Chapter 2- part 2

Voltage Transformers

EEG413 Power System Protection

Dr. Fadhel Albasri

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outline
 Introduction
 Types of VTs
 Equivalent circuit
 Impact of CVT transients
 Examples

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Identify the CT from the VT?

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Types of VT
 Electromagnetic VT
 Capacitor coupling voltage transformer
(CCVT), also called capacitor voltage
transformer (CVT)

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Electromagnetic VT
 Their performance, equivalent circuit and phasor
diagram is similar to power transformer.
 The transformation error is negligible for all practical
proposes in its operating range (0 to 110% of
nominal voltage)
 Becomes very expensive for EHV (≥345kV), hence
used for low, medium and high voltages.
 At EHV, the CCVT is used for relaying and metering.
 Rated secondary voltage is standardized at 110V
phase-phase (120V in USA).

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Equivalent circuit

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Ratio and Phase Error

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ANSI standard burden of
Voltage Transformers

Burden Volt-Amperes Power Factor

W 12.5 0.10
X 25 0.70
M 35 0.20
Y 75 0.85
Z 200 0.85
ZZ 400 0.85

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Construction
of CVT

Section view of CVT [ ]

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Components of CVT

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Function of CVT components
 Coupling capacitors (C1, C2):
 Function as voltage divider to step-down voltage
to intermediate-level voltages, typically 5 to 15kV.
 Compensating reactor:
 to cancel the coupling capacitor reactance at
system frequency
 Prevent any phase shift between primary and
secondary voltages at system freq.
 Step-down Voltage transformer:
 Further reduce intermediate-level voltages to
nominal relaying voltage, typically 115V/√3

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Function of CVT components
 Ferroresonance suppression circuit:
 The nonlinear magnetizing branch of the
transformer may resonate with Cth, causing
ferroresonance oscillations (voltages of multiple
frequencies and subharmonics such as w/3).
 Acts like band-pass filter
 To avoid dangerous and destructive overvoltages
caused by ferroresonance oscillations.
 Can aggravate CVT transient performance.

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Compensation reactor value
BUS

C1

I L L
Vbus

Cth
VT VT
I

Vs
Vp
R
Vs
C2
Vp

R
Vth

Vth

1
ZC 2 jwC 2 C1
Vth  .Vbus  .Vbus  .Vbus .......(1)
Z C1  Z C 2 1

1 C1  C 2
jwC1 jwC 2
Cth  C1 // C 2  C1  C 2
1
V p  Vth  I .[ jwL  ]......... .......... .......... .......... ....( 2)
jw(C1  C 2)
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Compensation reactor value
 From equation (2), the secondary voltage will
have phase error, unless L is in resonance with Cth
at power system frequency. This will also make Vp
independent of VT burden. Hence:
I . X Cth  I . X L
1
X Cth  X L   wL
w(C1  C 2)
1
L
w2 (C1  C 2)
C1
V p  Vth  .Vbus
C1  C 2
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Example
 A CVT is required to be designed for a 400kV,
50Hz power system using a voltage
transformer rated 132kV/110V., 1000VA.
Calculate the following:
 (a) coupling capacitors (C1 & C2)
 (b) The value of compensating inductor
 (c) The burden in ohm that can be connected
across the VT secondary terminals?

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solution
(a) Vth=Vp=132kV
Vth=Vbus[C1/(C1+C2)]
C1/(C1+C2)=Vth/Vbus=132/400=0.33
C1=0.33(C1+C2)→C1=0.4925(C2)
If C2=50μF → C1=24.63 μF
(b) L=1/[w2(C1+C2)]
=1/[(100x3.14)2(74.63x10-6)]=0.1358 H
(c) Burden: Zb=Vs2/S=(110)2/1000=12.1 ohm
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Frerroresonace suppression
circuit

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CVT Transient performance
 Contributing factors
 Capacitances
 Point on wave at which fault occurs
 Ferroresonance suppression circuit
(active/passive)
 CVT burden (resistive/inductive)

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Larger C causes less CVT
transient

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 CVT transient is less at peak
voltage

(a) Fault occurs at zero voltage (b) Fault occurs at peak voltage

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Reduced voltage decreases impedance
seen by distance relay leading to
overreaching its zone

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Active suppression circuit
aggravates CVT transients

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CVT transient reduces
fundamental voltage component

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Conclusions
 Faults at voltage zero cause worst CVT
transient
 Passive suppression circuit produce much
less CVT transient.
 High-C reduces CVT transient.
 Resistive burden cause less CVT transient.
 Low SIR does not cause overreach concern

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