IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO.

4, JULY/AUGUST 2019 3935

A Fast Instantaneous Power Calculation Algorithm

for Single-Phase Rectifiers Based on Arbitrary
Phase-Delay Method
Chengxiang Zhang , Student Member, IEEE, Siru Yu , Student Member, IEEE,
Keteng Jiang , Student Member, IEEE, Xinglai Ge , Member, IEEE, and Junpeng Ma

Abstract—The instantaneous power for a three-phase rectifier

can be calculated directly in the orthogonal coordinate system
via coordinate transformation. However, it is difficult to calculate
the instantaneous power directly for a single-phase rectifier due
to the lack of another phase. Therefore, an orthogonal signal
generator (OSG) is required to create an orthogonal coordinate
system. Currently, conventional OSG algorithms suffer from long
response time. To remedy this problem, in this paper, an arbitrary
phase-delay OSG algorithm is developed and applied to the direct
power control (DPC) system in the single-phase rectifiers. First,
the instantaneous power theory and DPC are presented. Then,
the principle of the arbitrary phase-delay OSG method is intro-
duced and the anti-interference ability of the proposed method is
analyzed. Through the dynamic response analysis, the developed
algorithm brings faster response, easier implementation, and
less computational burden compared with other common OSG
algorithms. Finally, the validity and advancement of the proposed
Fig. 1. General block diagram of the DPC scheme. (a) DPC in three-phase
algorithm are verified by simulations and hardware-in-the-loop ex-
rectifier. (b) DPC in Single-phase rectifier.
perimental tests. A comparison with conventional OSG algorithms
also proves the advantages of the developed method.
Index Terms—Arbitrary phase delay, direct power control indirect current control [3], [4], hysteresis current control [5],
(DPC), instantaneous power calculation, orthogonal signal gener- [6], transient current control [7], [8], predictive current control
ator (OSG), single-phase rectifier. [9]–[11], D–Q current decoupling control [12]–[14]. They are
mainly based on the current regulation to achieve the unit power
I. INTRODUCTION operation of the rectifier with different characteristics. Com-
INGLE-PHASE pulse rectifier has been widely used in pared with the current control, the direct power control (DPC),
S electric locomotives and high-speed electrical multiple
units for various advantages, such as low harmonic content of in-
which is characterized by simple algorithm and fast dynamic re-
sponse, can realize unit power factor by means of direct control
put current, high-power factor in the grid side, and bidirectional of active power and reactive power based on the instantaneous
energy flow [1], [2]. With the rapid development of high-speed power theory. Hence, it has been widely studied and applied in
railway, higher requirements are put forward for its control, and three-phase system [15]–[20].
various approaches have been proposed in succession, such as To implement DPC in the rectifier, it is necessary to calculate
the instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power.
Manuscript received June 21, 2018; revised November 30, 2018; accepted For a three-phase system, it is easy to calculate the instantaneous
February 16, 2019. Date of publication March 26, 2019; date of current version active/reactive power in the orthogonal coordinate system via
June 29, 2019. Paper 2018-IPCC-0670.R1, presented at the 2017 IEEE Trans-
portation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific, Harbin, China, Park/Clark transform, as shown in Fig. 1(a). However, due to
Aug. 2–5, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUS- the lack of another phase in single-phase system, it is difficult
TRY APPLICATIONS by the Industrial Power Converter Committee of the IEEE to constitute an orthogonal coordinate system to calculate the
Industry Applications Society. This work was supported by the National Natu-
ral Science Foundation of China under Grant 51677156 and Grant 61733015. instantaneous power. Therefore, it is necessary to create a set of
(Corresponding author: Xinglai Ge.) orthogonal signals according to the original signal [21]–[24].
The authors are with the National Rail Transportation Electrification and Orthogonal signal generators (OSGs) mainly generate the
Automation Engineering Technology Research Center, Southwest Jiaotong
University, Chengdu 610031, China (e-mail:, bk20111725@my.swjtu.edu.cn; corresponding orthogonal signal xβ according to the detected
yoosarou@163.com; ketengjiang@my.swjtu.edu.cn; xlgee@163.com; junpeng single-phase signal xα , so that the orthogonal coordinate sys-
_ma@163.com). tem could be established for power calculation, as shown in
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Fig. 1(b). In order to ensure that DPC in single-phase rectifier
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2019.2906580 has the same excellent performance as DPC in the three-phase

0093-9994 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
3936 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2019

rectifier, the OSG introduced in the single-phase system should in orthogonal coordinates [32]. This paper explains the instan-
not bring additional adverse effects on the control performance taneous active power and reactive power by means of space
of the single-phase system. Therefore, the key issue of OSG in complex vector.
DPC for the single-phase rectifier is to generate the orthogonal In the stationary α–β coordinate system, complex vectors of
signal xβ quickly and accurately. The common methods of gen- the sinusoidal voltage Vs and current I s are defined as follows:
erating orthogonal signals include quarter-cycle delay method ⎧
⎪ V = um ejωt = uα + juβ
[22], [25], first-order differentiating [26], filters method [23], ⎪ s
⎪
⎨ = u cos ωt + ju sin ωt
[27], second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) [28]–[30], etc. m m
(1)
Among them, quarter-cycle delay needs response time of 0.25 ⎪ I s = im e
⎪
jωt+ϕ
= iα + jiβ
⎪
⎩
grid cycles when the original signal changes. The first-order = im cos (ωt + ϕ) + jim sin (ωt + ϕ)
differentiating operator could generate a quadrature signal with
fast response, but the random noise is significantly enlarged where ω refers to the fundamental angular frequency, uα and
with high sampling frequency. If the sampling frequency is re- uβ refer to the α-axis component and the β-axis component
duced, the orthogonal signal generated by first-order differenti- of the voltage complex vector, respectively, iα and iβ refer to
ating method will produce a large approximation error. In [27], the α-axis component and the β-axis component of the current
xβ is chosen as zero to abandon the OSG. However, there ex- complex vector, respectively. um and im are the amplitudes of
ists harmonic with double grid frequency in d-q frame after the the fundamental components in the voltage and current. ϕ is
coordinate transformation. Usually a notch filter or a low-pass the phase-lagging angle between the fundamental components
filter is used to filter out the harmonics, but this will lead to in current and voltage. It is noted that voltage complex vector
a reduction in the bandwidth of the control loop and increase coincides with α-axis at the initial time.
the response time. In recent years, the OSG based on SOGI has Then, complex power S can be expressed as
attracted much attention due to its frequency-adaptive perfor- 1
mance and harmonic/noise immunity. However, it suffers from S= Vs I ∗s = P + jQ (2)
2
long response time although the research has focused on how to
where the asterisk ∗ denotes the complex conjugate value. P and
optimize the response speed [31]. That limits its application in
Q refer to the instantaneous active power and reactive power
fast detection and control in single-phase system.
corresponding to the real and imaginary parts of instantaneous
Therefore, this paper focuses on an OSG with fast response
complex power, respectively.
performance, which is used in DPC of the single-phase rectifier
Substituting (1) into (2), it follows that
to ensure that the control performance of the single-phase sys- 
tem is not affected by OSG and as excellent as in the three-phase P = 21 (uα iα + uβ iβ )
rectifier. Considering the requirements of simple digital imple- (3)
Q = 21 (iα uβ − iβ uα ) .
mentation, low computation burden, and fast response speed,
the quarter-cycle delay method and the first-order differentiat- It is noted that the two components of the grid voltage vector
ing method are still the main choices for generating orthogonal are not equal to 0 in the stationary α–β coordinate system, the
signals. In order to overcome the defects of the two algorithms relationship between the active/reactive power and the current
in response speed, precision, and noise immunity, an OSG al- vector is relatively complex.
gorithm with arbitrary phase delay is proposed in this paper Similarly, complex vectors of sinusoidal voltage V r and cur-
to establish the orthogonal coordinate system and calculate the rent I r in the d–q coordinate system are defined as follows:
instantaneous power of the single-phase rectifier. The proposed 
OSG algorithm is applied to the DPC system in single-phase rec- Vr = ud + juq
(4)
tifier and a comparison with other traditional OSG algorithms I r = id + jiq
is provided to show the advantages of the proposed methods.
The validity and advancement of the proposed algorithm are where ud and uq refer to the d-axis component and the q-axis
verified by simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experi- component of the voltage complex vector, respectively, id and
mental tests. iq refer to the d-axis component and the q-axis component of
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Section II de- the current complex vector, respectively.
scribes the instantaneous power theory based on complex vector The d–q coordinate system rotates synchronously with angu-
and a common predictive DPC algorithm. Section III explains lar velocity ω, so that d-axis coincides with the voltage complex
the principles of the arbitrary phase-delay OSG method. In vector all the time. Thus, the coordinate transformation relation
Section IV, a comparison of the proposed methods and tradi- between complex components in a stationary reference frame
tional OSG methods is carried out through simulation and ex- and rotating reference frame can be deduced as

perimental tests. Finally, a conclusion is conducted in Section V. Vs = Vr ejωt
(5)
I s = I r ejωt .
II. INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY AND DPC ALGORITHM
A. Instantaneous Power Theory Based on Complex Vector Substituting (5) into (2), the relation among S, V r and I r can
be derived as
The DPC of a three-phase rectifier is based on the instanta-
1
neous reactive power theory, which was developed by Akagi S = Vr I r ∗ = P + jQ. (6)
2
ZHANG et al.: FAST INSTANTANEOUS POWER CALCULATION ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS 3937

Fig. 2. Topology of the single-phase two-level PWM rectifier.

Fig. 3. Diagram of predictive DPC.

Substituting (4) into (6), P and Q could also be expressed as


P = 21 (ud id + uq iq ) Similarly, uab can be described by complex vectors V ab ,
(7) which is defined as
Q = 21 (id uq − iq ud ) .
Combining (1), (4), and (5), ud and uq could be expressed as uab = uabα = Re {V ab } . (12)

ud = um Then, relation (10) can be rewritten in the stationary α–β
(8) coordinate as
uq = 0.
dI s
According to (8), in the d–q coordinate system, when d-axis is Vs = L + V ab . (13)
completely coincident with the grid voltage, uq = 0. Therefore, dt
the formula (7) can be further simplified to Substituting (5) into (13), a d–q mathematic model of the
 rectifier is deduced as
P = 21 um id
(9) dI r
Q = − 21 um iq . V abr = Vr − L − jωs LI r (14)
dt
In this case, the active/reactive power is proportional to the
where V abr , V r , and I r are complex vectors in the rotating ref-
active/reactive current id /iq . Compared with the stationary ref-
erence frame corresponding to V ab , Vs , and I s in the stationary
erence frame, the relationship between power and current in the
frame, respectively.
rotating reference frame is clearer and simpler. Thus, the rotating
Substituting (4) and (8) to (14), relation (14) can be decom-
reference frame is adopted for the computation and implemen-
posed into real part and imaginary part
tation of the power decoupling control algorithms.

uabd = um − L didtd + ωLiq
B. Predictive DPC Algorithm for Single-Phase Rectifier di (15)
uabq = −L dtq − ωLid .
The topology of a single-phase two-level converter in the trac-
tion drive system is shown in Fig. 2, where L is the equivalent Multiply both sides of (15) with um and substitute (9) into
inductance of traction transformer, L2 and C2 are the inductance the result. The d and q components of uab could be deduced as
and capacitor of the second-order passive resonant filter, respec- 
tively; Cd is the buffer capacitor in the dc link; Rd is the equiva- uabd = um − u2L dP
m dt
− 2ωL
um Q
(16)
lent resistance of inverter-motor side; T1a –T2a and T1b –T2b are uabq = um dt − um P.
2L dQ 2ωL

insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules with freewheel

diodes of phase a and phase b, respectively. The principle of predictive control is introduced [15]
As shown in Fig. 2, Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied  dP
to analyze the voltage across inductor L, which could be L dt = L PrefTs−P
Qref −Q (17)
dt = L Ts
L dQ
expressed as
dis
us = L + uab (10) where Ts refers to the sampling period, and Pref and Qref refer
dt to the reference value of active and reactive power, respectively.
where us refers to the grid voltage, is refers to the line current, According to (17), (16) can be further simplified as
and uab refers to the input voltage of the converter. 
According to complex vectors defined by (1), the grid voltage uabd = um − um Ts (Pref − P ) − um Q
2L 2ωL

us and the line current is can be described by complex vectors. (18)

uabq = um Ts (Qref − Q) − um P.
2L 2ωL
That is

us = uα = Re {Vs } Thus, based on the instantaneous power theory, the DPC al-
(11) gorithm can be realized. The diagram of the predictive DPC
is = iα = Re {I s } .
algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.
3938 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2019

Fig. 4. Vector diagram of quarter-cycle delay method. Fig. 5. Vector diagram of arbitrary phase-delay method.

Similarly, at time T1
III. ARBITRARY PHASE-DELAY OSG METHOD

A. Principle of the Proposed Method xα1 = xm cos(ωs T1 )
(22)
xβ1 = xm sin(ωs T1 ).
Due to the absence of another phase component in single-
phase system, it is necessary to introduce a virtual orthogonal The relationship between the two time moments is T2 = T1 +
component to form the space vector. The traditional method for ΔT. Substituting it into (21) and according to the trigonometric
generating virtual orthogonal components is quarter-cycle delay, formula, the following expression is deduced:
whose vector diagram is depicted in Fig. 4. ⎧
It is assumed that the complex vector X, which rotates with ⎪ xα2 = xm cos[ωs (T1 + ΔT )]
⎪
⎪
an angular frequency of the grid ωs and the amplitude of xm , ⎨ = x [cos(ω T ) cos(ω ΔT ) − sin(ω T ) sin(ω ΔT )]
m s 1 s s 1 s
coincides with α-axis at the initial time. Thus, X could be ⎪ = sin[ω (T + ΔT )]
⎪ β2
⎪
x x m s 1
depicted as ⎩
= xm [sin(ωs T1 ) cos(ωs ΔT ) + cos(ωs T1 ) sin(ωs ΔT )].
X = xm ejωs t = xα + jxβ (19) (23)
Substituting (22) into (23), formula (23) could be simplified
where xα = xm cos(ωs t) is the original component of single- as
phase system, xβ = xm sin(ωs t) is the virtual quadrature phase 
component, which could be rewritten as xα2 = xα1 cos(ωs ΔT ) − xβ1 sin(ωs ΔT )
(24)
xβ2 = xβ1 cos(ωs ΔT ) + xα1 sin(ωs ΔT ).
xβ = xm sin (ωs t) = xm cos (ωs t − π/2) . (20)
Then, xβ1 can be eliminated and xβ2 can be obtained as
follows:
The phase of xβ delays π/2 compared to xα , which is called
the quarter-cycle delay. When implemented in a digital con- xα1 − xα2 cos(ωs ΔT )
xβ2 = (25)
troller, the angle of space vector between X1 at time T1 and sin(ωs ΔT )
X2 at time T2 is π/2 rad. According to the geometrical relation,
where ΔT refers to delay time of the proposed algorithm. When
xβ2 equals xα1 as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, the digital con-
ωs ΔT = π/2, substituting it into (25) yields xβ2 = xα1 , that
troller needs to store the data of x for more than one-fourth cycle,
is, the quarter-cycle delay. When implemented in a digital con-
which will result in a long response time. When the original sig-
troller, ΔT can be expressed as
nal changes, the virtual quadrature signal needs to track the new
signal for one-fourth cycle at least. ΔT = KTs (26)
To shorten the response time, this paper proposes a quadrature
vector reconstruction method with the reduced phase shift. As where K is the number of delayed control cycles, Ts is the sam-
shown in Fig. 5, the vector is located at X1 at time T1 , after a pling period of the controller. When K = 1, ΔT can be set to one
time span of ΔT, vector at time T2 is located at X2 . Then, the control sampling period, that is, ΔT = Ts . The response speed
virtual orthogonal component xβ2 at T2 can be obtained from of the proposed algorithm is fast as the first-order differentiat-
xα2 , xα1 and time span ΔT. ing algorithm, and there is no calculation error when calculating
As illustrated in Fig. 5, at T2 , xα2 and xβ2 can be the quadrature signal. Therefore, the proposed algorithm does
expressed as not increase the computational burden and benefits to the im-
plementation of the digital controller. Moreover, the proposed

xα2 = xm cos(ωs T2 ) algorithm, which is characterized by remarkable response speed
(21) and high accuracy, overcomes the shortcomings of the quarter-
xβ2 = xm sin(ωs T2 ).
cycle delay algorithm and the first-order differential method.
ZHANG et al.: FAST INSTANTANEOUS POWER CALCULATION ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
Fig. 6. Bode diagram of arbitrary phase-delay OSG.
B. Analysis of Anti-Interference Ability for the
Proposed Method
As stated above, when the angle frequency of sinusoidal phys-
ical quantity is the rated frequency ωs , the orthogonal signal
can be calculated fast and precisely via the proposed arbitrary
phase-delay OSG method. However, when the signal contains
harmonic or the noise with the non-rated angle frequency, the
amplitude of these undesired signals will be increased or attenu-
ated by the proposed arbitrary phase-delay OSG. Therefore, the
anti-interference ability of the proposed algorithm can be ex-
plained by the frequency response characteristics of the discrete
system.
Equation (25) could be transformed from discrete time do-
main to Z domain, as shown in the following equation:
xα1 (z) − xα2 (z) cos(ωs ΔT )
xβ2 (z) = . (27)
sin(ωs ΔT )
The time interval between xα2 and xα1 is ΔT, which indicates
that xα1 lags xα2 K sampling periods according to (26). Then,
based on the basic properties of Z transform, it can be derived
that
xα1 (z) = z −K xa2 (z). (28)
Substituting (28) into (27), the discrete transfer function of
the proposed arbitrary phase-delay OSG is derived as
xβ2 (z) z −K − cos(ωs ΔT )
G(z) = = . (29)
xα2 (z) sin(ωs ΔT )
In order to draw its Bode diagram, the (29) can be transformed
into continuous domain. According to z = esT
e−sΔT − cos(ωs ΔT )
G(s) = . (30)
sin(ωs ΔT )
The Bode diagram of (30) is thus shown in Fig. 6.
It can be seen in Fig. 6 that the proposed algorithm can at-
tenuate some frequency signals and amplify others. This feature
will vary with different delay phase. Therefore, if there exists
specific-order harmonics in the signal, the proposed OSG can at-
tenuate the harmonics by choosing the appropriate delay phase.
3939
Fig. 7. Noise amplification factor and response time versus delay phase.
In order to evaluate the amplification characteristics of noise
or harmonics in the proposed OSG under the worst conditions.
Only the amplification of OSG for harmonic or noise from OSG
is considered below.
For the system described by the transfer function (30), the
amplitude frequency characteristic can be obtained as
 −jωΔT 
e − cos(ωs ΔT ) 
|G (s)| |s=jω =  
sin(ωs ΔT )
 −jωΔT 
e  + |cos(ωs ΔT )|
≤
|sin(ωs ΔT )|
1 + cos(ωs ΔT )
= =A (31)
sin(ωs ΔT )
where A denotes the maximum amplification factor of the pro-
posed algorithm. The value of phase ωs ΔT is in the range of
0°–90°, so that sin(ωs ΔT ) and cos(ωs ΔT ) in (31) are both
positive.
According to (31), the noise in the single-phase sinusoidal
signal will be amplified with the coefficient A by proposed OSG
algorithm in the worst condition. The maximum noise amplifi-
cation factor A is linked to ωs ΔT and the relationship is shown
in Fig. 7. After time-domain analysis and simulation tests, the
relationship between the response time and the delay phase of
the proposed algorithm is also shown in Fig. 7. When the de-
lay phase is within 15°, the noise amplification is more serious.
With the increase of the delay phase, the noise amplification
factor will be significantly reduced. So, in the actual applica-
tion, the appropriate phase delay can be selected according to
the concrete requirements of the operating environment so that
the noise can be limited to the acceptable range. On the other
hand, the response time increases linearly with the increase of
delay phase. Therefore, we must compromise between the time
of noise suppression and response speed. In order to ensure the
control effect, the sampled signals are filtered before sent to the
controller, which greatly reduces the influence of the arbitrary
phase-delay algorithm on the signal noise amplification. There-
fore, the delayed phase can be selected around 30° or larger in
engineering applications, which can meet the requirements on
most occasions. The maximum noise amplification factor is be-
low 4, and the response time is fastest within 2 ms under this
condition.
3940 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2019
Fig. 8. Bode diagram of second-order notch filter.
C. Dynamic Response Comparison and Analysis of Three
OSG Algorithms
In this section, two kinds of general OSG algorithms, notch
filter and SOGI algorithm, are analyzed and compared with the
proposed algorithm.
The dynamic response time of an arbitrary phase-delay algo-
rithm is shown in Fig. 7, where the response time is within 5 ms.
And the maximum response time is 5 ms when the delay phase
is 90°, which is the one-fourth periodic delay. In Figs. 6 and
7, the proper choice of delay phase angle will not significantly
increase or decrease the gain of the original loop, thus having
less impact on the original loop.
1) Notch Filter Method: The basic principle of generating
quadrature signal by filtering is setting up the virtual quadrature
signal xβ = 0 and then carrying on the coordinate transforma-
tion. But in this way, the signal in the dq coordinate system
contains second harmonic components. So it is necessary to use
a low-pass filter or notch filter to filter the second harmonic to
obtain the dc component [33]. A common second-order notch
filter is used, whose continuous transfer function is given as
follows:
s2 + ωf2
GBSF (s) = (32)
s2 + ωf /γs + ωf2
where ωf is the filter frequency and γ is the quality factor.
According to the transfer function, the second-order notch fil-
ter can be regarded as a typical two-level standardization system.
Its natural frequency is the system filter frequency ωf , which is
two times of the power frequency 50 Hz
ωf = 2π × 100 rad/s. (33)
The Bode diagram of a notch filter is shown in Fig. 8, where
the notch filter can only effectively filter out the second har-
monic component. However, it should also be noted that in order
to ensure the dynamic response speed, the cutoff frequency of
the current loop should be much greater than 100 Hz. However,
the enormous gain attenuation of a notch filter will make the
system loop gain traverse 0 dB around 100 Hz. Therefore, the
dynamic response performance of the system will be affected.
As for the damping ratio ζ = 1/(2γ), when the filter frequency
ωf is determined, the response time of the filter is determined
Fig. 9. Variation of response time versus γ in notch filter.
Fig. 10. Bode diagram of SOGI.
by the parameter γ. After time-domain analysis and simulation
tests, the relationship between the filter response time and the
quality factor is shown in Fig. 9. When γ = 0.64, the shortest
response time about 7.47 ms could be achieved. Considering the
general engineering optimum damping ratio, which means γ =
0.707, the response time of the filter is about 11.3 ms.
2) Second-Order Generalized Integrator: With an input sig-
nal x, the output signal of SOGI is xα and xβ , which represent the
filtered signal of the input signal and the quadrature signal of the
input signal, respectively. Only orthogonal signal components
xβ are considered here.
The closed-loop transfer function of the quadrature signal
generator based on SOGI structure can be expressed as [30]
kω02
GSOGI (s) = (34)
s2 + kω0 s + ω02
where ω 0 represents the resonant frequency, which is the power
frequency, 50 Hz in this formula. The parameter k affects the
bandwidth and response time of the closed-loop system.
The Bode diagram of SOGI is shown as Fig. 10, where SOGI
can not only generate orthogonal signals but also work as a low-
pass filter. Furthermore, SOGI needs to get orthogonal signals
at 50 Hz, where the gain is 0 dB, so the bandwidth of SOGI is
very small. SOGI also limits the bandwidth of the control loop
similar to the notch filter. In addition, it should be noted that
the gain of SOGI in a low-frequency band is not zero, which
means that SOGI will amplify dc component and low harmonic
ZHANG et al.: FAST INSTANTANEOUS POWER CALCULATION ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS 3941

Fig. 11. Variation of response time versus k in SOGI.

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THREE OSG ALGORITHMS Fig. 12. Schematic of the single-phase active rectifier together with the asso-
ciated control blocks.

TABLE II
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS

to some extent. These problems will have a bad effect on the

performance of the control system.
The response time of SOGI is mainly determined by the k in
(34) [31]. The relation between the response time and the gain k
is shown in Fig. 11, where the response time of SOGI decreases
first and then increases with the increase of k. The minimum
response time located around the k value of 1.56. The minimum
response time for SOGI is about 11.5 ms.
In summary, the response time, filter capacity and the influ-
ence on the control loop of the three OSG algorithms are ana-
lyzed and the compared results are shown in Table I. It can be
seen that the proposed arbitrary phase-delay OSG algorithm has
the fastest response and minimum impact on control loop among
them. So, the proposed method has obvious advantages in the
system without much noise but requiring fast response.

IV. SIMULATION AND HIL EXPERIMENTAL TEST

In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed arbitrary
phase-delay OSG algorithm, computer simulation and HIL ex-
perimental tests are implemented. The proposed algorithm is
applied to the DPC system for single-phase rectifier, which is
shown in Fig. 12. It is noted that OSG is applied to the cal-
culation of single-phase current quadrature components isβ . A Fig. 13. Simulink results in the predictive DPC with power calculation by
SOGI-based phase-locked loop [31] is implemented for the syn- using the 45° phase-delay scheme.
chronization with the single-phase grid to provide phase angle
ωs t to the dq–αβ or dq–αβ coordinate transformation, which A. Simulation Results
can calculate the grid voltage amplitude at the same time. The
Fig. 13 shows the waveforms of the main voltage and the line
structure of DPC is shown in Fig. 3. After dq–αβ coordinate
current in the predictive DPC method with power calculation
transformation, the output signal of the DPC is transferred to
by using any phase delay scheme (with 45°) under the sudden
pulsewidth modulation (PWM) in order to generate the switch-
change of power demand. The voltage and current of the grid are
ing signals of the rectifier. The controller is implemented in
the same in frequency and phase. Simulink results show that the
the per-unit system. The main system parameters are listed in
proposed algorithm can achieve the unity power factor control.
Table II.
3942
Fig. 14. Power calculation performance of different degrees phase delay in
the condition of power step change (power: 500 kW/div; time: 10 ms/div).
(a) 0° phase delay. (b) 15° phase delay. (c) 30° phase delay. (d) 45° phase delay.
(e) 60° phase delay. (f) 90° phase delay.
TABLE III
STEADY-STATE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT PHASE DELAY ANGLES
TABLE IV
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT PHASE DELAY ANGLES
At the same time, the current can smoothly transit to a new steady
state without fluctuation during variations of the reference active
power value from 1200 to 1800 kW at t = 0.395 s.
In order to assess the power calculation performance of the
proposed OSG algorithm, the step changes of the reference
power are tested for any phase delay schemes with different
degrees phase delay in Fig. 14, Tables III and IV show the re-
spective results. At the instant t = 0.395 s, the reference active
power steps from 1200 kW to 1500. It is clear that when the
phase delay angle is too small, there is very high noise in the
power signal, which may affect the normal operation of the sys-
tem. From 15° to 90°, the total harmonic distortion (THD) value
of grid current in the steady state remains at the same level, not
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2019
Fig. 15. HIL experiment system.
affected by the change of the delayed phase. With the increas-
ing phase delay, the power fluctuation in steady-state decreases
and the response time of power tracking increases. In industrial
application, appropriate phase delay can be selected according
to the specific situation to restrict noise amplification into an ac-
ceptable range. Considering both noise reduction and dynamic
response speed, the 45° phase delay algorithm is adopted for the
following experiments.
B. Experimental Results
In order to further assess the power calculation performance
of the proposed OSG algorithm, a comparison between arbi-
trary phase-delay OSG algorithms and other common OSG algo-
rithm is conducted in HIL experimental tests. The experimental
hardware prototype platform is shown in Fig. 15, which mainly
comprises a digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335, an
RT-LAB real-time simulator from OPAT-RT company, an os-
cilloscope for displaying signal waveform and a computer as a
control interface. The control module shown in Fig. 12 is im-
plemented in the DSP and the power circuit runs in the RT-LAB
real-time simulator.
Through the simulation results above, the conclusion can be
drawn that the arbitrary phase-delay algorithm performs better
in the harmonic noise suppression and the speed of response
at 45° phase delay. So that the 45° phase delay is selected in
the dynamic performance test of the arbitrary phase-delay OSG
algorithm. SOGI and notch filter were also tested to compare
with the proposed algorithm. The power mutation occurs at the
moment when the current across through zero.
Fig. 16 shows the experimental waveforms of active power P,
reactive power Q, grid voltage us , and the line current is of three
ZHANG et al.: FAST INSTANTANEOUS POWER CALCULATION ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
Fig. 16. Power calculation performance of three schemes in the condition of
power step change. (a) SOGI. (b) Notch filter. (c) Arbitrary phase delay (45°)
(us : 2.2 kV/div; is : 6 kA/div; P: 2250 kW/div; Q: 2250 kvar/div; time: 20
ms/div).
TABLE V
RESPONSE TIME FOR THREE POWER CALCULATION SCHEMES UNDER
POWER DEMAND SUDDEN CHANGE
OSG schemes in steady state and a transient state with the ref-
erence active power steps from 1200 to 2400 kW. Fig. 16(a) and
(b) shows the results of the DPC using the OSG algorithm based
on SOGI and notch filter, respectively. Fig. 16(c) shows the re-
sults of the DPC using the arbitrary phase-delay OSG algorithm
with 45° phase. It can be seen from Fig. 16 that the line currents
are drawn to be sinusoidal in phase with the main voltages in the
steady state for these three control schemes. When the reference
active power steps from 1200 to 2400 kW, the power calculation
based on SOGI and notch filter need more time to track new
reference value of active power compared with 45° phase-delay
OSG algorithm even with their optimum parameters. And there
are some overshoots of power component in transient state for
OSG algorithms based on SOGI and notch filter, whereas there
is no obvious overshoot in the 45° phase-delay OSG algorithm.
The performance of these three OSG algorithms in HIL test
is shown in Table V. From the experimental results and analysis
3943
Fig. 17. Experimental results of 45° phase-delay OSG algorithms with har-
monic in main voltage (us : 2.2 kV/div; is : 6 kA/div; P: 2250 kW/div; Q:
2250 kvar/div; time: 20 ms/div). (a) Fifth harmonic injection. (b) Third har-
monic injection.
of Fig. 16 and Table V, the arbitrary phase-delay algorithm has
better performance comprehensively among them with optimal
dynamic performance, moderate steady-state performance, and
simple algorithm.
In order to verify the performance of the proposed method
under the condition of distorted main voltage, the correspond-
ing experimental test has been done. Fig. 17 shows experimental
waveforms of line current and grid voltage. The main voltage
includes 10% of the fifth harmonic in Fig. 17(a) and 10% of
the third harmonics in Fig. 17(b). The waveform of the line
current, the active power, and reactive power could operate reg-
ularly and are not affected by the grid voltage even with the
harmonic. Therefore, the arbitrary phase-delay OSG algorithm
can maintain the normal operation of rectifier under the condi-
tion of harmonic voltage disturbance.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a single-phase power calculation scheme for
DPC based on arbitrary phase-delay method has been analyzed
and developed for the single-phase rectifiers, which are applied
in the railway traction drive system. An arbitrary phase-delay
OSG algorithm based on the single-phase complex vector is pro-
posed to achieve the fast calculation of the instantaneous power
in the single-phase system. The power can be precisely calcu-
lated within 0.25 grid cycles, and the set of the delay phase is
flexible. Smaller phase delay could result in a faster response.
Furthermore, compared with other common OSG algorithms,
such as SOGI, notch filter, quarter-cycle delay method, the re-
sponse speed of the developed algorithm is significantly faster.
3944 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2019

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ZHANG et al.: FAST INSTANTANEOUS POWER CALCULATION ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS 3945

Siru Yu (S’17) received the B.S. degree in electrical Xinglai Ge (M’15) received the B.S., M.S., and
engineering, in 2017, from Southwest Jiaotong Uni- Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from South-
versity, Chengdu, China, where he is currently work- west Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in 2001,
ing toward the M.S. degree in electrical engineering. 2004, and 2010, respectively.
His current research focuses on the harmonic mod- He is currently a Full Professor with the School of
eling and stability analysis of traction converter in Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong Univer-
high-speed trains. sity, and a Vice Director of the Department of Power
Electronics and Power Drive. From July to August
2012, he was a Visiting Scholar with George Mason
University, Fairfax, VA, USA. From October 2013
to October 2014, he was a Visiting Scholar with the
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technol-
ogy, Atlanta, GA, USA. He is the author and co-author of more than 60 technical
papers. His research interests include stability analysis and control of electrical
traction system, fault diagnosis and hardware-in-the-loop simulation of traction
converter and motor drive system.

Junpeng Ma was born in Dandong, China. He re-

Keteng Jiang (S’17) received the B.S. degree in elec-
trical engineering, in 2016, from Southwest Jiaotong
University, Chengdu, China, where she is currently
working toward the M.S. degree in electrical engi-
neering at the School of Electrical Engineering.
Her current research focuses on the stability analy-
sis of electric multiple units and traction in high-speed
railway.
ceived the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Southwest
Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in 2013 and
2018, respectively.
From November 2017 to May 2018, he was a Guest
Ph.D. Student with Aalborg University. He is cur-
rently an Associate Research Fellow with Sichuan
University, Chengdu, China. His current research fo-
cuses on the modeling and control of grid-connected
multilevel converters applied in the traction drive sys-
tem, the new energy field, and the HVdc system.