak ( % : > 77. m i n d son-in-law
sparrow ^j^(i) to try STT^net
^ g ^ f o u r (seen 126) " fa (I) to con-
^qjq ( *«p otft ^ quer ; fa-fa (fq*rq^)
fourth (10) (SRqftf) to vanquish ; q*T-fa
q ^ ^ f f i fourteen to cover to defeat
3
fafT tongue (
( 0 ( M l ) to live ^ butter.miik ^ star
life s]ope^ s h o r e ^ palate
^fi^hfe ** (10) (TOarftT) TO
to beat so great, so much
victorious fffe^/. lightning faH (foK
*[(4) (sfarfa) to grow uncooked rice horizontal
old thence, then c f t ^ bank
(9) to know so, thus sharp, violent
m^L knowledge ^ that g ^ f 6 ) (g^fo) to strike
(see n. 67) g s (10) (cfcs^ft)
t o wei h
o ^ ) learned ^ then " 8
4 to
fTf^H ( cift ofa ) ^ (8) to stretch ( )
learned body ^silently ^ ^
^ eldest ^ fatigue, sluggish- rass
^ f H ( ^ ) "-light ness ^
affiiTT moonlight cRT3 sleepy, sluggish ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(s^fa) cTO(l) ^ satisfy oneself
io burn
to glow gfn: /: satisfaction
fiTO (cHO n. heat, * *4U. ,
3 ^ penance ^ thirst
r.r. . .. 4 m f a K (•*&) ascetic S O ) (Wfa) to cross
Offerer quickly,
M J at once ^ ^ ^ ^ / t
cTOT (OTO darkness ^ ^ ta^Cm)
to descend
£ : m. tree -
/ „{v ^ ^ (mi) n. glow,
squint-eyed WT ( o ^ ) brilliance
f^qsft gloss, comment c V , U fcfcffl (osft cfafft
^ commentary OT ( 1 0 ) ( 0 ^ * ) to -spirited, a r d e n t
threaten qfi[-<r^(q- ^ (1) (owfa) to
^ fta&lfa) to threaten "abandon ; q f t - ^
•fewr: young child base, foot (qffcprfa) to give
(1,4) (131%, ^ ) up, to forsake
to fly o ^ ) having stood ^T^ group of three
spftSRR. thirteen servant : body

spfpftf (o^s °5rt °5T»0 maid servant l^fate
thirteenth fault
fir m- Tm-- M (4> ( ^ t a f t ) (1) to
three (see n. 126) to play shine
day
m U) ( n ^ ) * (1) ' Wftl) to run
to hasten by day * to melt
f ^ ( 6 ) (f^tftr) to ST^pair
show; an-f^5T (an- twelve
i s I ( 0 ft*"*) to bite ^ ^ t o command ; ^ (
^ c o m p e t e n t skilful ( g ^ f e ) to twelfth
^ (10) ( i n s t r u c t , to advise 8ft. (5T0/. door
to punish f ^ ) direction ft ( i t 1 1 ) two
m
SR (4) ( ^ i ) ^ ~ bum, to glow ^ ' ' enemy
to tame îong v?
^T compassion mercy rf^wgx
v
slowness _
. W wealth
<ft*poor ^misery ^ ^ }
sight, vision wicked man ^ rich
t e n
^ difficult to get q f e ^ (o^V oftift
rich
tenth /.daughter n. bow
^(1) to burn messenger W : duty, law, virtue
distant
~ to *1T (3) to put ; arffcHTT
burn down far away (+abl.) to address ; to
from
ST (1) ( ^ g f a ) to give OT^P lay down
en-^T to receive ? ( 6 ) ( f i ^ ) 3TT-? ^ creator
S-ST to offer (anfiPRO to honour nurse
,„_„ „; f , €5 firm mranr grain
f * * « t ( O f t * * ) to see ^ ^ to run •
^ wood god to attack

3
f m fie on (+acc.) SRER ( 4 ) ( S ^ F A ) (JFAT) m. leader

N to erish
^ (• ofreft « ) P iter* eye
talented, prudent ^ ( 4 ) (siwfa) to bind ^
steadfast cttq^ (5TTJT) name " " low
yoke efTq by name
rogue woman '
wfe: / . dust riT^T: destruction W- side, wing
id) to hold fopiT near ( + a c c . ) m. bird
? (10) ( s n ^ f a ) to owe faÎ constant, regular q f ^ mud
% /. cow fan sleep ^ ( 1 ) C^^rfcT) to cook
^TT (1) Owftl) to blow fafa: m. treasure q ^ T O^T
(1) (tqrqftn ) fifteenth
to meditate to blame q s ^ r ^ fifteen
?T fMffcflJo^ q ^ QVe (s£>e n. 130)
si not having led q ^ (c^: o*ft c * ^ )
at night fagw skilled fifth
w d city focqusj innocent qg cleaver
^ (1) ( ^ f r f ) to sound worthless q^ (1) t 0 read
river f ^ T pitiless q ^ (1) (TOfcT) to fall
Jfsf^f t fRT^T) pitiless q f t ^ ("iftqclftr) to
/. husband's sister f ^ f a ^ certainly fly around
(5?HT) m. grandson $ (i) t o led ; q^ft w i f e
^ (1) (sw%) to salute (WWfo) to q 5 R k a f > l e t t e r
W
honour, t salutation ^wholesome
^:man ' low T T r ' l V V
to
w n ew conduct (^ ^ )
^ nine ^ healthy fall into adversity ;
TO ( . „ : 0 | ft
o ^ ) blue ( ) to
ninth flat (4) (ggrffc) prosper
to dance ste
^ T ^ nineteen P> p l a c e
s^^T ( o^ft o ^ ) k^g TOÔOT) water,
nineteenth m. king milk
tot: beyond (+abl.) g* (<£) f . city 5TPT (sn^srr^ 5TT^)

m. axe g*T formerly forward, eastern
quqjq: valour, exploit ^ man STRR (nmO early
g ^ ^ s human effort ( ^ ) y:
turned away gq (4) (geqfa) ^ ^ monsoon
qf^(qftqrz) ower tonounsh W p a I a c c
^ ^ J^hook
fta* ( embiy ^ (10) ( ^ Sft (10) c * ™
to
q f i ^ q to be avoided o worship ™ Pâse
before
q^q hard, rough WL <+abl.) ** n.
qq^; mountain s M * earth love
„ u * Sq wide
qg: w. beast ** _
u f j ^. x q (3)7 to fill
behind (+gen.) e
qj (1) (fqqfcf) to drink SR® (6) ( gx^fa ) to TO hood of a snake
qT (2) to protect ask; en-Sr© ( an«- q;® (1)
qT3: lesson take leave UJ W W ;
qiftr: m. hand ^ towards (+acc<) to bear fruit
W T vessel R W ^ W .rfWt
qTq: foot backward,
qjqq- s i n western fruitful
qyf<q^; courtier xt&m'- reaction, <p blossoming
remCdy
qiÛO) to ^first qwfoam
to protect ôrigin
ft? (fqcIT) m. father qvrrq: power ^
<fte (10) (<fteq%) to **35 w. lord, master
oppress, to torment sngf much, many W to bind
cfa yellow 5iq§f: effort relative, friend
fat 5RW cessation qcWJ^ strength
goqq merit SRRfift to check oq^)
g^P son 5RT5T favourable strong
fipO * b ain srcnq: favour qfe: outside ( + abl.)
g*cf: in front (-fgen.) qpp before ( + abl.) qg much, many
3
boy y°ur SW.(M) OOTfa smrfa)

^T55T girl honour (see n. 91.) to roam, to err
m. arm i house, abode ^
ashes
fipj: m. drop , «•
1
ftsrahole WI^T: devotee nftp/. mind
«fintelligence burden
0ojict)
Trrr intelligent
intelligent t o s p e a k, HcW fish
/•mBlftT\
m i 1,4) ^qfrr ) am speecji, language ** .;ce
to know ; s-f* (snfmfa f^(7) to split honey
to awake 3a (7) to eat, to m bee
3gq: wise man ^ enjoy J*
f e •» - serpent ^ middlemost,
m Tm famished ^ world mediocre
) ». ^(l) (q^fa) to be, to to think
the Absolute become . Cut:) n. mind
to feel, to wish, desire
fa m a
. . . enjoy ; 3<mt (as- (iF^rl)
5n?nr: brahmin V ' to consult
to arise ;
* % ( q f e l f f t ) to over- text
> sPc!I
«riW- devotion come fevaiI
; (smfe) "^ inister
^ ( 10 ) ( ) I® P peacock
to eat wfa: /. prosperity ^peacock
^ ( ^ P I U O God wg^/M. king ^peahen
ilMfr lister J*/earth
to divide to adorn ( °wT <>5<0
^ ( 7 ) to break ornament ? reat
^fortune to support (iffclT)
fear greatneSS
^. tfn: enjoyment, _
fearful pleasure *TTf?5T woman
meaI
( «Rif ) m. lord, TT not (with
husband w'sr (4)(s^JrfcO to fall imperative)
in (2) to measure; fircr- sf Raghu

m ( f t n f ) to build ... . . . ^ ( 1 0 ) (pnrftr) to
a r r a n
HfcRfle* ^sacrifice ^ to comP°*e
«7<| (ITTWT)/. mother ^ sacrifice K^-.f. rope
i n w <mwfo) to ^{ewel
a W f R T to honour attempt W chariot
10) ( n M ) ^ where W ( 1 ) ( ^ ) ; en-W
SCek
-rf. path ^ qwr as.. so , > to be?in
P 1
whn ^ < >( ) t<> s P o r t
m a t garland plantain-tree
lira: month i f t w. sun
fa* friend ^ when iTw m. ray
fa (6) ( f a f a ) to join ^ lf secretly
g f a : / . salvation 1*0) ( 1)
to
™„ month restrain to shine
n, fame ^ ( ) m. king
(6> ( g t f * ) t o r e i e a s e ^ ( 2 ) t o g o W courtier
5\(1) to rejoice 1W (1) to beg queen
^ T c o i n , seal qiÎ, ( o s R f t o ^ ) night
R
gfa: m. sage .. ffm^ ( o=j<ft ama
hea
(gSTfa) to faint as much as P
fool while l U ) ) to
44)
<*??> « . head g * ( 7 j to join (
ra^mouse (4) (g*m) to fight w { 7 ) t o o b s t r u c t
3 (6) ( M ) to die 3 ^ w a r , battle ^ ^ b]ood
£ " » < « * > to seek ^ V ^ y o u ( 1 ) ( ^ , tQ
" u e c r . ' grow ;
JjcT dead ^ ^ eight miles a j H j i f j emlffcl) to
m. death X climb, to mount
soft OT(l)(arftrt J^,rupee
Oira: ojpff - to protect *** h n e ' s e r i e s
. earthen / . dust, pollen
c,oud
m. protector sfrq: disease
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO 3SARY 147
ftfqq. 0*TT oftoft *fq) q qjWY voice

sick
ist: race, family well
weeping ^ w> o r a t o r q T g: wind
^ WSfcTOTqqtfq*?) ^ water
eloquent fq?j: o b s t a c l e
!?w A. , to speak f ^ money, riches
( l ) ( « f f r M o leap ^ saying f ^ f 6 ) ( f ^ f ^ , t 0 find
« W ( 6 ) (555^%) to be
to be ashamed merchant kn„wIed
5S55H shame ** ( 0 to speak •
^ , i i j s h t * in
8
^ deeper fr^ to dis-
^ ' ,
5W(1) (wfc) tore- agree, to dispute - learned
ceive, to obtain kili.ng, murder m ,- ate
5$m: acquisition ^ w i f e . woman f ^ . modesty
fa (6) ( f a f a ) ^ forest ^ without (+acc.
to write instr. or abl.)
to sa1ute
fa (6) ( f a r f a ) diversion
" to smear, to anoint ^ (1) to sow
fa* ( ftl*)/•
5ft (9) to adhere, stick ^ »• body adversity
& (4) o a q f t ) n. age fiw brahmin
to wallow *^boar f ^ bewildered
m (6) (§PT%) to break ™ C , o l °" r ' c a s t e weddin
^
^ ( 4 ) (awjft) ^ . ( m ) «. path ffcr. (6) ( ) to
year enter;
to covet wfo-fc-ffcr
$ (9) to cut TO (1) (TOfcT) to dwell (eifirfafa^) to re-
sort
rl0) tta-arfj.! ^ ^ to be dwelt in to ( +acc. ) •
m lllZZSLf * * wealth (sqfosf*) to
^ • f V T ^ 0 4 thing, 5> object
J sit ;
to see, to observe ^ to enter
a t a : world f ^ ( f ^ ) VaiSya
J W avarice ^ U t o S , to flow diverse
mm, dmT) n. hair qr or faqiroi dejected
5§tc5 fickle, anxious qrq ( q r e ) / . speech faq^ poison
f^ra ( firee fa^fr 3J character

fasRP) all-pervading ^ (1) ^ (1) (sfr^rfct)to grieve
qfa;: hero, warrior ' to praise ^ f r pure
wolf ^ (5) to be able gq (4) (g^ftf) to dry
tree 5TTO/. strength, hero
t 0 be p0Wer
Wt(l) > *ZTRK jackal
able to be d o n e
to exist; ft-R ( ft- W splendour
r gUe
) to desist from : ^ ° (4)
CentUry
( ) to to be tired
cncmy
turn, to change ; R- ^ fa (1) (wftr) to
slow]
f^ ( ^ ) to pro- y reach : e n f * ( e?i-
ceed, to begin ^ U ) terafa) t 0 c u r s e SRfa) to depend on,
^sn in vain sound, noise to have recourse
old 51^(4) (STTHjfa) to be- s f o p ^ i n * o j ^ f t o ^ )
old a e come quiet
? ' to stop rich> fort
unate
arrow
(1) (qvft) to increase * (5) to hear
i f ^ w. Creator ^ ( /• a utumn ^ (sft<n) m. hearer
H (1) to shake
' body learned
to tremble m ( t night brahmin

^ W U ^ T ) n - house STfo^ ^T^ft) m. moon (1) ( ^ q ^ )
fc: doctor weapon ^ t o praise
(4) ( fa^fa ) îT^T branch f ^ (4) ( f ^ q f a )
to pierce STTfccT: / . peace to embrace
s q n ^ l o s s , misfortune sacred book, mother-in-law
«nHs tiger science , * t o m o r r o w
s^nft tigress TO! (1) (ftra«) to learn ^ whke
m disease ft^: summit
s^faff sick finw (ftRP) head *
s a f W ^ t f m ) n. sky w. babY> child qq ( q z ) six
** lU (TOfa) to go, to ftw: pupil 130)
walk cold ( q«5: q*St q*5*0
vow, promise head sixth
3
"tlSST ( time, contract ft?: lion

sixteenth S i m near (+acc.) fgî lioness
sixteen en*? able f g ^ l 6 ) (fggfa)
efw ) f . fuel sprinkle
^ near ( +gen.) f t o (4) ({%**?%>
<fe*(*R0/. assembly sea tosuêd
6
g^ ^ Tfriendship ^ ^( f WCa,th
- '
prosperity ^ Sita
i a
.
gsia having water H o w e l l , properly g^JT happiness
gfspT. being g n j ^ (gpj© ojfcft fragrant
truth o ^ ) right, proper very difficult
SVl) (tf^tosit; ^ ( ^ E J m. gn asleep ^ °
a-^(a^)tobe emperor ^ k i n d ness
favourable; ^ g f ^ / . river wise
be afflic- serpent, snake ^ ^ (o5fT . „ ^ o5(s)
ted, depressed all (see n. 96 ) " benevolent
g ^ n. abode, on all sides m.
residence ( +acc.) " learned man
g?5F 03T; 05ft ofw every where fragrant
similar always gspfa gold
gron twilight gf^g (gfaflT) m. sun g f ^ g p O m. friend
gqfc[ at once gf^(l) ( g ^ ) qp: charioteer
SHI. seven to endure < SUQ
m* ( M*J w with (-finstr.) ^ (\} to move,
seventh g ^ suddenly erg-^ (eigg*%) to
(*5P ) gr^ good, holy follow
seventeenth gyq: m . holy man (6) to
create
gHSSTI seventeen c h e e rfully ,
m
m i court, assembly ^ to appease, • onaSc
gqgnTjn the presence to console sfaT army
of (+gen.) miftr- m. charioteer m. general
SWT with ( + instr.) with fear ] H ( ) ( ^ ) to servc
l
soldier (!) ( ) to f_ j a w
StTOJT ladder remember; f ^ (Sgm* )
flT'^H beauty ( f a w f a ) to forget "Hanuman
m Hari
shoulder ^ j : /. rememberance, ~
deer
(2) to praise law-book ^
femaIe deer
SJT (1) ( ) to ^ ( m j f . garland tfw
stand; %(1) f ) ^ Srecn
) to occupy, to flow 5*51 plough
to dwell ( + a c c ) - ^f one's own f f a s ( gfa:) n.
^ 1 ( 2 ) to sleep oblation
rise m : dream 0) ( W f t r ) to
lau h
WTO place nature « 5
fera standing heaven SSfa ) to laugh at
fa firm, steadfast ^ ( ^ T ) /. sister * ( 3 ) t 0 abandon
Pgi big large hail! ( + d a t . ) ^ ^ to be avoided
BT (2) to bathe healthy W necklace
fa (4) ( ) ^ (0 ( ) I1ridicule
totaste
~ to love (-Hoc.) Jfor»''êed
to throb Himalaya
rivalry lord, husband I ( 0 ( Ufa ) to take
' , * to avoid ; s-f

to toucn swan (^ ^ ^t o s t r J k e
WL ^ female swan m f ^ x f c N to'
}
to desire ( + d a t . ) ^ kiIled S e t
fa(lKCT^)to smile; 551 (2) to kill, g^W heart
fofa to be to strike ; fe-fif to" lake
sur
Prised disturb 1 ( 1 ) ( f ^ ) to call
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
A old age to ask srt^(6)
to be agitated g * (4) If^fcT)
asleep
* all m (see n. 96) 8H
to abandon ^ (6 ajoDg ^ assembly ^ ( ^
ww d ) , ST (3) although ^ ^
able always ^ ( y .
able to be done WW and ^ to attack erftT-^R (1)
to be able ^ ( 5 ) anger ^ (4) ( a n ^ f o )
abode w m , angry j f o s , to attempt
(W ) to be angry J t (4) ^f *}
autumn
above sqR ( + gen.) ( 4 ) (%dat,) W O /•
the Absolute ^ anna ^ avarice a t * :
(â) anxious ^v-. to avoid qft-g (1)X <
to abuse e?fW-ftff^C6) to appease (10) to be avoided qR^sq-
acquisition c5Tvr: appreciative S ^ f ^ r to awake
axe m
to address ajfa-su (3) to approach sq-TOT (1) -
adolescent i w f t : ( f t ) ardent cNfigM B
to adorn ^ (10) to arise baby f ^ : m.
adversity anq^ (enq<0 Arjuna 3 ^ : , backward
/.^(fqq^)/ a r m q i | : m. bank ^
to fall into adversity army q t g f . base ^
fq-q^ (4) M to arrange ^ ( 1 0 ) tQ b a t h e ^ (2)
to advise OT-f^T(6) arrival QiTO^ battle g^q
afar from afar to arrive to be ^ (1),
arrow 55: m. qRt f ^ (4) ( f e f t l ^
afflicted artificial f f o q (1) ( )
to be afflicted fq-g^ ascetic m. beak f.
( M ^ ) rn. to bear q? (l)
after ( + abl.)> ashamed afeffi beast qg: w.
(+acc.) to be ashamed to beat ^ (10)
again (cfT^qfcT)
age q q ^ (qq:) n. ashes (WT) n - beautiful ^
beauty sBTfcf: s W r ^ book g a certain ^ f ^

to become ^ (1) to be born 5R (4) fafe^l
bee sjffc m. qgfo? " certainly
bow
( cessation sra*:
boy t0
before , ^ ^ °hange
T+abl.) Brahma ^ L ( ^ I T ) m.
to beg qpq (1) (qrq^) brahmin srnw, ft* character
^ - " /iv u u _..L_. chariot
to begin an w (1) branch SFT^T , . -
/ ^v ' t•o bu r e a ki ™ {h\ charioteer gRfq: m.
(mm), (7)> S i
< ) (6) to check qq^(l)
behind q^T^ ( + gen.) breast ^ (qwftr), 5RRT ift (1)
below 8?q: C+ gen.) bridge m. cheerfully s r q ^ q
best brilliance ^ r child few?:, fagf m.
between aRRT (+acc.) ft*:) H. CITY ^ ^ ^
beyond q ^ : (+gen.) to bring oq-qt (1) " /.
big to build fasr-qT clever q£
to bind q ^ ( 4 ) , spq (7) ~(fqqf) (2) to climb eiT-^(l)
bird qfgq (q^t) w., fafq: burden cloud qq:
com
birth *R?q (W^q) to burn OT (1), cfq
cold
to bite 1) " (1), ^ (1) ^ ^
t0
black ^ to burn down ^ collect fq (5)
( }
to blacken ( ^ q ) W ^ ( l ) colour ^
business $Tqq A
. J
^ to come sn-qq /1N 1);
to blame fq?s A 1 but f ^ g , p...
, , _ comment foquft
blind BFq butter-milk , a
f t . , commentary
blood ( ) n. to buy ifr (9) • „
^ - v * -^fam compassion qqj
blossoming t p ^ to compose (10)
to
to blow (1) (qqfa) call | f 1) ^ conduct e n q j ^ q ^ f o / .
blue ifta caste sqfa: /., q*r: to conquer fa (1)
boar q*T|: cause ^ T ^ l to console SRq (10)
body qqq:, ag: cave 35T to consult q ^ U O )
qgg, (,qg:) qrfa* century 4ldK<t (ipqq^)
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY 153
constant ft?? daughter ^TT, ^ f f i j J to die jg (6)

contract e w : /. difficult to get
to cook (1) dawn a ^ ( a q p ) /• to dig ^ (1)
to count ( m j (10) day f ^ L , digging ^ p f ^
country by day direction (sgfq )
course nfa: f . dead ^ /., f ^ - ^
court w n dear fiw to disagree
courtier q r f t ^ : death m. ( f ^ j ^
to cover 3^(10) debt ^ disease ft*: zmf* m.
decays: disguise W («m) «•
to covet p T ( 4 ) to decay * (1) to dispute f a
cow
J to decorate (8) (fi^sh
crack fe^ deer jjh:, sftup distant
crane tot?;: SR5TW to defeat qu-fa 1 disturbed e?T§55
to create (6) m v * m ; diversion f ^ :
creation sfg: f . dejected faqonr to divide ^
Creator ^ ('TOT) m. to depart (1) to do f (8) {see nn.
m. to be depressed fe^ 51 & 62) ; to be
creeper SRIT " (4) (fisTCltt , ff-g<[ . * done
dOCt r
to cross (4) (1) i W t t f l , ° f ^ - ^
farftwwftr). a (l) t 0 descend (l) . c m
'
5
crow desire ^ T ,
cry ^hr: to desire
cuckoo eEtftcfc, (+dat.) to drink qr (1)

to curse m j l ) to desist ft-^(l) driving away g ^ n
to cut K (6) W f l ) , (+abl.) drop m.
« ( 9 ) to despise 10) to dry ^ (4)
D destruction «TRT: d u s t afof/.
to dance (4) devotee duty ^ ] .,_<
darkness a n * (<UP) n. | devotion f. to dwell «rt (.1)
E I to err (1,4) (wrfcT) fault ^sp

(sn*qfcT) favour SKlTq:
ear even *rft c favourable
early Sffi^ everywhere ^ t o b e favourable SRT^
earth sfqqt, >|fq:/. to examine q f t - t ^ U ) (1) (srcftqfa)
eastern s n ^ (/tfteft) fear
to eat ^ (1), ^ (10) except %% ( + a b l . ) fearful
effort qqeP to exist 1 ^ ( 1 ) ( q ^ ) w i t h fear flTOOT
egg to expect q f a - f ^ J l ) t o feel
eight <see n. 130) fickle
eighteen sre^q, expert fie o n fop ( +acc.)
eighteenth m ^ T exploit q u w fifth qgq"
eighth eye q g S (qgO n. ^ fiftcen q g ^
eldest F fifteenth qsaq^T
elephant W) face g^q to fight gq (4)
W 5 t o fiI1
fair q k | (3) ^
eleven to faint (4) to find'fq^(6) (fq*q%)
eleventh ^ ^ r t 0 fall q^ ^ ^ (4) fire w.
emaciated qRff ' firm ss, f&HE
to embrace f S (4), fame first eug, qqq
fish
emperor family qsft: to be fit qc£Tjl)
(TOTS) m. famished gqifl (+dat.)
to endure (4) famous ^qicf five (see n. 130)
feqsqfcf), S f j l ) far from afar flesh qfaq;
enemy arfir: w. fgq^ flood aftq:
( ftcs) m. fast to flow q ^ ( l ) ^ (1)
energy a f t w (eft*:) n. fat qfa flower f§qq >
to enjoy erg-^(l), fate ^qq , fafq: m. t o fly ^ ( i ? 4)
(7) father fq^
enough z & n (instr.)" (faff) to fly around qftq^ (1)
to enter Sl-fq^(6) fatigue glfaf:/. foam fo:
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY J 55
to follow erg-g (1) G grandson to

following gait (1HT) m.
food m * , game ^ grass ^
fooUpr: Ganges *ifrr grateful
footer, ^ garden ggnOT gratitude ^ ^
a r , a n d 90
forbearing 8 ^ )
h W great ?
forest , °
gafment 8rCat
forgetft-*?
to torget m n (1) to ther ^ (5) as ^
to forgive sw (1,4) "
( swft snrafir ) *™ 1
' CTT^.
formerly gu Gautama greatness nfgipj
to forsake qfi^Nsr (1) general ( ) m.
fortune " generous green
t o rieve
fortunate ^ ** 8 S* 0)
8 f W to
forward ** !
girl
! 8 row (U
four ^ (see n. 126) t o give
guest etfrfc: m.
fourteen ^
fourteenth ^ t o ,ve U
g P ) 1
H
iver
fourth ^ 8 ^ C^TrlT) m.
g W (+
fragrant V ' ^ , t o' °g , o ^
w ^ * h L ^ ,£L°
fraud (»)>
friend m. ~ <4) ^ ^ ?and.W' ^ m
'
from an (+abl.f God ^ ^mful

hard
^
in front of apf (+gen.) . (Ml*) ^
ya: (+gen.) god**: Hari fft:
fruit «E3»T goer (»RTT) m. to hasten ^ (1)
fruitful gOld " (^ )
to bear fruit (1) good m% head ighr (ijsrf) «.
fuel , gfta Gopala ifr«n«5: ^ (ft*:) „., ^
grain ^ r ^ health emtaur
11
healthy erpr, house s f r ^ ( 3 f r ^ ) n. jewel

^ to join first (6),
heap a f a : , m. (^ ) (7)
to hear (10) housewife ^ o f r J0^ wspfc
just
n & how ? w r ^
hearer (^clT) m. hunger ^ ( /. K
heart m * hungry ^ ^ kn|
heaven w t : to be hungry (4) ki„ed *
hereof! to hurt (8) killing**:
8
hermitage ^ husband ^ M.
too hide
T i d mf ^ (1)
n ^ ^ ^ sister
husband's ^ m
- of what kind , /. ^
( ffiiT T
high g^sf, gir ^ f- king gq:, sjTfcP m.
hymn
highest f- m.
Himalaya I (*F3fT) m.
k
( •WTir) m. T ,_ „ sm > «ee
l o h o l d * U) - i X to know 3R-nn(U ^
Z to « ['L, '
4
h ' „ _ ( w ) Krsoa fwj:
honeys indeed ^ f* T
to honour «r-c (6) Indra ^ L
(»ITf^),<J?l00; indra's elephant ifcrsRj; ladder glqTW
your honour ^ innocent form* lake f ^
( intelligence gfe: / . lame
(see n. 91 ) intelligent gfefl^ language *mT
honourable ^ r large ^
hood ( of a serpent)
hope siRn jackal J ,to ^ ^ (1)
astlaugh
horizontal fiw^ jar to laugh at (1)
horse w p *" jaw 53:/. law sftfo / .
hot jest /. j to lay down fa-m (3)
laziness BJicH^ to listen BfMPT^ (10) medicine eftqq^

lazy s&Q little § 5 , m e d i o c r e
to
to lead ift (I) to live (1) meditate m (1)
leader ^ m. long " meditation
1 r™, , „ to melt 3 ( 1
leaf q^pq, W long-lived e n3T O j. n
, „ rv , , c mendicant
lean sftur lord 5W:
3 m., * £ 1 ,
to leap (1) tfaivjvfaiz)*.
to learn f ^ (1) lo88 ^ ^ # merchant q f t j
learned , STWT^, lotus sotssj? ~ ( S f l ^ J m.
loudly^: mercy ^ T
mCnt
learned brahmin i 0 V e argrPT:, (!WT, ^ ^
mes n er
learned man Jfo) „. ^ i ^
( m. to love % (4) «»ddlemost w
mile 2
leather ~ ( + loc). - g S & j g *
leathern lovely ^re ... "
milk
to leave g v (1) low i f a , sapr
lowest
to take leave SIT-SRS ^ " mind ( % : ) n.,
(6) M ^ ( , R : )
minister
lesson TO: maid-servant
letter qsm to make f (8) (see fa^T)
life a n p ^ (wgO nn. 51 & 62) misery
sffafW , sftfacW^ man <3T«T:, stt:, g w misfortune SJiq^
light szitfas <sjfrfh:) n., mango amp? (BTiq^) / .
(tfa:) n. many ( see 'much' ) modesty faff?:
light (adj) m marea^ . * moment ^nr:, ^ n ^
lightning ^ f., \t0 marry . ^
L- - f \ WPTRT ) monkey mt q i ^ :
v #
like master m., monsoon 5iT?qj5iTq2)/.
limit tftqq ^ (q*ff) m. month w -
limitless srsftq meal moon m.
line mean O^WT:) m.,
lion (o^t) means gqpt: *rftr* (TOfr)
lip efrg: to measure m (2) moonlight saftcST
mother sr^V, m l nineteenth iR^r to oppress (10)

( n r a i ) / ninth iww or*T
orator m
mother-in-law q w noble ^ ^ -
order
to mount (1) noise
mountain frfc m., to nourish gq, (4) origin^"^( 6 )
mouse ^ not « (with e '

mouth JJ3JT imperat.) ^ -
to move ^ ( 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) n o ™ I S ^
nurse
much (many) snp, <g W 00tcast
how much ? feft. O outside (+abl}
so much vm.. object ew : , ^ to overcome
as much as q n g , . . ^ oblation sfrs(5ft:) n. (1)
mud q ^ to observe e?*- toowe<g(i0)*
murder (10) o w n ^
to mutter 51^(1) obstacle fasj:
mutually m m ^ to obstruct ^ r (7) "
^ to obtain arf*?-»nr (1) pain ^ n
. , (1) pair gjffr
name («n*) ft. ocean ^ m paiace ^
nature W<f: to occupy srfVr-^n (U palate^
near (adj.) sif^R; (+acc.) path «n»fe,TOW(W& »
near (prep.) « f t n , odour "eaceTft^
r + a c c ^ ftraar f + offence peaces^./,
t+acc.) n m f to offer ar-^T (3) peaceful^
acc.), (+acc; Q,d ^ peacock ^
tieclc arax*
o l d age m
n e c k l a c e ' ^ ^ penance ^ (<N:) n.
net to grow old w (4) to practise penance
never ^ f t * (Ufa) OTffUO
new one to perform o n - ^ (1),
night ufsp / . m f t once W&Wl (1)
at night i f ^ at once HiPdfo, perfume
nine (see n. 130) ; once upon a time tr^qr to perish sffl (4)
nineteen JT^^R^ only person
piece mpgi preceptor 8TRTq:, m. quickly <qiftfcT>

to reduce to pieces in the presence of SftS*^
m(lO) TO5Pl(+gen.) quiet WRcl
to pierce priest ^ ^ to become quiet ^
pigeon ESqfa: ( l & t t ) m. (4) (SFFqfa)
pitiful qqig to proceed q - f ^ (1) R
pitiless ft^q, f q ^ q race 3TTfcT: /., efar:
pity qqT, f*TT to proclaim gq^ (10) Raghu
place ^Tqq , qqq^ promise srfctfffo f. Rama
to place fa-qT (3), to promise srffr-^ (5) rat
fa-a^ (4) (5?q^qfcT) proper ray tfw m.
plant ( m. properly SP^TS to reach q-3TR (5)
plantain-tree to prosper (4) to read qs (1)
to
to play q f e (1) (gqq^ receive an-qT (3),
to please sft (10) prosperity qto: / . ,
(sfoqqfa) ( } / refuge e n ^ ^ n w
pleased^ to protect e j ^ ^ a k e refuge
to be pleased 3 q (4) * ^ > (1)
pleasure tffq: * . ^ - ' ' regular
, protection , . • ,
plough^ 4 ^ * , * x to rejoice IR (4)
to plough Z T ^ <**>
to plunge HT5 (1) f™ relative
topumsh^dO) t o r e l e a s e ^ ( 6 )
poem $Toqq pure g r q ^ (gqfa)
poet m. to put w (3), fa-qT (3) t 0 remember ^ (1)
point e m , m. to put down remembrance
poison faqq Q /., WFOT
pollen ^ g : / ^ to request ejq (10)
quaht
poor q f e * . M 51^(10)
Wlthout q u a l l t y
power wrq:, f. residence „.
to praise qfa (1) Quarrel m
• to restrain q * (1)
(1) ftBwi),^ (2f q u e e n ^ ^
to prattle (1) quick aqg, to return sfa-qq^ (1)
shoe
rice saying STO^C dMH<0
boiled rice to scatter qf> (7) /•
shore
rich ^ q ^ , qfa*, (fatfeoj ft-BW (4) W:, cftST, ^ T
t o sh
riches ew, f^q science ^TT^T " °rte« (6)
ridicule f i s w sea fljp: shoulder
shout
to incur ridicule ^T^f seat
to shout
second fg^ftq ^
t0 show
to rise (1) secretly (6)
(sf^sfc?) section sick ftfh^, ^TfacT
rivalry^ |l o see _ n ) ( q w f t 0 j sickness «nftr: /w.
river | side q^?:
on b th sides
road m i : 1 10 s e e k ^ ( J O ) ° WlcP
to roam ztz (1), ! seer " (,+acc.)
o n a11 s i d e s
(1, 4) | t o seize 515 (9) ^ 1
rogue ST3: self ^ ^ „ (+acc-)
rope^:/. t o sel] ^ (9) sight ^
rough TO sense ^ silently
rupe. ^ series ^ ^ ^ ^milar 3 * , ^ ^
s serpent 3?%: m. sq: sin ^ ^
sacred text *F5f:, servant tQ s i n g * ^
sacrifice to serve (1) (frm) singer ^ ^
seven
to sacrifie qsTjl 1 ^ { s e e n. 130) tQ s i n k ^ (6)
sage gfa: seventeen s a q ^ (fswasrfa)
for the sake of seventeenth m&R sinner qTq:, qTfq^
( + gen.) seventh SHS" (qj<ft)
to salute iw (1) to shake (1) sister ^ ^ ^
q^(l) (q^) shame ^^TT (^F&T)/.
salvation g f a : / . sharp to sit gq-fq^T (6), ^
sandal-wood to shine SHEiqr(l) 1 0 Wfafa)
satisfaction gfo: (sro^), (4) Sita tfcTT
satisfied gn: / . six q q j qz )
to be satisfied <jq (1) ° (set n. 130)
sixteenth tsftssT son gsp strength sra* r: / .

sixths song *TR*T, s t f f a ^ to strike 3-5
skilful songstress mfq^T 0)
SKOng
skilled fqgnr son-in-law srmm ^
s k y e n ^ , ^ to succeed ftp* (4)
( stfte w. ) sound spsq: suceess fafe: f .
slave qrg: qr^V to sound >
to slay f2) southern s ^ r e suddenly g^gr
sleep f ^ to sow (I)" to suffer '4)
Sparr W
to sleep m (2) ° *** ^ ^ *** >
t 0 SPCak (1) SUQ
sleepv crara ^ - ^ ^
d J s u p p xo r t 8VTWT:
slope ?f2: , / s
, ' . speaker qqg (q^T m. to support vj (l)
slothful ,
. . speech vrFTT, q R surely
slow /~ \f . , .
! , 1a . .f - * surprised ftftro
slowly spirited t<> b e ^
s uggish « « spiritual i ^ r % (1)
sluggishness m a n ^ t R T splendour tffcr tQ
small to split 5 (9), ( )
to smear feq (6) (7j swan
to s
( ) P ° r t ^L n ) faEf) to sweep (10)
spot
to s m e l l y (1) (fasfcT) sweeper
to s
to smile fa (1) Pnnkle ^ SW6et
smoke ( f t w f t ; sweetmeat ^ ;
t0 stand sword
snake w., W (U
snare 5TT5$;R\ qrep (ftafo) T
xs ^ standing fîa
snow star ^ ^ tail CST^RT
so t r w , a m steadfast vfk, fa* to take ^ 19),
N
to s t e a l e r (10) (3)
soldier Hfi^: step ^ to take away g (I)
some ^ f ^ T , fofe^ s t i c k (1), e*q-;ft (1)
sometimes ^ i f q I to stick a t (9) I talented s f t ^
to talk q ^ ( 1 ) to threaten a ^ ( 1 0 ) truth

tall three ftr ( see n, 126) to try q ^ (1) ( q ^ )
to tame qq (4) (qT*qfa) group of thee to turn ( q f t - f ^ ) (1)
tank s r a m : , throat sps: (qftq^)
to throb (1) tu
to taste ^ (1) ^ ™ed away
( ) ^ (6) twelfth g T ^
to teach OT-fqtf (6) to throw , (4) twelve g T ^ p
teacher w. f$TT'(6) twilight
tear em thus , trq* two ( ^ n U 6 }
to tear q (9) tiger sqn?:,
t i n e 5
t o tell m (10) ^ W
1 unable
ten n. 130) / J * ^
+ tired g R f , ^ T u n d e r era: ( + g e n . )
tenth q^W to b e c o m e tired • J • ^
t^rriKi^ vrxrarr / ^ t o u n d e r s t a n d e*q-?i*r
terrible ^ f4) Wl/4) m iT 1
that (>*T*q%) W'VU )
theft today unimpaired e r e f e ^
t0 morr
then « r 9 ^ p , erft ™ diverse f q ^
thence ^fTT^ tongue f^fT up to e?T (+abl.)
there tooth upon sqfi; (+gen.)
therefore era trq, 3STT3. top , ftra*: upward ^ f q
thick qq, to torment (10) urn
thief tortoise âf: v
thin ag, ^ r to touch ^ (6)
vain
thing q q w , towards srffc (+acc.) WW,
vainl
to think ^ ( f f l g L town qqft y»in vain
W
(
third ^ f t q to transgress «vftr-*l Vaifiya far ( m .
v a l o u r
t h i r s t <J«HT, fqqr^T (4)( ^ W P d ) TO**
treasure t 0 van(
thirteen spftVI* ^ *u,sh
thirteenth srqtqsr tree m.f t$T: (TOVW)
vessel
this f q * , t t ^ to tremble WT (1)
though qsjfa ^ ^ victorious (^TT) w.
thought , QFE: / . trouble SRNT: victory FIRAQ:
vigour $ ( B m i ) n. to weep ^ (2) to wish 5^(6) (ê^fa)

vile fftq weeping with OTPR^,
violent to weigh gSSjTo) (+instr.)
violently welfare 56*qT<W, without fqqT ( + acc.,
virtue ^ J ^ K . , gor: well (adv.) mv instr, & abl.)
virtuous guiqq^ > jjftl'l well fq:, qrft wolf
vision ^fe:,/., qsiq^ western qfspj, woman qpft, .qf^ST,
voice f*T^(*ft:)/.,qi*ft what?
vow wheel wood
when ? spqT, when qqr work OTqifcq)
W whence ? world srq^w,, gqq*T,
fes. /1 \ where ? p r , qq,
to wait s r M » r ( l ) w h e r e qsf to worship <p (10),
which ? fc*, which q^
to walk =q3 (1), ^ ( 1 ) nn n 3 & n 4 y worthless ^
to wallow 33(4) whUe ^ ^ wQrthy ^ -
war g^T white ^ ^ wretched qfa, fq*r
warrior qtq:, wholesome ^ to write^ (6)
" " " J " who? ft*, who q ^ v

*o wash (10) ^ U3 & U 4 Y
w h y ? f ^ T , ^ q , f c f : "> y a w n e d )
water wicked p ~ <
W ^ wicked man ^ q ***
(W) ^Tft w i d e ^ * to yell (1)
wave s f r : / . , wife ^ ^ yellow qfe
way qjq: wind ^ ^ ^ yesterday
weak qcSftq ^ yet ÛTftT
wealth q q * , fa^ w i n g ' ' yoke
weapon o ^ q q , r young ^
weary " wise m
younger e ^ q * , qeftq*
wedding fqqif: wise man gq: youngest
week BHT5J wish 553T youth qfaqq
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
[The figures refer to the marginal number)
I. The Sanskrit Alphabet

Vowels—1 ; Consonants - 2 ; Consonants followed by vowels—3 ;
Compound consonants- -4 ; Numerical figures—5.
II. Euphomic Combination (Sandhi)

1. Vowel Sandhi s Guiia and vrddhi—6(3) ; Sandhi of similar
simple vowels—3i(l) ; Sandhi of dissimilar vowels—31(2);
Sandhi of diphthongs and vowels—31(3) ; Special sandhi
rules : for the augment—47(3); in conjugations—7(2), 16(3),
23(3), 32(3), 40, 46(2), 55; Absence of vowel sandhi—31(4),
70(2).
2. Visarga Sandhi: 15(2), 27 ; Visarga standing for final ^—54 ;

Absence of visarga sandhi-—67,
3. Consonant Sandhi: Change of ^ to oj—17 ; Change of ^

to q--45 ; Final consonants allowed—72 (1, 2, 3) ; Hard
and soft consonants—72 ( 4, 5, 6 ) ; Final —15 ; Final
^—87; Dentals combined with palatals, cerebrals and
c^-88 ; Transfer of aspiration—77 (7).
III. Declension
1. Stems ending in vowels'. Masc. and neuter nouns in af-rlO
and 11 ; Fem. nouns in e?T—38 ; Masc. nouns in % and 3—
28 ; Fem. nouns in % and 3—50 ; Fem. nouns in f—38 ;
Fem. nouns in (35—58 ; Masc. and fem. nouns in—qg—52 and
53 ; Neuter nouns in %9 3 and ^—64.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX 165
2. Stems ending in consonants : Nouns and adj. with one stem

—74-77 ; Nouns and adj. with two stems-—79-83, 85, 89-92,
94 ; Nouns and adj. with three stems—97-107.
IV. Formation of the Feminine : 66, 108-112.
V. Degrees of Comparison : 93-94.
VI. Numerals : from 1 to 19 : 126, 130 and 131.
VII. Pronouns : Personal—67 ; Demonstrative—67, 69-70 ; Rela-
tive—114; Interrogative—113; Pronominal adjectives—96.
VIII Indeclinables : Prepositions—37 ; Adverbs—128.
XI. Conjugation
1. Generalities—6 ; The augment—47.
2. Conjugational Tenses and Moods
(1) Generalities—34.
(2) Terminations-8, 40, 48, 55, 59,
(3) 1st Conj. ( strife )—6-9, 18 A
4th Conj0 ( f^Tfe )—16, 18 I 34, 46-49, 55-56,
6th Conj, ( g^Tfe )—-23 - 25 j 59-60
10th Conj. ( ^ a f e )—32 - 33 )
3. The Passive
Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Potential—68* 71 (3)
4. Participles
Pres. part. act. and pass. (ssnj and gnffi^)—83.
Perfect part. act. ( q ^ g )—85.
Perfect part. pass. ( ^ )—85.
Indecl. past part. ( q^T and sqq; )—115.
5. Infinitive (gg^)—122.
X. Syntax
L The Cases: Nominative—13; Accusative—14 : Instrumental!
—21 ; Dative—22 ; Ablative—29 ; Genitive 30 ; Genitive
absolute—119 ; Locative—35 ; Locative absolute—117-118 ;
Vocative—36.
2. Agreement of the adjective—66.
3. Tenses and Moods : Present—8 ; Imperfect—46 ; Imperative
—55 ; 61 ; Potential—59, 61.
4. Participles : Present and perfect participles—86 ; Indecl. past
participle—116.
5. Infinitive—123.
6. The Passive Voice : Change of voice—71, 86(2), 116 : Passive
impersonal—71, 86(3).
7. The Subordinate-Clause : Noun-clause—124; Adjective-
clause—125 ; Adverb-clause—127-129.
: _
• |flg|| —

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ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

R. ANTOINE, S.J., M.A.

Published by Sunil Sachdev and printed by Ravi Sachdev at

1. THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET ... ... ... 1

2. THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V N F ^ ) ... ... 4

3. MASCULINB AND NEUTER NOUNS IN B?

NOMINATIVB AND ACCUSATIVB ... ... 8

4. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (FTARFTF) ... ... 13

5. INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVB

6. MASCULINE NOUNS IN % AND 3

7. THE TBNTH CONJUGATION (GUFTF)

8. FEMININE NOUNS IN BIT AND f

9. THE IMPERFECT TENSE ACTIVE AND

10. MASCULINB AND FEMININE NOUNS IN

11. FEMININB NOUNS IN 3;

12. NEUTER NOUNS IN 3 AND ^

13. PERSONAL PRONOUNS—PASSIVB VOICE ... ... 58

14. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND E ^

15. NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS ... ... ... 70

16. NOUNS WITH ONE STEM ( cont.) ... ... ... 75

17. PASSIVB IMPERSONAL ( SPFLN:)

18. PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES ... ... 84

19. THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES ... ... ... 89

20. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS ( cont.)

21. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS . . . ... 98

23. THB FORMATION OF THE FEMININE ... ... 105

24. INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^ T AND )

25. INFINITIVE IN ( GG* )

26. THE ADVERB-CLAUSE ... ... ... 119

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS ... 124

SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ... ... ... 136

ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY ... ... ... 151

SYSTEMATIC INDEX ... ... ... ... 164

The purpose of this Manual is not to give an exhaustive treatment

GUTTURALS $ ka m kha 11 g a q gha § na (5 ha) : h

PALATALS ^R c a $ cha 5T j a jha SF n a ya 5T s a

CEREBRALS Z ta Z tha % da 3 dha OR i j a * ra Q §a

LABIALS <T p a pha ^ ba bha ma ? va : h

N.B.—An 'a* has been added to each consonant to facilitate the

4. Compound consonants—When two or more consonants have

When it precedes a consonant or the vowel ^ it is written as

5. The Sanskrit numerals are :

I. Write the Sanskrit vowels.

VI. Write the following in Sanskrit letters :

THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( )

GUNA 31 XT Bft 8|3

VRDDHI e*T It eft an^ ons

7. Formation of the base in the first Conjugation

2nd pers. -"ft?

3rd pers. -fa -cP -Offer

Adding the terminations

3rd pers. ^fcT SRffi: ^rf^T mfo ^f^f

II. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

We two become. Thou eatest. They two move. We protect.

10. (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence

11. Declension of m. (a well) and of qR n. (a forest) :

Nominative f?: egft «T«llf«9

Accusative ^qf^ ^ft ^TT^ ^ ^ifXfif

Instrumental ^pfa ^TT^TT^ <M 1*41*1

Dative ^TPT ^TTWI^ W I q^af:

Ablative WT^ ^ITOnH

Genitive f^T ^THl^ wfr jMMIH

Instrumental ^pfa ^TT^TT^ <M 1411

instr. gfon gftvqm gftfa: fagT fagwrc fagfa: