CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
As early as the 9th century, cigarette smoking has conventionally started among

the upper class and priests. In the late 15th century it became a widespread until this very

day. Electronic cigarette smoking was actually invented in 1963 by Herbert A. Gilbert

but not commercialized at that time until the year of 2003 where it was finally

commercialized by Chinese inventor Hon Lik. Cigarettes have been there since and

electronic cigarettes are new in this modern age where the young and the old uses them

both. A electronic cigarettes is composed of a mechanical device (mod), an atomizer

(atty), a battery which commonly is a lithium-ion. Is it alongside used with e-liquids

which are composed of vegetable glycerine, propylene glycol, and flavourings. The

researchers would like to know the difference between a cigarette and an electronic

cigarette in terms of cost and health risk alongside with its benefits if there are any.

Statement of the Problem

The research study entitled, A Comparative Study on the Usage of Cigarettes and

Electronic Cigarettes in Terms of Cost and Health Risks/Benefits has answered the

following:

1. What are the health risks of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes?

2. What are the health benefits of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes?

3. Are electronic cigarettes are cheaper than cigarettes?

4. Do electronic cigarettes (vaping) changed your life?

5. Are electronic cigarettes are safer than cigarettes?

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Conceptual Framework

Cigarettes
Which is
safer?
Health Risks and
Cigarettes
Benefits and Cost
or Electronic
Cigarettes
Electronic
Cigarettes
Figure 1.0

Scope and Limitations

The study of the Comparison on the Usage of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes

in Terms of Cost and Health Risks/Benefits is done in within the area of Batangas City in

a 5 month period from the month of January to the month of May of the year 2019. The

researchers used comparative study as a research design. Online questionnaire provided

by Google Forms and researched literature are used as the main tool in gathering data.

The Study focuses only on the usage of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes in terms of

only its cost and only its health risk/benefits.

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Significance of the Study

1. This can serve as a basis for people who are starting to smoke cigarettes and

electronic cigarettes in the near future.

2. This study shows the cost and health risks/benefits of a cigarettes and an electronic

cigarette. It will not only help people who will starting smoking but also people who

are already smoking in order for them to understand what would be the risk of each if

they continue to undergo continuous usage of each smoking product.

3. It will also show each of the smoking products cost in which the researcher will align

it with the health risks in order to arrive at a definitive conclusion.

4. May this serve as a guide and reference for their future research projects and better

help them uncover the cost and health risks/benefits of cigarettes and electronic

cigarettes

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Research Literature

Cigarettes

A cigarette, also known colloquially as a fag in British English, is a narrow

cylinder containing psychoactive material, usually tobacco that is rolled into thin paper

for smoking. Most cigarettes contain a "reconstituted tobacco" product known as "sheet",

which consists of "recycled [tobacco] stems, stalks, scraps, collected dust, and floor

sweepings", to which are added glue, chemicals and fillers; the product is then sprayed

with nicotine that was extracted from the tobacco scraps, and shaped into curls. The

cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder and allowing smoke to be inhaled

from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth. Most modern cigarettes are filtered,

although this does not make them safer. Cigarette manufacturers have described

cigarettes as a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and

attractive form. Cigarettes are addictive (because of nicotine) and cause cancer, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and other health problems.

The term cigarette, as commonly used refers to a tobacco cigarette but is

sometimes used to refer to other substances, such as a cannabis cigarette. A cigarette is

distinguished from a cigar by its usually smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper

wrapping, which is typically white. Cigar wrappers are typically composed of tobacco

leaf or paper dipped in tobacco extract.

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History of Cigarettes

The earliest forms of cigarettes were similar to their predecessor, the cigar.

Cigarettes appear to have had antecedents in Mexico and Central America around the 9th

century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The Maya, and later the Aztecs, smoked

tobacco and other psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests

and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette and the cigar were

the most common methods of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and South

America until recent times.

The North American, Central American, and South American cigarette used

various plant wrappers; when it was brought back to Spain, maize wrappers were

introduced, and by the 17th century, fine paper. The resulting product was called papelate

and is documented in Goya's paintings La Cometa, La Merienda en el Manzanares, and

El juego de la pelota a pala (18th century).

By 1830, the cigarette had crossed into France, where it received the name

cigarette; and in 1845, the French state tobacco monopoly began manufacturing them.

The French word was adopted by English in the 1840s. Some American reformers

promoted the spelling cigaret, but this was never widespread and is now largely

abandoned (Wikipedia, 2019).

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History of Electronic Cigarettes

The first smokeless, non-tobacco cigarette device was patented by Herbert A.

Gilbert from Beaver Falls, PA in 1967. This non-tobacco cigarette was thought to be a

safe and harmless method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with

heated, moist, flavored air.

In 2003, a Chinese pharmacist, Hon Lik, was credited with the first generation e-

cigarette that used a piezoelectric element to vaporize the liquid containing nicotine

diluted in a propylene glycol solution. Hon Lik invented the e-cigarette as a safer and

cleaner way to inhale nicotine as a tobacco cessation resource, after his father passed

away from lung cancer.

By 2004, Hon Lik introduced e-cigarettes to the Chinese market through his

employer, the Golden Dragon Holdings. Later the company changed its name to Ruyan

meaning ―almost like smoke‖ to resemble its product.

After the success of e-cigarette sales in Asia, products were sold through the

internet in large quantities. E-cigarettes gained popularity in many different countries. In

2007, e-cigarettes were introduced to the American market.5 The major tobacco

companies that have purchased or developed e-cigarette products include: Lorillard

acquired Blu, the leading e-cigarette brand in the United States. Altria acquired

GreenSmoke and has its own Mark Ten brand, and Reynolds created its own brand Vuse.

Additionally, British American Tobacco sells Vype, Imperial Tobacco sells Ruyan, and

Swisher sells E-Swisher. Logic and NJOY are also leading e-cigarette companies.

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Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases,

and reduces the health of smokers in general. Quitting smoking lowers your risk for

smoking-related diseases and can add years to your life.

Smoking and Death

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.

Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This

is nearly one in five deaths.

1. Smoking causes more deaths each year than the following causes combined:4

2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

3. Illegal drug use

4. Alcohol use

5. Motor vehicle injuries

6. Firearm-related incidents

More than 10 times as many U.S. citizens have died prematurely from cigarette smoking

than have died in all the wars fought by the United States.

Smoking causes about 90% (or 9 out of 10) of all lung cancer deaths.1,2 More women die

from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer.

Smoking causes about 80% (or 8 out of 10) of all deaths from chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD).

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Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women.

The risk of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over the last 50 years in the U.S.

Smoking and Increased Health Risks

Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease, stroke, and lung

cancer.

Estimates show smoking increases the risk:

1. For coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times

2. For stroke by 2 to 4 times

3. Of men developing lung cancer by 25 times

4. Of women developing lung cancer by 25.7 times

Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and

increased health care utilization and cost.

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease

Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels

(cardiovascular disease).

Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes

of death in the United States.

Even people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of

cardiovascular disease.

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Smoking damages blood vessels and can make them thicken and grow narrower. This

makes your heart beat faster and your blood pressure go up. Clots can also form.

A stroke occurs when:

1. A clot blocks the blood flow to part of your brain;

2. A blood vessel in or around your brain bursts.

Blockages caused by smoking can also reduce blood flow to your legs and skin.

The health consequences causally linked to smoking

Smoking and Respiratory Disease

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs

(alveoli) found in your lungs.

Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and

chronic bronchitis.

Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer.

If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse.

Smokers are 12 to 13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers.

Smoking and Cancer

Smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in your body.

1. Bladder

2. Blood (acute myeloid leukemia)

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 3. Cervix

4. Colon and rectum (colorectal)

5. Esophagus

6. Kidney and ureter

7. Larynx

8. Liver

9. Oropharynx (includes parts of the throat, tongue, soft palate, and the tonsils)

10. Pancreas

11. Stomach

12. Trachea, bronchus, and lung

Smoking also increases the risk of dying from cancer and other diseases in cancer

patients and survivors. If nobody smoked, one of every three cancer deaths in the United

States would not happen.

Smoking and Other Health Risks

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects a person‘s overall health.

Smoking can make it harder for a woman to become pregnant. It can also affect her

baby‘s health before and after birth. Smoking increases risks for:

1. Preterm (early) delivery

2. Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth)

3. Low birth weight

4. Sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death)

5. Ectopic pregnancy

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 6. Orofacial clefts in infants

Smoking can also affect men‘s sperm, which can reduce fertility and also increase risks

for birth defects and miscarriage.

Smoking can affect bone health.

Women past childbearing years who smoke have weaker bones than women who never

smoked. They are also at greater risk for broken bones.

Smoking affects the health of your teeth and gums and can cause tooth loss.

Smoking can increase your risk for cataracts (clouding of the eye‘s lens that makes it

hard for you to see). It can also cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is

damage to a small spot near the center of the retina, the part of the eye needed for central

vision.

Smoking is a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and can make it harder to control. The risk

of developing diabetes is 30–40% higher for active smokers than nonsmokers.

Smoking causes general adverse effects on the body, including inflammation and

decreased immune function.

Smoking is a cause of rheumatoid arthritis.

Quitting and Reduced Risks

Quitting smoking cuts cardiovascular risks. Just 1 year after quitting smoking, your

risk for a heart attack drops sharply.

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 Within 2 to 5 years after quitting smoking, your risk for stroke may reduce to about

that of a nonsmoker‘s.

If you quit smoking, your risks for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and

bladder drop by half within 5 years.

Ten years after you quit smoking, your risk for dying from lung cancer drops by half.

(Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).

What’s in a cigarette?

Tobacco smoke is both toxic and addictive. Find out more about the lethal chemical

cocktail inside cigarettes. Tobacco smoke contains around 7,000 chemicals. Many of

these are poisonous and over 60 are known to be cancer causing (carcinogenic). No

wonder so many smokers would like help quitting (Irish Cancer Society).

The chemical constituents of cigarettes include:

1. Nicotine - is a colourless, poisonous alkaloid derived from the tobacco plant. It is a

powerful drug, which affects the brain and quickly becomes addictive.

2. Tar - is the term used to describe the toxic chemicals found in cigarettes. It‘s a sticky

brown substance that forms when tobacco cools and condenses. It collects in the

lungs and can cause cancer.

3. Carbon monoxide - an odourless, colourless gas that is released from burning

tobacco. When it is inhaled it enters the blood stream and interferes with the working

of the heart and the blood vessels. Up to 15% of a smoker‘s blood can be carrying

carbon monoxide instead of oxygen.

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4. Arsenic - containing pesticides used in tobacco farming occur in small quantities in

cigarette smoke. Arsenic is commonly found in rat poison.

5. Ammonia - a toxic, colourless gas with a sharp odour. Ammonia compounds are

commonly used in cleaning products and fertilisers. Also used to boost the impact of

nicotine in manufactured cigarettes.

6. Acetone – a fragrant volatile liquid ketone, used as a solvent. Nail polish remover is a

solvent, for example.

7. Toluene - is a highly toxic chemical. Industrial uses include rubbers, oils, resins,

adhesives, inks, detergents, dyes and explosives.

8. Methylamine - chemical found in tanning lotion.

9. Pesticides - a number of pesticides (toxic chemicals used to kill pests, usually insects)

are present in cigarette smoke. These pesticides find their way into cigarettes because

they‘re used on tobacco plants as they are growing.

10. Polonium – a radioactive element used in nuclear weapons as well as an atomic heat

source.

11. Methanol – a fuel used in the aviation industry.

Construction of electronic cigarettes

An electronic cigarette is a handheld battery-powered vaporizer that simulates

smoking, but without tobacco combustion. E-cigarette components include a mouthpiece,

a cartridge (liquid storage area), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery,

and some of them have a LED light on the end. The only exception to this are mechanical

e-cigarettes (mods) which contain no electronics and the circuit is closed by using a

mechanical action switch. An atomizer consists of a small heating element, or coil, that

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vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil. When the user

inhales a flow sensor activates the heating element that atomizes the liquid solution; most

devices are manually activated by a push-button. The e-liquid reaches a temperature of

roughly 100-250 °C (212º-482 °F) within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor. The

user inhales an aerosol, which is commonly but inaccurately called vapor, rather than

cigarette smoke. Vaping is different than smoking, but there are some similarities,

including the hand-to-mouth action of smoking and a vapor that looks like cigarette

smoke. The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking. A traditional

cigarette is smooth and light but an e-cigarette is rigid, cold and slightly heavier. There is

a learning curve to use e-cigarettes properly. E-cigarettes are cigarette-shaped, and there

are many other variations. E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also

sold that may be used unobtrusively.

There are three main types of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos,

bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or

by altering existing products. Cigalikes are either disposable or come with rechargeable

batteries and replaceable nicotine cartridges. A cigalike e-cigarette contains a cartomizer,

which is connected to a battery. A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer)

or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an

e-liquid holder. Clearomizers or "clearos", not unlike cartotanks, use a clear tank in

which an atomizer is inserted. A rebuildable atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer that

allows the user to assemble or "build" the wick and coil themselves instead of replacing

them with off-the-shelf atomizer "heads". The power source is the biggest component of

an e-cigarette, which is frequently a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.

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 E-liquid is the mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes and usually

contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, additives, and differing amounts

of contaminants. E-liquid formulations greatly vary due to fast growth and changes in

manufacturing designs of e-cigarettes. The composition of the e-liquid for additives such

as nicotine and flavors vary across and within brands. The liquid typically consists of a

combined total of 95% propylene glycol and glycerin, and the remaining 5% being

flavorings, nicotine, and other additives. There are e-liquids sold without propylene

glycol, nicotine, or flavors. The flavorings may be natural, artificial, or organic.

VAPING: THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE POPCORN LUNG

WHAT IS VAPING AND HOW DOES IT WORK?

Everybody knows how smoking works: dried and shredded tobacco is wrapped in

a paper tube, which is then set on fire at one end, while the smoker inhales the smoke

through the other end. As it turns out, vaping is only slightly more complicated, though it

requires a lot more electronics. In vaping, a device (the vape pen or vape mod) heats a

volatile liquid in a cartridge, which the user inhales from the device. That‘s it; rather than

burning tobacco, a vape simply turns a liquid to vapor (oh, that‘s where they get the

name!).

That process can be as simple or a complicated as the user wants it to be, and vape

enthusiasts are nothing if not gearheads. For instance, many e-cigarettes include an LED

light that simulates the burning end of a cigarette – a completely useless, but aesthetically

satisfying, feature. Middle-of-the-road vape pens may include bells and whistles like

electronics that allow the user to set how much vapor they want the device to give off,

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while high-end ―mods‖ are completely customizable, and, of course, way more

expensive.

The second part of the process – the ―smoke‖ – offers just as much variation as

the device. As a thorough article in Gizmodo by a vape maker explains, the main

ingredients in e-liquid – or, as it‘s more popularly (and ickily) called, vape juice – are

pretty simple: glycerin, for the clouds of vapor; propylene glycol, for the flavoring to

bind to; flavoring, for… well, flavor; and nicotine, which is obtained as a pure,

pharmaceutical-grade concentrate.

SO IS VAPING HELPING SMOKERS QUIT?

As usual, nothing drives innovation like necessity, and for the more than 37

million smokers in the US, not being able to light up anywhere but home created a

necessity that needed to be filled. Early on, vaping was marketed explicitly as a smoking-

cessation aid, a way to get off more dangerous cigarettes and eventually wean off

nicotine altogether – if that‘s what they want.

Studies are showing that, for adult smokers, vaping can work to stop smoking; an

estimated 2000 smokers quit in 2015 by substituting with vaping. On the face of it, that‘s

a clear public health win, since smoking costs the American economy nearly $100 billion

in health care expenses every year; every smoker who stops is a gain for everybody.

The reality is more complicated though, because the same study of 70,000 users

found that vaping nicotine still doubles the risk of heart attack over not vaping at all, and

(more of a concern) many people who vape to stop smoking actually end up doing both –

multiplying their risk of heart attack by five. Give it a little thought, and it‘s not

16
surprising; most smokers who also vape are only vaping because they can‘t smoke in

most public places. In other words, they‘re not actually trying to stop smoking, just

settling for vaping because they‘re not allowed to smoke.

VAPING FOR TEENAGERS AND YOUNG ADULTS

In the last few years, vaping has overtaken cigarette usage among teenagers – in a

2016 Pediatrics study, 11% of 10th graders had used electronic cigarettes, versus 5% who

used conventional cigarettes; more than 4% of middle schoolers had tried vaping. In all,

more than 2 million teenagers admitted to vaping within the last 30 days. In some

respects, that could be considered a good thing; if the choice is between vaping and

smoking, vaping is relatively safer, without the harmful chemicals the come from burning

tobacco and paper. However, vaping raises its own worries when it comes to teenagers.

The biggest concern for teenagers vaping, especially among parents, is whether

vaping can act as a gateway to smoking conventional cigarettes. While the idea of a

―gateway drug‖ has been largely disproven (studies have shown, for instance that

smoking marijuana does not typically lead to harder drugs), there is ample evidence that

young people who vape are highly likely to move on to conventional cigarettes.

The irony, then, is that vaping has been proven to help adult smokers quit, but has

also been shown to lead teenagers to move from e-cigs to real cigarettes. A 2015 study

shows that for 2000 adults who used vaping to stop smoking, more than 160,000

teenagers and young adults made the transition in the opposite direction. That is

definitely a public health concern, and even more so if young people continue to vape as

17
well as smoke – the risk of heart attack, for instance, is increased five times by both

vaping and smoking.

In addition to the problem of vaping leading to smoking, the Pediatrics study

found that the volatile chemicals in e-cigarettes, like propylene glycol and glycerol, can

form carcinogenic compounds when heated, and that those compounds were found in the

urine of the 16 year olds who were tested. While it‘s just one study, it does indicate that

vaping does cause a risk of exposure to potential cancer-causing substances – less than

conventional cigarettes, perhaps, but still not as safe as vape marketing likes to claim.

IS VAPING A DRUG?

One of the main questions vape-curious folks want to know is ―Is vaping a drug?‖

Of course, on its own, vaping is not a drug – it‘s a method of drug delivery, just like

smoking, drinking, or injecting. In and of itself, vaping is neutral; a vape pen or mod can

vape any substance that can be suspended in vape liquid. Most commonly, that is

nicotine, but it can just as easily be THC, opioids, or synthetic ―designer‖ drugs like

DMT or MDMA – even meth.

So the short answer is, of course vape is not a drug – just like a cigarette is not a

drug, and a hypodermic needle is not a drug. But as a drug-delivery system, vaping has

the potential to deliver just about any drug a user could want. That fact has sparked a lot

of worry about parents especially, but at this time, it‘s mostly conjectural.

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IS VAPING WITHOUT NICOTINE BAD FOR YOU?

Is vape bad for you? Kind of – that‘s the short answer. If you‘re vaping nicotine,

you‘re still upping your chances of heart attack and stroke, but if your vaping helps you

stop smoking tobacco, you‘re decreasing your chances of cancer, lung disease, and all

sorts of other nasty effects of smoking. As far as we know, high-quality vape juice, used

with a well-designed, high-end vape pen or mod, is safe. If the user is vaping nicotine,

they‘re better off than if they were smoking. Is vaping without nicotine bad for you? Not

at all – without any drug in the vape juice, you‘re just inhaling vaporized glycerin and

flavorings.

However, that‘s only true of higher-end, ―connoisseur‖ vaping, where users trust

that the ingredients and process are safe, clean, and transparent. There are legitimate

concerns when it comes to cheaper foreign products, like gas-station e-cigs. While the

FDA has approval to regulate e-cigarettes and vaping, very little actual ―regulation‖ takes

place. Essentially, vape makers are required to inform the FDA of what is in their

product, but there is no public disclosure. Companies can tell customers as much or as

little as they want.

And there are a lot of valid concerns when consumers don‘t know what they‘re

consuming. For a simple example, most vape liquid uses propylene glycol – a completely

harmless chemical that also makes asthma inhalers work – to suspend and deliver the

flavorings. However, cheap, mass-market vapes have been found to contain diethylene

glycol – an industrial solvent which is definitely poisonous. (It‘s the reason why spilled

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antifreeze should be cleaned up immediately, since its sweet taste will attract pets and

make them sick.)

In mass-market e-cigs made in foreign countries, where there is even less

regulation, there are realistic concerns about the presence of heavy metals and banned

chemicals. Some of the common ingredients in vape juice are known to turn carcinogenic

when overheated; while higher-quality vapes control temperature to avoid this problem,

many cheaper products do not. And, of course, there is the slim but still realistic chance

of a battery exploding or catching fire.

WHAT IS POPCORN LUNG (AND IS IT REALLY DANGEROUS)?

Since the popularity of vaping has grown, the term ―popcorn lung‖ has hit the

mainstream is a way that would almost be laughable, if there were anything funny about

pulmonary obstruction. The vaping-popcorn lung connection has been driven home by

the media, making ―What is popcorn lung?‖ one of the most popular vaping-related

searches on Google. Because ―popcorn lung‖ sounds at once completely absurd and

unsettlingly creepy, it‘s caught public attention more than any other possible side effect

of vaping.

So what is popcorn lung? The medical name is ―bronchiolitis obliterans,‖

unfortunately abbreviated to BO – if it‘s embarrassing to ask a doctor if you might have

―popcorn lung,‖ just try asking a doctor if you have BO. Bronchiolitis obliterans can

results from exposure to many different chemicals that cause inflammation and

obstruction of the bronchioles, the smallest passages in the lungs.

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 But the specific chemical associated with popcorn lung symptoms is diacetyl, a

food additive that was once used to make popcorn taste buttery without butter. That‘s

where the name comes from – BO was first linked to diacetyl when workers in a popcorn

factory began getting sick.

One of the particular dangers of popcorn lung is that popcorn lung symptoms look

indistinguishable from lots of other lung diseases, like asthma or bronchiolitis obliterans

organizing pneumonia (which has the inappropriately whimsical acronym BOOP).

Popcorn lung symptoms include:

1. Shortness of breath

2. Wheezing

3. Dry cough

4. Exhaustion

Because numerous other lung diseases cause the same symptoms, popcorn lung can

often go undiagnosed, and therefore improperly treated, allowing the damage and

scarring that causes popcorn lung symptoms to increase.

So what is the vaping-popcorn lung connection? Most high-end vape makers don‘t

use diacetyl, but in 2015, more than half of the mass-market e-cigarettes studied were

found to contain the chemical – especially flavored vape juice. The diacetyl makes the

flavors richer, but because the vapor is being breathed in, it exposes users to the risk of

popcorn lung, which increases the longer these liquids are vaped. Particularly concerning

is the fact that diacetyl is primarily found in flavored e-liquids – which tend to be more

appealing to teenagers.

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DO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE RISKS? THE PUBLIC HEALTH VIEW

So is vape bad for you? It‘s complicated. Because vape juice is manufactured, it‘s

entirely possible to vape with any amount of nicotine the user wants; that means,

theoretically, it would be easy to switch from smoking to vaping, and slowly wean off

nicotine altogether. Nicotine, after all, is the danger to heart health, while other

substances generated by smoking contribute to lung disease, cancer, tooth decay, and the

other ills.

So, simply comparing vaping to smoking, vaping is obviously healthier – and

insofar as vaping can help smokers stop smoking, vaping is a net positive for public

health. A former smoker‘s health improves every year after quitting, as their body

naturally works to repair the damage, and within 10 years, nearly all of the dangers of

smoking are reduced or reversed altogether. The sooner a smoker quits, the better. So the

question, ―Is vape bad for you?‖ can be answered, ―Well, it‘s better than smoking.‖

Obviously, though, complete, permanent smoking cessation – without substituting

another nicotine delivery system – is the healthiest option. Nicotine is still linked to heart

disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular problems (although, to

nicotine‘s credit, it‘s also linked to attentiveness, memory improvement, and may even be

used medicinally to combat Alzheimer‘s and Parkinson‘s). When the potential side

effects of vaping are added to the mix, it‘s obvious that we‘re operating on a sliding scale

– vaping is safer than smoking, but more dangerous than not vaping or smoking at all.

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5 Health Benefits of Smoking

Who says smoking cigarettes is so bad ... well, aside from the World Health

Organization, Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, and every medical board and association on the face of the Earth?

But should smokers be fortunate enough to dodge all that cancer, heart disease,

emphysema and the like, they will be uniquely protected — for reasons unexplained by

science — against a handful of diseases and afflictions.

Call it a silver lining in their otherwise blackened lungs. Although long-term

smoking is largely a ticket to early death, here are (gulp) five possible benefits from

smoking. Breathe deep.

1. Smoking lowers risk of knee-replacement surgery

While smokers might go broke buying a pack of cigarettes, they can at least save

money by avoiding knee-replacement surgery. Surprising results from a new study have

revealed that men who smoke had less risk of undergoing total joint replacement surgery

than those who never smoked.

The study, from the University of Adelaide in Australia, appears in the July issue of

the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism. What could be the connection? Knee-replacement

surgery was more common among joggers and the obese; smokers rarely jog, and they

are less likely to be morbidly obese.

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 After controlling for age, weight and exercise, the researchers were at a loss to

explain the apparent, albeit slight protective effects of smoking for osteoporosis. It could

be that the nicotine in tobacco helps prevent cartilage and joint deterioration.

2. Smoking lowers risk of Parkinson's disease

Numerous studies have identified the uncanny inverse relationship between smoking

and Parkinson's disease. Long-term smokers are somehow protected against Parkinson's,

and it's not because smokers die of other things earlier. [10 Easy Paths to Self-

Destruction]

The most recent, well-conducted study was published in a March 2010 issue of the

journal Neurology. Far from determining a cause for the protective effect, these

researchers found that the number of years spent smoking, more so than the number of

cigarettes smoked daily, mattered more for a stronger protective effect.

Harvard researchers were among the first to provide convincing evidence that

smokers were less likely to develop Parkinson's. In a study published in Neurology in

March 2007, these researchers found the protective effect wanes after smokers quit. And

they concluded, in their special scientific way, that they didn't have a clue as to why.

3. Smoking lowers risk of obesity

Smoking — and, in particular, the nicotine in tobacco smoke — is an appetite

suppressant. This has been known for centuries, dating back to indigenous cultures in

America in the pre-Columbus era. Tobacco companies caught on by the 1920s and began

targeting women with the lure that smoking would make them thinner.

24
 A study published in the July 2011 issue of the journal Physiology & Behavior, in

fact, is one of many stating that the inevitable weight gain upon quitting smoking is a

major barrier in getting people to stop, second only to addiction.

The relationship between smoking and weight control is complex: Nicotine itself acts

as both a stimulant and appetite suppressant; and the act of smoking triggers behavior

modification that prompts smokers to snack less. Smoking also might make food less

tasty for some smokers, further curbing appetite. As an appetite suppressant, nicotine

appears to act on a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, at least in mice, as revealed

in a study by Yale researchers published in the June 10, 2011, issue of the journal

Science.

No respectable doctor would recommend smoking for weight control, given the toxic

baggage accompanying cigarettes. This recent Yale study, however, does offer an inkling

of hope for a safe diet drug to help obese people control their appetites.

4. Smoking lowers risk of death after some heart attacks

Compared with non-smokers, smokers who have had heart attacks seem to have

lower mortality rates and more favorable responses to two kinds of therapy to remove

plaque from their arteries: fibrinolytic therapy, which is basically medication; and

angioplasty, which removes the plaque by inserting balloons or stents into the arteries.

There's a catch, though. The reason why smokers have heart attacks is that smoke

scars the arteries, allowing fat and plaque to build up in the first place. So, one theory as

25
to why smokers do better than non-smokers after such therapies is that they are younger,

experiencing their first heart attack approximately 10 years before the non-smoker.

A study published in an August 2005 issue of the American Heart Journal, however,

states that age alone is not enough to fully explain the survival differences and that "the

smoker's paradox is alive and well." No alternative theories have been put forth since.

5. Smoking helps the heart drug clopidogrel work better

A study by Korean researchers in the October 2010 issue of the journal Thrombosis

Research builds upon work by Harvard researchers published in 2009 that demonstrates

the benefit of smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day. It seems that something in cigarette

smoke activates certain proteins called cytochromes, which convert clopidogrel into a

more active state.

Again, no respectable doctor is encouraging patients to start smoking to get the most

out of clopidogrel. But this and the other four "benefits" of smoking reveal how tobacco

— perhaps not unlike other potentially toxic plants — might contain certain chemicals of

real therapeutic value.

10 Common Questions About E-Cigarettes Answered

1. Are e-cigarettes less harmful than smoking?

Dr. McEwen: Yes. Experts think that e-cigarettes are, based on what we know so

far, less harmful than cigarettes. Smoking is associated with a number of very serious

health risks to both the smoker and to others around them. So switching from tobacco to

e-cigarettes substantially reduces a major health risk.

26
2. Is nicotine dangerous?

Dr. McEwen: Nicotine doesn‘t cause smoking-related diseases, such as cancers

and heart disease, but it is addictive. However, there‘s a common misconception that you

can overdose on nicotine using e-cigarettes. But you are in no danger of poisoning

yourself, nor have there been any cases of overdose from inhaling the nicotine-containing

fluid that an e-cigarette vaporises, known as e-liquid. So you can use your e-cigarette as

often as you need to help manage nicotine withdrawal and urges to smoke.

Much the same as with Nicotine Replacement Therapy, if you do have more

nicotine than you‘re used to, then you might feel a little nauseous or lightheaded, both of

which pass quickly. If this happens, just reduce the level of nicotine in the e-liquid that

you buy, or use the e-cigarette less.

3. Do e-cigarettes produce harmful chemicals or blow up?

Dr. McEwen: Some studies have found chemicals in e-cigarette vapour that are

known to cause health problems. But these studies have tended to use artificial

conditions, and when good quality e-cigarettes are used normally (e.g. not overheated),

there are far fewer harmful chemicals present in the vapour than in tobacco smoke. If the

e-liquid is being overheated it tends to produce an acrid, unpleasant taste – you‘ll know if

this happens.

As with any rechargeable device, such as mobile phones and laptops, it‘s

important to charge e-cigarettes with the right charger, and don‘t leave it unattended

while charging. Ensure that you buy from reputable suppliers and avoid generic charging

equipment. There have been reported cases of e-cigarettes causing fires, but far fewer

27
than the number caused by cigarettes, which are the most common cause of lethal house

fires.

4. Is it OK to smoke and vape at the same time?

Dr. McEwen: There‘s no evidence that smoking cigarettes and vaping at the same

time is any worse than just smoking tobacco. But the greatest health benefits are seen

when people stop smoking tobacco completely, so quitting smoking should be the goal.

Some people manage to switch completely to vaping quickly, while others take a

little time. You may have to try a number of different e-cigarettes and e-liquids before

you find one that helps you to stop smoking completely, but this is quite normal.

5. Can I use an e-cigarette in the Stop Smoking Services?

Dr. McEwen: Yes. If you choose to use an e-cigarette, Stop Smoking Services can

still support you in your quit attempt – and these services the most effective way to quit.

Their trained stop smoking practitioners provide behavioural support, advice on what

might be the best way for you to stop and access to approved stop smoking medications.

6. Which e-cigarette should I start with?

Dr. McEwen: This is very much a personal choice. The refillable tank system e-

cigarettes might take a bit of getting used to, but they allow you to use more flavours, and

generally deliver more nicotine than e-cigarettes that look like tobacco cigarettes. Users

tend to say these types are more satisfying. Specialist e-cigarette retailers can give you

advice, and you can also chat to other e-cigarette users on a range of internet forums.

28
 How much nicotine you need will depend upon how much nicotine you‘re used to

getting from your cigarettes. And, of course, how much nicotine you get from your e-

liquid will depend upon the type of e-cigarette that you use and how you use it. As a

rough guide, most 20-a-day smokers find that 18mg/ml (1.8 per cent) nicotine is

sufficient, so you could start with this and see how you get on.

7. How should I use my e-cigarette to help me to stop smoking?

Dr. McEwen: Using an e-cigarette is different from smoking a cigarette. It usually

involves taking slower and longer puffs over a longer period of time. This is because e-

cigarettes heat a coil in a liquid (think of a kettle). You may find you need to take a few

puffs on an e-cigarette at times when you wouldn‘t have smoked, but this is nothing to

worry about, and the way you use your e-cigarette will develop over time. It‘s not like a

cigarette, which you smoke from start to finish. With an e-cigarette you can use it once or

twice, and then put it away. If you find you‘ve got it in your mouth all the time, you

might need to use a stronger e-liquid.

If you get a bit of a cough when you use your e-cigarette, this isn‘t unusual and it

might help to switch from an e-liquid with a high proportion of propylene glycol to one

with more vegetable glycol, which can be more soothing.

8. Will e-cigarettes be cheaper for me than smoking?

Dr. McEwen: Yes, and you‘ll notice savings very quickly compared with buying

cigarettes. A starter kit for the tank-style devices can range from £20-70. You‘ll then only

need to replace the atomizer (heating coil or ‗head‘) occasionally for a couple of pounds

and, more regularly, buy your e-liquid, which can start at £3.00 for 10 ml. How often you

29
need to change the atomizer will depend on how you use the device, but typically it‘ll be

around every two weeks or when you get a ‗burnt‘ taste or low vapour production.

9. Can I use e-cigarettes in places where I can‘t smoke?

Dr. McEwen: There are no laws preventing or restricting where you can use e-

cigarettes. Some places, such as some sports stadiums and most airports, do not allow

vaping while others do. If there are no signs indicating this then you should always ask.

But it helps to be respectful when using e-cigarettes around others, especially non-

smokers.

10. Is second-hand vapour from e-cigarettes dangerous? How can I protect my children?

Dr. McEwen: Unlike second-hand smoke from cigarettes – which is known to

cause cancer – there‘s no evidence that second-hand e-cigarette vapour is dangerous to

others. Some studies have found traces of toxic chemicals in second-hand vapour, but at

such low levels that they‘re not harmful to those around you. E-cigarettes aren‘t

recommended for use by non-smokers and children.

In order to prevent accidental poisoning, for example by young children drinking

e-liquids, you should store your e-cigarettes and liquids away safely, just as you would

with household cleaning products and medicines.

30
Synthesis

In this technologically advancing world, there are various things that are being

innovated to make life easier and better. The cigarette is one of the products that has gone

through a developing phase wherein new ways were found to lessen the impact of

harmful effects that it causes to the smoker‘s body. Throughout the years of continuous

development people have invented a non-tobacco device that is thought to be a safe and

harmless method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist,

and flavored air. This non-tobacco product is called the Electronic Cigarette which is

undergoing a phase of development by the use of modern technology.

According to the Center for Disease Control and prevention, Cigarette smoking

harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of

smokers in general. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop heart disease,

stroke, and lung cancer. It is in relation to the study conducted by Sam McArthur on

70,000 users which found that vaping nicotine still doubles the risk of heart attack over

not vaping at all, and (more of a concern) many people who vape to stop smoking

actually end up doing both – multiplying their risk of heart attack by five. On the other

hand, it contradicts Sam McArthur‘s study which states that vaping is relatively safer,

without the harmful chemicals that come from burning tobacco and paper. However,

vaping raises its own worries when it comes to teenagers. In addition to this the Pediatrics

study stated that vaping has overtaken cigarette usage among teenagers. There are also

studies are showing that, for adult smokers, vaping can work to stop smoking; an

estimated 2000 smokers quit in 2015 by substituting with vaping.

31
 Ultimately, the cigarette has been innovated for a safer non-tobacco alternative

which is the e-cigarette. Both of them come with risks and potential harm to our bodies.

But, as we investigate further alongside with the gathered data stated above, this could

help the research with its wide range of information that can help wider the view on

cigarettes and electronic cigarettes.

Hypothesis

The researchers have stated a hypothesis for the said research is: Electronic

Cigarettes are cheaper and have lesser health risks and greater health benefits than

cigarettes.

32
Definition of Terms

Atomizers (Atty) - is defined as any device that creates mist out of a liquid. Atomizers

require a wicking material that feeds e-liquid to your vape coils. When you engage the

vaporizer battery, the coil will heat up and turn the e-juice into warm, tasty vapour.

Cigarettes - a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

Clopidogrel – it keeps the platelets in your blood from coagulating (clotting) to prevent

unwanted blood clots that can occur with certain heart or blood vessel conditions. It is

also is used to prevent blood clots after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with

certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.

Cost - (of an object or action) require the payment of (a specified sum of money) before it

can be acquired or done.

E- Liquid - it works by heating a liquid which generates an aerosol, or "vapor", that is

inhaled by the user. Using e-cigarettes is commonly referred to as vaping. The liquid in

the e-cigarette, called e-liquid, or e-juice, is usually made of nicotine, propylene glycol,

glycerine, and flavourings

Electronic Cigarettes - a device that has the shape of a cigarette, cigar, or pen and does

not contain tobacco. It uses a battery and contains a solution of nicotine, flavourings, and

other chemicals, some of which may be harmful. When electronic cigarettes are used, the

nicotine solution turns into a mist that can be inhaled into the lungs. The amount of

nicotine in individual e-cigarettes can vary. It is not yet known whether electronic

33
cigarettes are safe or if they can be used to help smokers quit smoking. Also called e-

cigarette

Health Benefits - the health care items or services covered under a health insurance plan.

Covered benefits and excluded services are defined in the health insurance plan's

coverage documents. In Medicaid or CHIP, covered benefits and excluded services are

defined in state program rules

Health Risk - a risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that

increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the more

important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure, tobacco and

alcohol consumption, and unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene.

Lithium Battery - is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the

negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

Mechanical Device(Mod) - is a mechanical device. They are called Mechanical MODs

because they do not contain any circuit or electronic component whatsoever. When the

fire button of a mechanical MOD is pressed, is physically makes a connection between

the battery and the atomizer coil, causing it to heat up.

Nicotine - a toxic colourless or yellowish oily liquid that is the chief active constituent of

tobacco. It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of

autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells. Nicotine is also used in insecticides

Propylene Glycol -a liquid alcohol which is used as a solvent, in antifreeze, and in the

food, plastics, and perfume industries

34
.Vegetable Glycerine - is a clear, odourless liquid produced from plant oils, typically

palm oil, soy, or coconut oil. Palm and coconut oils are natural triglyceride mixtures;

each triglyceride is composed of three fatty acids esterified with glycerine.

Vape Devices - include not just e-cigarettes, but also vape pens and advanced personal

vaporizers (also known as 'MODS'). ... Generally a vaping device consists of a

mouthpiece, a battery, a cartridge for containing the e-liquid or e-juice, and a heating

component for the device that is powered by a battery.

Vaping – it is the action or practice of inhaling and exhaling the vapor produced by an

electronic cigarette or similar device.

35
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methodology of the research. This includes the research

design, participants, setting of the study, data gathering instrument, data gathering

procedure and data analysis

Research Design

The comparative study under quantitative research is the design of this inquiry.

Comparative study investigates, measures, and compares one or more aspects or

characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or phenomenon. Since, it is more

efficient in comparing cigarettes and electronic cigarettes in terms of health effects.

Sampling Design and Technique

In this study availability/convenience sampling was adopted which is "a method

on who is currently available for the interviews". The rationale for choosing this

approach is that the researcher is seeking knowledge about the health risks/benefits of

cigarettes and electronic cigarettes

Respondents of the Study

The subjects for the interview are past smokers who are now vapers or users of

electronic cigarettes. The researcher has worked in conjunction with vape shops with

their online groups around the vicinity of Batangas. Since the number of electronic

cigarette users can‘t be identified. The researcher selected 50 respondents that will

partake in the researcher‘s online questionnaire.

36
Data Gathering Instruments

The researchers used online questionnaire method and related literature for

gathering data and the online questionnaire will based on the question about how

electronic cigarettes changed your life style in connection with number four of the

statement of the problem.

Data Gathering Procedure

Online Questionnaires and online research are the main data collection techniques

for the study. Online questionnaires were conducted based on questions: Do electronic

cigarettes (vaping) change your life. Google Forms was used to create the online

questionnaires.

Creating a online
questionnaire with
Google Forms

Briefing the respondent in the

online survey and asking the
questions for the interview

Export results from

Google Forms

Data Analysis and

Interpretation Figure 2.0

37
Statistical Treatment of Data

The formula used to get the mean:

x=∑X
n

Where:

n = Number of Respondents

X = Score per respondent

4.01-5.00 – Strongly Agree

3.01-4.00 – Agree

2.01-3.00 – Neutral (undecided)

1.01-2.00 – Disagree

0.01-1.00 – Strongly Disagree

38
 CHAPTER IV

INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

Do electronic-cigarettes (vaping) change your life?

1. Do you refrain to smoke cigarettes again when you started vaping?

Refrain to smoke again after starting to

vape
2%

12% Strongly Agree

Agree
14%
Neutral (undecided)
52%
Disagree

20% Strongly Disagree

Graph 1.1

Graph 1.1 Shows that 52% strongly agreed to refrain to smoke after

transitioning to vaping, 20% agreed, 14% are undecided, 12% disagreed, and

2% strongly agreed. Question 1 has a mean of 4.02 which is equivalent to

strongly agree in the scale.

39
2. Did you feel much more active when you moved onto vaping?

Much more active when swtiched to

vaping
0%
6%
Strongly Agree
10%
Agree
42%
Neutral (undecided)

Disagree
42% Strongly Disagree

Graph 3.2

Graph 1.2 Shows that 42% strongly agreed that they feel much more

active when they moved on to vaping, 42% agreed, 10% are undecided, 6%

strongly disagreed, and 0% disagreed. Question 2 has a mean of 4.14 which is

equivalent to strongly agree in the scale.

40
3. Do you refuse to be tempted to smoke again when you see a person smoking?

Refuse temptation to smoke again after

seeing another person smoking
4%
4%
Strongly Agree

18% Agree

50% Neutral (undecided)

Disagree

24% Strongly Disagree

Graph 1.3

Graph 1.3 Shows that 50% strongly agreed that they refuse to be tempted

to smoke again after seeing another person smoking, 24% agreed, 18% are

undecided, 4% strongly disagreed, and agreed. Question 3 has a mean of 4.12

which is equivalent to strongly agree in the scale.

41
4. Did you stop smoking after switching to vaping?

Stopped smoking after switching to

vaping

6%
Strongly Agree
12%
Agree

12% Neutral (undecided)

58% Disagree
12%
Strongly Disagree

Graph 1.4

Graph 1.4 Shows that 58% strongly agreed that they still smoke after switching

to vaping, 12% agreed, undecided, disagreed, and 4% strongly disagreed.

Question 4 has a mean of 4.04 which is equivalent to disagree in the scale.

42
5. Are you satisfied that vaping is cheaper than smoking cigarettes?

Vaping is cheaper than smoking

cigarettes

4% 10%
Strongly Agree

8% Agree
42%
Neutral (undecided)

Disagree

36% Strongly Disagree

Graph 1.5

Graph 1.5 Shows that 42% strongly agreed that vaping is cheaper than smoking

cigarettes, 36% agreed, 10% strongly disagreed, 8% undecided, and 4%

disagreed. Question 5 has a mean of 3.96 which is equivalent to agree in the

scale.

43
6. Do you feel more accepted in society that you are not carrying the scent of a

cigarette?

Acceptance in the society without the

scent of a cigarette
2%
6%
Strongly Agree

16% Agree
38%
Neutral (undecided)

Disagree

Strongly Disagree
38%

Graph 1.6

Graph 1.6 Shows that 38% strongly agreed that they feel more accepted in

society that they are not carrying the scent of a cigarette, 38% agreed, 16%

undecided, 6% strongly disagreed, and 2% disagreed. Question 6 has a mean of

4.00 which is equivalent to agree in the scale.

44
7. Are you happy that you had quit smoking?

Happiness on quitting to smoke

0%
4%
6%

Strongly Agree
14%
Agree

Neutral (undecided)

Disagree
76%
Strongly Disagree

Graph 1.7

Graph 1.7 Shows that 76% strongly agreed that they are happy that they quit

smoking, 14% agreed, 6% undecided, 4% strongly disagreed, and 0% disagreed.

Question 7 has a mean of 4.58 which is equivalent to strongly agree in the scale.

45
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMENDATION

SUMMARY

1. Health Risk of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes

The health risks of cigarettes are: increased heart disease by 2 to 4 times, stroke 2

to 4 times, men lung cancer by 25 times, women lung cancer by 25.7 times, cancer in

different parts of the body (i.e. blood, kidney, liver, larynx, colon, etc.) and also

death. As for electronic cigarettes their health risks are: dry mouth, dizziness (due to

nicotine), sore throat, safety in terms of electronic involve (i.e. batteries) and

addiction due to nicotine. Exposure or inhaling nicotine may increase heart rate, and

the likelihood of a heart attack.

2. Health Benefits of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes

Smoking on the brighter side has some health benefits that include: lowers the

risk of knee-replacement surgery, lowers the risk of Parkinson‘s disease, lowers the

risk of obesity, lowers risk of death after some heart attacks, smoking helps the heart

drug clopidogrel work better. E-cigs on the other hand: can help smokers quit and

also bypass the negative effects of cigarettes (i.e. lung cancer, cardiovascular

diseases, etc.)

3. Are Electronic Cigarettes Cheaper Than Cigarettes

Vaping an electronic cigarette is cheaper than smoking cigarettes and you will

notice changes in your savings within a month of vaping. The initial cost of starter

kits of tank-style devices can range from £20-70 ( PHP 1172 – PHP 4105). You‘ll

only need to replace the heating coil for only a couple of pesos and, more regularly,

46
 buy your e-liquids which can start at PHP 100. The changing of the heating coils will

depend on how you use the device, but it will last around every two weeks or when

you get a ‗burnt‘ taste or low vapour production.

4. Does Electronic Cigarettes (vaping) change your life?

4.1 Graph 1.1 has shown that 52% strongly agreed and 20% agree that they refrain

to smoke again after starting to vape. 12% disagreed and 2% strongly disagree

that they refrain to smoke again after starting to vape. While the remaining 14%

are undecided. Question has obtained a mean of 4.02 which is equivalent to

strongly agree in the scale.

4.2 Graph 1.2 has shown that 42% strongly agreed and 42% agreed that they are

much more active when they switched to vaping. 10% are undecided, while the

remaining 6% strongly disagreed that they are much more active when they

switched to vaping. Question has obtained a mean of 4.14 which is equivalent to

strongly agree in the scale.

4.3 Graph 1.3 has shown that 50% strongly agreed and 24% agreed that they refuse

to be tempted to smoke again after seeing another person smoking. 18% are

undecided, while the remaining 4% disagreed and strongly agreed that refuse to

be tempted to smoke again after seeing another person smoking Question has

obtained a mean of 4.12 which is equivalent to strongly agree in the scale.

4.4 Graph 1.4 has shown that 58% strongly agreed and 12% agree, disagreed and

are undecided that they stopped smoking after switching to vaping. While the

remaining 6% strongly disagreed that they stopped smoking after switching to

47
 vaping. Question has obtained a mean of 4.04 which is equivalent to strongly

agree in the scale.

4.5 Graph 1.5 has shown that 42% strongly agreed and 36% agreed that vaping is

cheaper than smoking cigarettes. 10% strongly disagreed that vaping is cheaper

than smoking, while the remaining 8% undecided, and 4% disagreed. Question

has a mean of 3.96 which is equivalent to agree in the scale.

4.6 Graph 1.6. Shows that 38% strongly agreed and agreed that they feel more

accepted in society that they are not carrying the scent of a cigarette. 16% are

undecided whether they feel accepted in the society without the scent of a

cigarette, while 6% strongly disagreed, and 2% disagreed. Question has a mean

of 4.00 which is equivalent to agree in the scale.

4.7 Graph 1.7. Shows that 76% strongly agreed and 14% agreed that they are happy

that they quit smoking. 6% are undecided on whether they are happy on quitting

smoking, while the remaining 4% strongly disagreed and 0% disagreed. Question

has a mean of 4.58 which is equivalent to strongly agree in the scale.

5. Are Electronic Cigarettes Safer than Cigarettes

Experts think that e-cigarettes are safer, based on various studies conducted so far,

they are less harmful than cigarettes. Smoking is associated with a number of very

serious health risks to both the smoker and to others around them. The switch from

tobacco to e-cigarettes substantially reduces a major health risk like: lung cancer,

increase cardiovascular diseases, etc.

48
CONCLUSION

1. Health Risk of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes

The risks of cigarettes are lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cancer in different

parts of the body (i.e. blood, kidney, liver, larynx, colon, etc.), and death while

electronic cigarettes on the other hand can only cause dry mouth, dizziness, sore

throat, increase heart attack and increased heart rate

2. Health Benefits of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes

Smoking lowers the risk of knee-replacement surgery, lowers the risk of

Parkinson‘s disease, lowers the risk of obesity, lowers risk of death after some heart

attacks, smoking helps the heart drug clopidogrel work better while electronic

cigarettes can help smokers quit and also bypass the negative effects of cigarettes

3. Are Electronic Cigarettes Cheaper than Cigarettes

An electronic cigarette is cheaper than smoking cigarettes. The initial cost of

starter kits of tank-style devices can range from £20-70 ( PHP 1172 – PHP 4105). E-

liquids which can start at PHP 100.

4. Do Electronic Cigarettes (vaping) change your life?

Ultimately, all seven question has a mean of 4.12 which is equivalent to strong

agree in the scale. Thus showing that vaping changes their life.

5 Are Electronic Cigarettes Safer than Cigarettes

E-cigarettes are definitely safer. Smoking is associated with a number of very

serious health risks to both the smoker and to others around them. E-cigarettes

reduces a few major health risk like: lung cancer, increase cardiovascular diseases,

etc.

49
RECOMMENDATION

The researcher would like to recommend to the future researcher that will make the same

study to:

1. For smokers, it is advisable to switch into vaping to lessen the risk of having

disease and it is safer than smoking because no chemicals has been added to the

liquid of e cigarettes.

2. It is best to go for e-cigarettes because e-cigs and cigarettes are both beneficial but

still vaping cannot trigger any kind of symptoms in the human body, smoking has

benefits but other than that it can still cause cancer and much harder to cure..

3. It is advisable to go with the safer and cheaper alternative which is e-cigarettes

Cigarettes are not cheaper and it will cost you more if you sacrifice your health

due to symptoms and illness that you will be experiencing, unlike vaping it is

cheaper and less in occurring any kind of diseases.

4. For this generation, they must prevent using e-cigarettes because it can be a

gateway to smoking cigarettes and for smokers, vaping is a way to change your

life and lessen the harsh effects of smoking cigarettes

5. Before switching to vaping, you must have first prior knowledge about it because

it may cause an injury; there are vape shops that who are willing to assist you on

how to use the vape properly.

50
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

10 common questions about e-cigarettes answered. (2016, May 17). Retrieved May 11,
2019, from Cancer Research UK:
https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2016/05/17/10-common-questions-
about-e-cigarettes-answered/

Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. (2018, January 17). Retrieved March 10, 2019, from
Center for Disease Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig
_smoking/index.htm

Contruction of Electronic Cigarettes. (2019, March 9). Retrieved March 26, 2019, from
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_electronic_cigarettes

The History of Electronic Cigarettes. (2019, March 5). Retrieved March 10, 2019, from
Wikipedia: https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/professional-education/ce-
courses/ce451/the-history-of-e-cigarettes

McArthur, S. (n.d.). Vaping: The Good, Bad, and the Popcorn Lung. Retrieved March 26,
2019, from MPH ONLINE: https://www.mphonline.org/vaping-public-health/

Wanjek, C. (2011, July 19). 5 Healh Benefits of Smoking. Retrieved May 13, 2019, from
LiveScience: https://www.livescience.com/15115-5-health-benefits-smoking-
disease.html

What' is in a cigarette? (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2019, from Irish Cancer Society:
https://www.cancer.ie/reduce-your-risk/smoking/health-risks/whats-in-
cigarettes#sthash.pCEw46Dq.dpbs

51
 APPENDIX

ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE

52
53
54
DOCUMENTATION

55
56
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Aguilera, Rone Jean G.

Address: Lipa City, Batangas
Email-Address: arjayaguilera@gmail.com
Contact No.: 09057505978

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth March 07, 1999
Place of Birth Lipa City, Batangas
Age 20
Height 174cm
Weight 85 kg
Civil Status Single
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Roman Catholic
Language Spoken English, Filipino
Present Address Brgy tambo lipa city batangas
Permanent Address Brgy tambo lipa city batangas

FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father‘s Name Ronaldo Aguilera
Occupation
Contact No
Address Lipa City Batangas
Mother‘s Name Carol Aguilera
Occupation House Wife
Contact No
Address Lipa City Batangas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary Batangas College of Arts and Sciences Inc.
Address Banay-banay Lipa City, Batangas
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Secondary Batangas College of Arts and Sciences Inc.
Address Banay-banay Lipa City, Batangas
Academic Awards and
With Honors
Distinction
Tertiary Batangas State University - Alangilan Campus
Address Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200
Academic Awards and
Distinction

57
Name: Fallurin, Jhon Louie F.
Address: Purok 4 Calicanto Batangas City
Email-Address: louief281999@gmail.com
Contact No.: 09953171749

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth September 28, 1999
Place of Birth Rosario, Pasig City
Age 18
Height 158
Weight 67kg
Civil Status Single
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Roman Catholic
Language Spoken English, Filipino
Present Address Purok 4 Calicanto Batangas City
Permanent Address Purok 4 Calicanto Batangas City

FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father‘s Name Israel Fallurin
Occupation
Contact No
Address Purok 4 Calicanto Batangas City
Mother‘s Name Vivian Fallurin
Occupation
Contact No
Address Purok 4 Calicanto Batangas City

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary Adonai Shepherd Academy
Address
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Secondary University Of Batangas
Address Lawas, Batangas
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Tertiary Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus
Address Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200
Academic Awards and
Distinction

58
Name: Laroza, Victor Ralph R.
Address: Galamay Amo San Jose Batangas
Email-Address: larozavictor@gmail.com
Contact No.: 09494001098

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth October 25, 1999
Place of Birth Lipa City Batangas
Age 18
Height 153
Weight 80 kg
Civil Status Single
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Roman Catholic
Language Spoken English, Filipino
Present Address Galamay amo san jose batangas
Permanent Address Galamay amo san jose batangas

FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father‘s Name Laroza, Larry S
Occupation District Manager
Contact No 09989788641
Address Galamay amo san jose batangas
Mother‘s Name Ricarte, Inocencia C
Occupation House Wife
Contact No 09399247080
Address Galamay amo san jose batangas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary De La Salle Lipa
Address 1962 J.P. Laurel National Highway, Poblacion, Lipa, 4217
Batangas
Academic Awards and
Achiever
Distinction
Secondary De La Salle Lipa
Address 1962 J.P. Laurel National Highway, Poblacion, Lipa, 4217
Batangas
Academic Awards and
Achiever
Distinction
Tertiary Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus
Address Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200
Academic Awards and
Distinction

59
Name: Ordoñez, Ken Angelo V.
Address: Brgy. Libjo Sitio Lamao Batangas City
Email-Address: kenordonez099@gmail.com
Contact No.: 09156020107

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth July 12, 2000
Place of Birth Kuwait City
Age 18
Height 5‘10
Weight 79 kg
Civil Status Single
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Roman Catholic
Language Spoken English, Filipino
Present Address Brgy. Libjo Sitio Lamao Batangas
Permanent Address Brgy. Libjo Sitio Lamao Batangas

FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father‘s Name Ordoñez Jr., Pablo V.
Occupation Nurse
Contact No
Address Brgy. Libjo Sitio Lamao Batangas
Mother‘s Name Ordonez, Michelle Conelly V.
Occupation Nurse
Contact No 09053528817
Address Brgy. Libjo Sitio Lamao Batangas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary St. Peter D'rock School
Address Libjo Central Batangas City
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Secondary St. Bridget College Batangas
Address M.H. Del pillar street Batangas City
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Tertiary Batangas State University – Alangilan Campus
Address Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200
Academic Awards and
Distinction

60
Name: Perez, David R.
Address: Brgy tambo lipa city batangas
Email-Address: david.beatbox5000@gmail.com
Contact No.: 09053181256

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth October 30, 1998
Place of Birth Cagayan de oro
Age 19
Height 158
Weight 75 kg
Civil Status Single
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Roman Catholic
Language Spoken English, Filipino
Present Address Brgy tambo lipa city batangas
Permanent Address Brgy tambo lipa city batangas

FAMILY BACKGROUND
Father‘s Name Romeo P. Perez
Occupation
Contact No
Address Brgy tambo lipa city batangas
Mother‘s Name Gemma R. Perez
Occupation House Wife
Contact No
Address Brgy tambo lipa city batangas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary Anne Claire Montessori de lipa
Address Tambo Lipa
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Secondary De La Salle Lipa
Address 1962 J.P. Laurel National Highway, Poblacion, Lipa, 4217
Batangas
Academic Awards and
Distinction
Tertiary Batangas State University - Alangilan Campus
Address Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200
Academic Awards and
Distinction

61