DECTECTING LONG TERM COASTLINE CHANGE

USING SATELLITE IMAGES

A CASE STUDY FOR BINH THUAN PROVINCE, VIETNAM

Synthesis report

Students Supervisors
Vuong Tai Chi Dr. Dinh Nhat Quang
Vu Anh Minh Assoc. Prof. Mai Van Cong
Nguyen Minh Tri

March, 2019 (xxx) yyy-yyyy

 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3

2. Study area and data collection ................................................................................... 4

2.1. Study area .............................................................................................................. 4

2.2. Data collection ....................................................................................................... 7

3. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 14

4. Results and discussion .............................................................................................. 17

4.1. Coastline extraction for a specific time .............................................................. 17

4.2. Coastline extraction for seasons .......................................................................... 19

4.3. Coastline extraction for a year ............................................................................ 21

5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 22

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 23
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Information of the Landsat images used in the analysis ....................................... 8
Table 2. Information of the Sentinel images used in the analysis ..................................... 10
Table 3. Wave distribution of study area........................................................................... 13

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of Binh Thuan province ........................................................................ 5

Figure 2. Coastal erosion in Binh Thuan province .............................................................. 6
Figure 3. 3 scenes of Landsat images within study area ..................................................... 8
Figure 4. 4 scenes of Sentinel images within study area ................................................... 10
Figure 5. Significant wave height at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017 ................ 12
Figure 6. Wave direction at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017 .............................. 12
Figure 7. Peak wave period at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017 .......................... 12
Figure 8. Wave rose at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017 ..................................... 13
Figure 9. An example of generating a land-water classification map. .............................. 16
Figure 10. The land vs. water polyline map and the coastline after extraction ................. 16
Figure 11. Extraction of surface water extent in 19th March 2014 .................................... 18
Figure 12. Extraction of coastline in 19th March 2014 ...................................................... 18
Figure 13. Coastline accuracy assessment......................................................................... 19
Figure 14. Extraction of coastline for Northeast Monsoon in 2016 .................................. 20
Figure 15. Extraction of coastline for Southwest Monsoon in 2016 ................................. 20
Figure 16. Extraction of coastline in 2014 ........................................................................ 21
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1. Introduction

Coastal zone monitoring is an important task in sustainable development and

environmental protection. For coastal zone monitoring, coastline extraction in various
times is a fundamental work. Coastline is defined as the line of contact between land and
the water body. Coastline is one of the most important linear features on the earth’s
surface, which has a dynamic nature.

Tracking the coastline change can be used not only to investigate the potential
association between spatial-temporal patterns of sea-level rise and those of coastline
changes, but also make it possible to provide fundamental information for government
officials and coastal managers to make scientific and rational policies for land use
planning and sustainable development of coastal zones. Therefore, it is necessary to track
the coastline dynamic at large spatial scales, especially for sandy coastlines as the world’s
coastlines are dominated by sandy shores.

The coastline change has been chosen as a factor for representing coastline
environment and predicting its long-term trend of coastline model, which affected by
natural and artificial impact.

Numerous indicators have been proposed for different purposes across different
criteria and data sources for representing the location of the coastline. For example, the
land vs. water boundary (i.e., waterline) is a basic indicator of coastline location, which is
obvious and easily identified for most coastlines with relatively simple morphologies.

Remote sensing plays an important role for spatial data acquisition. Optical images
are simple to interpret and easily obtainable. Furthermore, absorption of infrared
wavelength region by water and its strong reflectance by vegetation and soil make such
images an ideal combination for mapping the spatial distribution of land and water. These
characteristics of water, vegetation and soil make the use of the images that contain
visible and infrared bands widely used for coastline mapping. Examples of such images
are: TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper). Further, the
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annual mean coastline (i.e., land vs. water boundary), obtained by averaging many
coastline positions for one year, is able to characterize the temporal change of coastline at
an annual scale.

In this context, this study took Binh Thuan province as the study area and
collected all available Landsat imageries in 2014 and Sentinel imageries in 2016 for a
trend estimation of coastline change. The approach consisted of: (i) producing the time
series of land vs. water maps; (ii) characterizing the spatial-temporal change of the border
of land and water; (iii) illuminating the reason for coastline change.

2. Study area and data collection

2.1. Study area

Binh Thuan is a coastal province with a total area of 7,813 km2 and with about 192
km of coastline in the South of Vietnam (GSO 2015). It shares the border with Ninh
Thuan province to the northeast, Lam Dong province to the north, Dong Nai province to
the west, Ba Ria - Vung Tau province to the southwest and the East Sea to the east and
southeast (see Figure 1). Binh Thuan has three types of topography: mountainous, plain
and coastal. The province of Binh Thuan is divided into one city (Phan Thiet), one town
(La Gi) and eight districts including an island district named Phu Quy.

Binh Thuan has a great potential for seafood industry, sea port and tourism. It is one
of the largest fishing grounds in Vietnam with the seafood productions of 220- 240
thousand tons with abundant of species such as crabs, shrimp, fish, oysters and seaweed,
etc. The aquaculture industry in Binh Thuan develops fast thanks to large coastal area.
Presently, Binh Thuan has 5 socio-economic regions in the coastal area focusing on
fisheries and aquaculture, shipbuilding and trading related to fisheries. They are Tuy
Phong, Phan Thiet, Ham Tan, Phan Ri Cua and Phu Quy. In addition, thanks to the long
and beautiful beach, Binh Thuan is also known as the resort capital of the country. The
sea tourism industry is also a key economic sector of the province.
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Figure 1. Location of Binh Thuan province

However, these potentials are also burdensome in coping with natural disasters
originating from the sea such as storms, floods, high tides and salinity intrusion, etc. for Phan
Ri Cua. These natural disasters are already exacerbated and severely affected the property
and lives of coastal communities, and will become increasingly aggravated by the effects of
climate change. In recent years, Binh Thuan province in general and Luy river basin in
particular are being affected by climate change and sea level rise. According to RCP4.5
scenario, by the end of the 21st century, the average annual temperature in Binh Thuan is
expected to increase by 1.5 ÷ 1.8 0C compared to the baseline period of 1986-2005; average
annual rainfall will increase across the province; and sea level in Binh Thuan coastal area is
predicted to increase by 53 cm (VINWATER, 2016). The impact of climate change on the
downstream and estuaries does not only increase the flooding in the flood season and
drought in the dry season, but also has other remarkable affects, e.g. accelerating coastal and
estuarine sedimentation (see Figure 2) and salinity intrusion.
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Figure 2. Coastal erosion in Binh Thuan province

Coastal erosion is one of the most common disasters in Binh Thuan province. It
strongly influences to the development of socio-economic and tourism. The coast has been
heavily threatened by waves, winds and high tides, together with the complex evolution of
the estuary, natural erosion, and lack of human precautions. With the direction of Northeast -
Southwest, the coastal area of Binh Thuan is strongly affected by waves and winds in both
Northeast and Southwest monsoon seasons. In recent years, revetments and embankments in
Binh Thuan province have been built to protect the banks of the coast and river. However,
besides the benefits of these protection structures, as soon as the construction was completed,
there occur the interactions between these structures and the coast, as well as the dynamical
processes of the lithosphere and surrounding environment factors. These interactions are
completely natural to establish a new equilibrium of the dynamical processes. These
structures blocked the alongshore sediment and changed the energy distribution of the
incident wave, thus creating a new erosion-deposition process. Consequently, the coastline
adjacent to the protected revetment has been severely eroded. At the river mouths in which
there is a system of embankments to protect river banks, one side is seriously eroded while
the other one is heavily deposited.

Binh Thuan is influenced by the monsoon, with two main monsoons: the Northeast
monsoon and the Southwest monsoon. The Southwest monsoon is from May to
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September with the main direction of West and Southwest. The Northeast monsoon is
from November to March next year with the main direction of East and Northeast.

2.2. Data collection

2.2.1. Remotely Sensed Data

Two sources of Remotely Sensed data adopted within this research are Landsat and
Sentinel.

Landsat data

Landsat sensors record reflected and emitted energy from Earth in various
wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum includes all
forms of radiated energy from tiny gamma rays and x-rays all the way to huge radio
waves. The human eye is sensitive to the visible wavelengths of this spectrum; we can
see color, or reflected light, ranging from violet to red. Today, Landsat 7 and 8 “see” and
record blue, green, and red light in the visible spectrum as well as near-infrared, mid-
infrared, and thermal-infrared light that human eyes cannot perceive (although we can
feel the thermal-infrared as heat). Landsat records this information digitally and it is
downlinked to ground stations, processed, and stored in a data archive. The Landsat
imageries are available from 1972 until now providing data that serve as valuable
resources for land use and land change research.

All available Landsat Surface Reflectance Climate Data Record (Landsat CDR)
(OLI/TIRS C1-level 1: Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Scanner, 30 m) in
2014 was used in this study. The three Landsat scenes covering the coastal zone of Binh
Thuan province were presented in Figure 3. According to some previous studies, the
atmospheric correction is not needed for land cover classification. Such high-quality
Landsat data is suitable for time series analysis. A total of 27 scenes of Landsat images
were included for this study. All of the detailed information was summarized in Table 1.
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Figure 3. 3 scenes of Landsat images within study area

Table 1. Information of the Landsat images used in the analysis

Path/row Date Source and Resolution

1/23/2014 Landsat8 30x30
2/8/2014 Landsat8 30x30
2/24/2014 Landsat8 30x30
3/12/2014 Landsat8 30x30
123.52
4/13/2014 Landsat8 30x30
5/31/2014 Landsat8 30x30
7/2/2014 Landsat8 30x30
9/20/2014 Landsat8 30x30
1/30/2014 Landsat8 30x30
2/15/2014 Landsat8 30x30
3/3/2014 Landsat8 30x30
3/19/2014 Landsat8 30x30
124.52
5/22/2014 Landsat8 30x30
6/7/2014 Landsat8 30x30
8/10/2014 Landsat8 30x30
9/27/2014 Landsat8 30x30
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Path/row Date Source and Resolution

12/29/2013 Landsat8 30x30
1/30/2014 Landsat8 30x30
2/15/2014 Landsat8 30x30
3/3/2014 Landsat8 30x30
3/19/2014 Landsat8 30x30
124.53 6/7/2014 Landsat8 30x30
6/23/2014 Landsat8 30x30
8/10/2014 Landsat8 30x30
9/27/2014 Landsat8 30x30
10/13/2014 Landsat8 30x30
11/14/2014 Landsat8 30x30

Sentinel 2

SENTINEL-2 is a European wide-swath, high-resolution, multi-spectral imaging

mission. The full mission specification of the twin satellites flying in the same orbit but
phased at 180°, is designed to give a high revisit frequency of 5 days at the Equator.
SENTINEL-2 carries an optical instrument payload that samples 13 spectral bands: four
bands at 10 m, six bands at 20 m and three bands at 60 m spatial resolution. The orbital
swath width is 290 km.

The four Sentinel scenes covering the coastal zone of Binh Thuan province were
presented in Figure 4. A total of 29 scenes of Sentinel images were included for this
study. All of the detailed information was summarized in Table 2.
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Figure 4. 4 scenes of Sentinel images within study area

Table 2. Information of the Sentinel images used in the analysis

Title number Date Source and Resolution

1/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/4/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/14/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
T49PBN 3/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
6/2/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
6/12/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
8/21/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
1/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/4/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/14/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
T48PZT 6/2/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
6/12/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
8/21/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
8/31/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
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Title number Date Source and Resolution

1/4/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
1/14/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
1/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/4/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
T48PZS 3/14/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
6/2/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
8/21/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
9/30/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
1/14/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
1/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/4/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
T48PYS
3/14/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
3/24/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10
9/11/2016 Sentinel 2 10x10

2.2.2. Wave

The offshore wave data for this study was derived from wave database of
WAVEWATCH III model, which was developed by the National Centers for
Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). The three main parameters used in this study were the
significant wave height (Hs), the peak wave period (Tp) and the direction (Dp) that were
collected from 2005 to 2017 (see Figures 5 - 7). Wave rose and its distribution of study
area is shown in Figure 8 and Table 3 respectively.
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Figure 5. Significant wave height at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017

Figure 6. Wave direction at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017

Figure 7. Peak wave period at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017
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Figure 8. Wave rose at Binh Thuan offshore from 2005 to 2017

Figure 8, Table 3 and the analysis of wave data collected over several years shows
that the dominant wave directions in the winter (Northeast monsoon period) are the East-
Northeast (31.42%) and East (22.32%). The dominant wave directions in the summer
(Southwest monsoon period) are the East-Southwest (27.47%) and the South (6.89%).
Based on the statistical analysis, it is possible to identify significant wave height (Hs), the
peak wave period (Tp) and the direction (Dp) are 1.26 m, 0.48 m and 4.5 s respectively.

Table 3. Wave distribution of study area

Height < 0.25 (m) 0.26 -0.75 0.76 - 1.3 (m) 1.26 - 2 (m) 2.01 - 2.5 (m) 2.51 - 3 (m) Total

Direction LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH %

N 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01
NNE 1 0.00 5 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 0.02

NE 5 0.01 53 0.15 51 0.14 3 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 112 0.31

ENE 431 1.20 3723 10.34 5610 15.59 1492 4.15 51 0.14 4 0.01 11311 31.42

E 665 1.85 3549 9.86 2657 7.38 1147 3.19 14 0.04 1 0.00 8033 22.32

ESE 590 1.64 1119 3.11 35 0.10 9 0.03 1 0.00 0 0.00 1754 4.87

SE 158 0.44 226 0.63 7 0.02 2 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 393 1.09

SSE 162 0.45 266 0.74 3 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 432 1.20

S 339 0.94 1673 4.65 490 1.36 9 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 2511 6.98

SSW 800 2.22 6246 17.35 2785 7.74 57 0.16 0 0.00 0 0.00 9888 27.47

SW 85 0.24 843 2.34 175 0.49 5 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 1108 3.08

WSW 2 0.01 183 0.51 115 0.32 6 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 306 0.85

W 3 0.01 89 0.25 32 0.09 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 124 0.34

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Height < 0.25 (m) 0.26 -0.75 0.76 - 1.3 (m) 1.26 - 2 (m) 2.01 - 2.5 (m) 2.51 - 3 (m) Total

Direction LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH % LXH %

WNW 2 0.01 12 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 14 0.04

NW 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

NNW 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Sum 3244 9.013 17988 49.97 11960 33.23 2731 7.587 66 0.183 5 0.014 35994 100

Note:

N, NNE, NE, ..., NNW: is the name of the main wave directions, i.e. N - North; E -
East; S - South; W - West; NNE: North North-East, etc.;
LXH: Total occurrences in the 12-year data table from 2005 to 2017;
%: Percentage of waves appearing in major wave directions.
This data will be used later on for analyzing and explaining alongshore seasonal
sediment transport.

3. Methodology

There were 2 main steps used in this study including land and water classification
and Coastline extraction.

The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and modified Normalized

Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was computed for effectively identifying land and
water. The MNDWI is the modification of the Normalized Difference Water Index
(NDWI), which has been widely used in previous studies. The MNDWI is the best index
for automatic coastline mapping in Landsat image while NDWI is more suitable with
Sentinel image. Specifically, the MNDWI has the highest combined accuracy with 88.4%
of both coastlines falling within the intertidal area based on the GPS-surveyed high tide
lines and low tide lines.

The MNDWI is express as:

Green MIR
MNDWI
Green MIR
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where Green is the green band (band 3 for Landsat OLI data), MIR is the middle infrared
band (band 6 for Landsat OLI data)

The NDWI is express as:

NIR SWIR
NDWI
NIR SWIR

where NIR is the Near-infrared (band 3 for Sentinel-2 data), SWIR is the Short-
wavelength infrared (band 8 for Sentinel-2 data)

Based on the results of MNDWI and NDWI computation, the threshold value of
zero was applied to map the extent of land and water. In reality, zero was determined as
the optimal threshold for land-water classification using receiver operator characteristic
(ROC) curves. As shown in Figure 9, based on the MNDWI and NDWI, threshold zero is
stable and repeatable for coastline mapping and does not require calibration in various
sites.

All Landsat imageries were classified into three classes: (1) Land; (2) Water and
(3) Nodata (i.e., clouds and shadows). In each year, all land cover maps were stacked
together for counting the number of pixels classified as water or land for each location.
The water frequency index (WFI) at seasonal and annual scale were computed using the
following formula:

N water
WFI
N land N water

Where N water and N land are the number of pixels that were observed as water and
land within one year, respectively. Such land vs. water maps were used to characterize
the seasonal and annual average coastline positions, which can minimize the impact of
short-term coastal changes resulted from sea level variations, the length of wave run-up,
sedimentary seasonal changes in the beach profile and coastal storms. In addition, this
method is able to be applied in erosion zone detection that is useful for decision maker in
management and giving the consequence recovery solutions
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a) b) c)

Figure 9. An example of generating a land-water classification map.

a) The modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI).
b) The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
c) Land-water classification map.
After that, the water body in land vs. water maps was extracted, and its boundary
was delineated by Raster domain tool. This tool is designed to operate on a raster surface
and will only operate on a single-band raster or a specific band from a multi-band raster.
The output feature captures the boundary of contiguous cells with data values, and its z
value is interpolated along the perimeter of the surface. The perimeter is defined by
connecting the center of the outermost cells in the raster. Finally, the coastline was
extracted by Split tool.

Figure 10. The land vs. water polyline map and the coastline after extraction
 17

All Landsat images including coastline of Binh Thuan province with different
paths and rows were processed individually and joined together. The final results we got
was the accomplishing coastline lies on the entire Binh Thuan province boundary.

4. Results and discussion

4.1. Coastline extraction for a specific time

Figure 11 shows the extraction of surface water in Binh Thuan’s coastal zone. In
this figure the blue region is identified as water with the value of MNDWI is greater than
or equal 0. The small blue zones inland are actually covered by cloud layers because
ArcGIS system implies clouds as precipitation and set positive value for its pixels. This
does not take any impact on our extraction results thank to the limitation of 30% cloud
cover as image selection. Moreover, we only downloaded images without cloud
overlapping coastline. The surface water extraction is the premise for extracting coastline
(see Figure 12). By this method, the coastline can be detected for any available Landsat
imageries in any time. The coastline in many years at the same time can be compared
together to evaluate the morphological change in long-term period. That is the reason
why the Landsat data was used in this part instead of Sentinel data because the Landsat
data has collected since 1972; whereas, the Sentinel mission was started from 2013.
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Figure 11. Extraction of surface water extent in 19th March 2014

Figure 12. Extraction of coastline in 19th March 2014

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The accuracy assessment was implemented by attaching the delineated coastline to

the Google Earth image with not much different in time. The figure 13 shows that the
detected coastline mostly correspond with the real image, especially in collating with the
Luy estuary and Cai estuary.

Figure 13. Coastline accuracy assessment

4.2. Coastline extraction for seasons

The coastline of Binh Thuan province is strongly eroded in Northeast monsoon

and Southeast monsoon with high intensity, especially in river mouth which mainly
caused by natural impacts and artificial impacts. Thus, satellite images were chosen
corresponding to monsoons operation time that obviously depicts its functions in
coastline extraction. Furthermore, we use sentinel-2 images for detecting seasonal coastal
line because of a broad range of services and applications such as agricultural monitoring,
emergencies management, land cover classification or water quality with high spatial
resolution (10x10), which much better than Landsat image (30x30) for each pixel. It is
clear that, the accuracy of image processing and results will be much improved.
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Figure 14. Extraction of coastline for Northeast Monsoon in 2016

Figure 15. Extraction of coastline for Southwest Monsoon in 2016

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To determined water surface area, NDWI was applied for Sentinel-2 instead of
MNDWI due to the different requirement of satellite images resolution. Despite of the
dissimilar equation, the final results of NDWI and MNDWI also achieve the land vs.
water classification for each image. At last but not least, 29 satellite pictures were
captured and divided into 4 main scenes for each season in 2016. WFI plays a part in
seasonally synthesizing coastline by taking average of total coastline with purposes that
determine the changing of coastal line in each seasonal monsoon. With Merge tool,
discontinuous coastlines from 4 scenes can be joined together to generate the entire Binh
Thuan province’s coastline.

4.3. Coastline extraction for a year

A total of 27 Landsat 8 imageries were collected to delineate the yearly coastline
of 2014 (see Figure 16). Different from section 4.1, after MNDWI computation, the WFI
was utilized to create annual land-water classification map. Because Binh Thuan province
is divided into 3 Landsat scenes, the coastline of each scene is extracted separately and
combined to a complete line by Merge tool at last.

Figure 16. Extraction of coastline in 2014

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5. Conclusions

Temporal consideration of the “coastline” obtained from imagery has been

improved by a trend toward the analysis of time-averaged images. This approach is still
to be fully optimized for coastline change research. The temporally dense data sets that
are now provided by a range of remote sensing platforms can be used for coastline trend
analysis at sampling periods of hours, days, or years (given time). In the future, these new
capabilities will increasingly remove the reliance on regression, end-point, or other sparse
data interpolation techniques.

This study achieved the satellite image source in study area (Landsat 8, 30x30
resolution and Sentine-2, 10x10 resolution). Extracting the water surface by using
MNDWI for Landsat and NDWI for Sentinel to detect the coastline. The results achieved
from the method of this study have the high accuracy in comparing with Google map
image. It also states the WFI method for computing the seasonal and annual coastline,
which is helpful for long-term coastline change analysis. Then the erosion zone can be
detected and be effectively solved by decision maker.

This approach can easily be used in other study areas, where the beach dominates,
and might also be adapted for estimating other coastlines types, issue coastline
management policies and coastal area planning. In the future, more attention should be
paid to exploring the impact of human activities on coastline change in Binh Thuan
province.
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Xu, H. “Modification of Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) to enhance open

water features in remotely sensed imagery”. Int. J. Remote Sens (2006): 27, 3025–
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“Technical consultant for coastal and estuarine sedimentation and salinity intrusion
related to climate change in luy estuary in binh thuan province”. Institute for
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Xu, Nan. "Detecting Coastline Change with All Available Landsat Data over 1986–2015:
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