Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Nafees Ahmed
Asstt. Prof. Department of Electrical Engineering
DIT, University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
References:
1. Notes by Dr. R. C. Goel
2. Electrical Machine Design by A.K. Sawhney
3. Principles of Electrical Machine Design by R.K Agarwal
4. VTU e-Learning
5. www.google.com
6. www.wikipedia.org
Rating is given by
Q = V1 I1 10 3 KVA
= 4.44 fm N1 I1 103 KVA V1 4.44 fm N1
= 4.44 f Ai Bm N1 I1 10 3
KVA -----------(1) ( m Ai Bm )
Where
f = frequency
m = Maximum flux in the core
Ai = Sectional area of core H L L H Window H L L H
Bm = Maximum flux density in the core V V VV V V VV
2 I1 N1
( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 I 2 N 2 )
Aw
So
K w Aw
Q 4.44 f A i Bm 103 KVA
2
Q 2.22 f A i Bm K w Aw 103 KVA (3) Window
H L L H H L L H H L L H
V V VV V V VV V V VV
2(a1 N1 a2 N 2 )
Aw
2 ( I1 / ) N1 ( I 2 / ) N 2
( a1 I /1 & a2 I / 2 )
Aw
2( I1 N1 I 2 N 2 )
Aw
2 2 I1 N1
( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 I 2 N 2 )
Aw Window
So
K w Aw
N1I1 (7)
4
Put the value of N1I1 form equation (7) to equation (6)
K w Aw
Q 3 4.44 f A i Bm 103 KVA
4
Q 3.33 f A i Bm K w Aw 10 3 KVA (8)
a1 N1 a2 N 2
Kw
Aw
( I / ) N1 ( I 2 / ) N 2
1 ( a1 I /1 & a2 I / 2 )
Aw 3-phase shell type transformer with
I N I N sandwich windings
1 1 2 2
Aw
2I N
1 1 ( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 I 2 N 2 )
Aw
So
K w Aw
N1I1 (9)
2
Put the value of N1I1 form equation (9) to equation (6)
K w Aw
Q 3 4.44 f A i Bm 10 3 KVA
2
Q 6.66 f A i Bm K w Aw 10 3 KVA (10)
CORE CONSTRUCTION:
We know
V1 4.44 fm N1 (1)
V1
So EMF / Turn Et 4.44 fm (2)
N1
and
Or Et Kt Q Volts / Turn
d d/√2
90o
, n No of Steps
n 1 Ө
i.e n 2 b a
So a dCos
o
90
30o b dSin
2 1
Percentage fill
2-Step
Or Cruciform- Core
hy
L 0.9d H
W w=
(D-0.9d)
d D
ESTIMATION OF CORE LOSS AND CORE LOSS COMPONET OF NO LOAD CURRENT IC:
So
Iron loss in core =pcore* i * 3*L*Ai Watt
Similarly
Iron loss in yoke = pyoke* i * 2*W*Ay Watt
Where pyoke = specific iron loss corresponding to flux density By in yoke
Find out magnetizing force H (atcore, at/m) corresponding to flux density Bm in the core and atyoke
corresponding to flux density in the yoke from B-H curve
Bm atcore / m, BY at yoke / m
So
MMF required for the core = 3*L*atcore
MMF required for the yoke = 2*W*atyoke
Im
The no load current should not exceed 5% of the full load current.
E2
No load phasor diagram
ESTIMATION OF NO OF TURNS ON LV AND HV WINDING
V
Primary no of turns N1 1
Et
V
Secondary no of turns N2 2
Et
Q 103
Primary current I1
3V1
Q 103 N
Secondary current I2 OR 1 I1
3V2 N2
I1
Sectional area of primary conductor a1
I2
Sectional area of secondary conductor a2
Where is current the density.
Now we can use round conductors or strip conductors for this see the IS codes and ICC (Indian Cable
Company) table.
3I12 ( R1 R2' )
3I12 Rp
R01 R p R1 R2'
Where
Total resistance referred to primary side
Note: Even at no load, there is magnetic field around connecting leads, tanks etc which causes additional
stray losses in the transformer tanks and other metallic parts. These losses may be taken as 7% to 10% of
total cu losses.
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY:
Output Power
Efficiency
Input Power
Output Power
Output Power Losses
Assumptions
1. Consider permeability of iron as infinity that is MMF is needed only for leakage flux path in the
window.
2. The leakage flux lines are parallel to the axis of the core.
Consider an elementary cylinder of leakage flux lines of thickness ‘dx’ at a distance x as shown in following
figure.
MMF at distance x
a b2
N1I1 b1
Mx x
b1 dx
Permeance of this elementary cylinder Lc x
A L H
o V V
L
L dx
o mt (Lc =Length of winding ≈ 0.8L)
Lc
1 L 1
S & Permeance
o A S
Leakage flux lines associated with elementary cylinder N1I1=N2I2
dx M x Permeance
NI L dx
1 1 x o mt
b1 Lc
Flux linkage due to this leakage flux x
d x No of truns with which it is associated d x MMF Distribution
NI NI L dx
1 1 1 1 x o mt
b1 b1 Lc
2
L x
o N12 mt I1 dx
Lc b1
Flux linkages (or associated) with primary winding
2
x
b
L b
1
L
o N mt I 1 dx o N12 mt I1 1
'
1 1
2
Lc 0 b1 Lc 3
Flux linkages (or associated) with the space ‘a’ between primary and secondary windings
L
o o N12 mt I 1 a
Lc
We consider half of this flux linkage with primary and rest half with the secondary winding. So total flux
linkages with primary winding
o
1 1'
2
I 2 Ro 2Cos2 I 2 X o 2 Sin2
V .R. 100
E2
R Cos2 X Sin2
o2 100 o 2 100
E2 / I 2 E2 / I 2
%Ro 2Cos2 % X o 2 Sin2
hy
L H
Ww
(D-d)
D D
a
Dt
De
b a b
Wt
h1
W
Ht
H
h2
Surface area of 4 vertical side of the tank (Heat is considered to be dissipated from 4 vertical sides of the
tank)
So from above equation we can find out total surface area of cooling tubes (xSt)
Normally we use 5 cm diameter tubes and keep them 7.5 cm apart
At= Surface area of one cooling tube
d tubeltube, mean
Hence
xS
No of cooling tubes t
At
7.5 Cm
d= 5 Cm
Let
Wi = Weight of Iron in core and yoke (core volume* density + yoke volume* density) Kg
Wc= Weight of copper in winding (volume* density) Kg
(density of cu = 8900 Kg/m3)
Weight of Oil
= Volume of oil * 880 Kg
Add 20% of (Wi+Wc) for fittings, tank etc.
Total weight is equal to weight of above all parts.
Example 1: Estimate the main core dimensions for a 50 Hz, 3-phase, 200 KVA, 6600/500 V, Star/mesh
connected core type transformer. Use the following data:
Core limb section to be 4-stepped for which the area factor =0.62
Window space factor =0.27
Height of window
2
Width of window
Current density = 2.8 MA/m2
Volts per turn =8.5
Maximum flux density =1.25 Wb/m2.
Solution:
We know emf per turn
Et 4.44 fAi Bm ⇒ 8.5 4.44 50 Ai 1.25 ⇒Ai=0.03063 m2
For 4 stepped core
Ai=K d2 ⇒ 0.03063=0.625 d2 ⇒d = 0.2214 m
We also know
Q 3.33 f A i Bm K w Aw 10 3
⇒ 200 3.33 50 0.03063 1.25 2.8 10 6 0.27 Aw 10 3
⇒Aw=0.0415 m2 = LxWw ---------- (1)
L
2 ---------- (2)
Ww
Solving (1) & (2) Ww = 0.144 m
L = 0.288 m
⇒ W=0.88578 m
Example 2: Calculate no load current of a 400 V, 50 Hz, 1-Phase, core type transformer, the particulars of
which are as follows:
Length of means magnetic path =200 Cm,
Gross core section =100 Cm2,
Joints equivalent to 0.1 mm air gap,
Maximum flux density =0.7 T,
Specific core loss at 50 Hz & 0.7 T =0.5 W/Kg,
Ampere turns =2.2 per cm for 0.7 T,
Stacking factor =0.9,
Density of core material = 7.5x 103 Kg/m3.
Solution:
Find IC:
Totol core loss Specific core loss Weight of core
Core loss component of no load current I C
V1 V1
Specific core loss K i Agi length density 0.5 0.9 100 10 4 200 10 2 7.5 10 3
IC
V1 400
⇒ IC=0.168 A
Find Im:
We know V1 4.44 fAi Bm N1
400 4.44 50 0.9 100 10 4 0.7 N1 ⇒ N1=286
Totol MMF MMF for core MMF for airgap of length of 0.1mm
Magnetizing component I m
2 N1 2 N1
1 1
MMF for core Bm lg 2.2 200 0.7 0.110 3
0 4 10 7 1
Im MMF S Bm l g
0
2 N1 2 286
⇒ Im=1.226 A
So No load current
I 0 I C2 I m2 0.168 2 1.226 2
⇒ I0=1.237 A
Example 3: Design an adequate cooling arrangement for a 250 KVA, 6600/400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase,
delta/star core type oil immersed natural cooled transformer with the following particulars:
Winding temperature rise not to exceed 500 C,
Total losses at 900 C are 5 Kw,
Tank Dimensions height x length x width = 125 x 100 x 50 (all in cm)
Oil level = 115 cm length
Sketch diagram to show the arrangement of cooling tubes.
17 http://eedofdit.weebly.com, © Nafees Ahmed
Solution:
Dissipating surface area of plain tank after neglecting the top and bottom
St=2(Wt+Dt)Ht=2(50+100)125=3.75x104 cm2=3.75 m2
Total full load losses 5000
106.66 0 C
12.5 S t 12.5 3.75
But it is required that the temp rise is not to exceed 500 C. So cooling tubes are required.
Let xSt = Surface area of all cooling tubes
12.5 St 8.5 xSt Total losses
⇒ xSt=6.25 m2
Surface area of one cooling tube (Assuming Tube dia = 5 cm, average height of tube =105 cm)
At d tubel tube, mean 3.14 0.05 1.05 0.1649 m 2
xS t 6.25
No of cooling tubes 38
At 0.1649
Let the tubes to space 7 cm apart centre to centre, we will be able to accommodate 13 tubes on 100 cm side
and 6 tubes on 50 cm side.
Total tubes =2x13+2x6=38
7 Cm
50 Cm
100 Cm