Power Electronics Laboratory

SINGLE PHASE CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER (C.S.I)

OBJECT:
• To study the gate firing pulses.
• To observe and measure the voltages across the Thyristors and across the Load
for a current source Inverter (CSI).
• To study the effect of the isolating diodes.
• To study the effect of the commutating inductance L.
• Study of a voltage source inverter (V.S.I).

APPARATUS:
1. Experimental setup.
2. D.C regulated Power supply.
3. Oscilloscope.
4. Volt meter MC - 60V, MC Ammeter 0 - 3 Amps., Volt meter MI – 60V,
MI – Ammeter 0 – 3 Amps.
5. A single phase variac or a variable inductance, 50Ω rheostat.

Study of gate firing pulses.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on power to the trigger circuit only.

/
2. Clip on ground leads of probes to cathodes of Th1 and Th1 ‘Live’ leads are to be
connected to the respective gates. Observe the details of the firing pulses.
/
3. Shift probe s from Th1 to Th2 . Observe and measure the details of the pulse and
their relative timings.
/
4. Repeat (3) with Th1 and Th 2 . Switch the firing pulses to all the SCRs. Indicating
their relative timings. Remove all probes.

Observation of load and thyristor voltages (for a Cuircuit Source Inverter (C.S.I)

1. Connect a resistive load (50Ω, 4.1 Amp.) on the load. Switch on trigger circuit.
Next switch on DC supply to power circuit (about 30V). (If the circuit performs
properly a low buzz will be heard from the DC line chowk).
2. Clip ground lead of oscilloscope to X and the two line leads to Y and Z. Trace *1
gives load voltage and trace *2 the voltage across the Thyristor Th1 .
3. Switch both the waveform in details.
4. Adjust oscilloscope concentrate on the turn – off time offered by the circuit. Th1
(mainly adjust time base and triggering of oscilloscope).
 5. Vary load resistance and measure input current, load current, input voltage output
dv
voltage and turn – off time ' t q 's ' and of reapplied forward voltage.
dt
6. Repeat B1 and B5 with an inductance in series with the load.

Study of effect of Isolating diodes

1. Connect the isolating diodes as shown in fig. 2.

2. Connect a resistive load (50Ω) and repeat B5. Observe also the voltage across the
commutation Capacitor C1 and C2 . Compare ‘t’ of B-5 & C-2 the equal value of
DC supply voltage and load resistance.
3. Repeat B-6.

To study the off – set of the commutation inductance

1. Connect a variable inductance ‘L’ in series with the DC. Supply voltage, 0.1 ohm
‘shunt’ is connected in series. Connect the Power circuit as in Fig. 1.
dv
2. With load resistance and DC supply voltage kept constant observe t q and for
dt
dv
various values of the inductance. Tabulate t q Vs . (Ground leads of
dt
oscilloscope probes are connected to Z and Live1 to P and Live2 to X to
simultaneously observe the two quantities).

Study of a Voltage source Inverter (VSI)

1. Connect up power circuit as per fig. 3. The load is the 50Ω resistance.
2. Observe voltage waveform across the capacitors, the load resistance and the
thyristor. Note dv/dt of reapplied forward voltage.
3. Measure di/dt through any of the thyristors by connecting the 0.1 ohm in series
with it and observing voltage waveform across it.

Questions:

1. Why do the firing pulse at the gate of the thyristor change their shape and
amplitude when the thyristor conducts?
2. Why does the load voltage increase when the load is reduced?
3. What is the relationship between the triggering period ‘T’ and the R-C time
constant it the maximum voltage across the capacitor (C.S.I.) is twice the supply
voltage?
di dv
4. Compare the , ratings of the thyristors in similarly rated C.S.I. and V.S.I.
dt dt
 Experiment No.12: Study Of Single Phase ASCI Current Source Inverter
Fig.1:

Suppose initially load current was flowing through Th2’, D2’, D2 and Th2.i.e .
Here we have assumed vL is remaining constant at vL0 in the commutation period. As the
load is of lagging power factor vL0 is negative. Now Th1 and Th1’ are triggered. For
making those on C1 and C2 should have the polarity shown below.
Fig.2:

As soon as Th1 and Th1’ are on negative voltage will come across Th2 and Th2’. So
these will stop conducting.
Mode I
Fig.3:

Current will follow this path until D1 and D1’ are forward biased. Capacitor voltage will
decrease linearly as discharge current is constant.

Here as and as it was conducting. When then all for

diodes will start conducting.
Mode II
Fig.4:
Here C1 and C2 are connected in parallel fashion. Hence ; and
; as C1=C2.Now,

From these two equations we get,

By solving this we have,

When current starts flowing through Th1’, D1’, D1 and Th1.Capacitor voltage
remains fixed at that value.
Fig.5:
Resistive load:
Fig.6:

1. Connect the circuit as shown above.

2. Check the current waveforms through the load and C1 and voltage
waveform across C1. Study the waveforms during commutation period.
Here mode I is absent.
3. During commutation period:

Fig.7:
Here,

From these two equations we get,

By solving this we get,

Fig.8:
R-L load:
1. Connect inductance in series with the R load.
2. Check the waveforms stated above. Commutation time will increase in
this case.
Mode I
Fig.9:

When then four diodes will start conducting.

Mode II
Fig.10:

Here,
 Power Electronics Lab

Experiment No. 11: Study of passive (diode) and active ac to dc converter

L2

C 5

CON1 L1 C 2 1 Output voltage

1 2 feedback
Q 1 Q 2
F1 400V dc
Input C 1 VT2
4230V,
1 5 V D C 50Hz

C 3 Load
C 6
CT1
F2 Output

800V DC

C 4

CON2
D 1 D 2 R1

Precharge circuit

D 3 D 4
T1

Input voltage
feedback

VT1

Circuit Diagram

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 Power Electronics Lab
SINGLE PHASE FRONT-END CONVERTER

1.1 INTRODUCTION:-

A front end converter is an AC-to-DC converter. But it has several advantages over the conventional
phase controlled rectifier. The conventional phase controlled rectifier has some serious disadvantages.
Firstly, with the dc bus polarity remaining constant, power flow can be in one direction only. Secondly,
it draws reactive power from the line, which is a substantial at large firing angle. Lastly, the current
drawn from the mains is far from sinusoidal.

Where as the front end converter can be controlled to enable power flow in both the direction and as
well as maintaining the DC bus voltage to a good regulation. This single phase front end converter
employs a single phase inverter topology. It can be operated at any desired power factor, and hence,
can even act as a reactive power source as far as the grid is concerned. The converter is operated as a
PWM voltage source inverter in the current-controlled mode; so, the harmonics in the line current
waveform are substantially reduced. The converter will be controlled in such a way that it will draw
current from grid at unity power factor and as well as it will maintain the dc bus voltage to the desired
label.

1.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:

i L
1 2

A V DC

VGRID XL B
v g
1_ 2_

Transformer
1 1_ 2 2_ PWM GATE
PULSES

Feedback i L

signals
V DC
DIGITAL
CONTROLLER
Vg

Fig. 1.1
V*DC

The schematic diagram of the single phase front-end converter is shown in the Fig. 1.1. The
transformer in the input side is used to match the voltage levels between the dc bus and the ac side.
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 Power Electronics Lab
The PWM switching converter is connected to the secondary side of the transformer through series
chokes. These inductors act as buffers between the two voltage sources. The choice of the values for
these inductors depends on the switching frequency, allowable harmonics in the input current
waveform and the reactive power requirement.

The objectives for the control of the converter are,

i) Voltage regulation of the dc bus,

ii) Bi-directional power flow,
iii) Operation at any unity power factor, and
iv) Low current harmonics.

1.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPEARATION:

The front end converter requires closed-loop control to meet the stated objectives. The basic
strategy for control and resulting circuit behaviour can be explained easily by means of the phasor
diagrams given in Fig. 1.2.

iL iL Vg

iLXL
Vg XL Vi
Vi
(a) AC side equivalent circuit
(b) Forward power flow at UPF

iL
Vg Vi
iLXL
iLXL
iL
Vi
Vg
(c) Forward power flow at (d) Reverse power flow at UPF
leading power factor

Fig. 1.2

Where Vg = grid voltage, iL= line current, XL= impedance of the choke, Vi= inverter voltage

The primary objective of control is to regulate the dc bus voltage. A change in the dc bus voltage can
be attributed to an imbalance between the active powers between the ac and dc sides. (The effect of
reactive power on the dc bus is to produce ripples in the voltage even though the average value remains
the same.) Hence, the voltage error in the dc side is an indication of the active power demand in the ac
side. If the demand is positive more active power should be drawn from the grid.

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 Power Electronics Lab
If the demand is negative then power should be feed back to the grid. Since the converter has
bidirectional switches, current flow can be in either direction and it is possible to source or sink active
power in the ac side.

Fig 1.2 (a) shows the equivalent circuit of the ac side of the converter. If the load in the dc side
is known then the current drawn from the grid at any power factor can be calculated by applying power
balance between ac side and dc side. Consequently, subtracting the reactive drop from the source
voltage, the magnitude and phase of the inverter terminal voltage with respect to the source can be
computed. Therefore, here inverter acts as a fixed frequency source with controllable phase and
magnitude. Fig. 1.2(b) , Fig. 1.2(d) shows the steady state phasor diagrams at unity power factor when
power flows from ac side to dc and vice versa respectively. Fig. 1.2(c) shows the steady state phasor
diagram at leading power factor when power flows from ac side to dc side. It is observed that the
magnitude of the inverter terminal voltage increases in this case. The amount of reactive power that
can be injected into the grid depends on the available dc bus voltage and the value of per unit
inductance in the ac side. The terminal voltage of the inverter will also contain switching harmonics
apart from the fundamental. As far as the harmonics are concerned the ac source acts as a short-circuit
and the effective impedance to the harmonic current is nXL. If the switching frequency is sufficiently
high, i.e. more than 1 kHz, then the harmonic content present in the current will be very low resulting
in low THD in the current wave form.

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 Power Electronics Lab

I. Steps:

1. Activate the 230V, 50Hz control supply line.

2. Turn on the control supply switch.

3. Wait till precharge is over and main contactor is closed. You will hear the closing sound.

4. Activate the 230V, 50Hz power supply line

5. Study the unit as a 3-phase diode rectifier.

6. Now, release the IGBT gate pulses.

7. Study the unit as a 3-phase active rectifier.

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 Power Electronics Lab

II. Readings:

Diode rectifier:

Sl. Grid voltage Grid current ( I g ) DC Load

No. Vg bus current
RMS THD I grms THD voltage I dc
I g1rms I g 3 (%) I g 5 (%) I g 7 (%) I g11 (%)
value (%) (A) (%) Vdc (A)
(A) I g1rms I g1rms I g1rms I g1rms
(volt I g1rms (volt)
) as100% as100% as100% as100%
as100%

Sl. Grid Grid side Grid side Grid side Grid DC bus Converter
No. side active reactive displacement side power efficiency
kVA power power factor power Pdc 
Pg Qg factor (kW) (%)
(kW) (kVAr)

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 Power Electronics Lab

Front-end rectifier:

Sl. Grid voltage Grid current ( I g ) DC Load

No. Vg bus current
RMS THD I grms THD voltage I dc
I g1rms I g 3 (%) I g 5 (%) I g 7 (%) I g11 (%)
value (%) (A) (%) Vdc (A)
(A) I g1rms I g1rms I g1rms I g1rms
(volt I g1rms (volt)
) as100% as100% as100% as100%
as100%

Sl. Grid Grid side Grid side Grid side Grid DC bus Converter
No. side active reactive displacement side power efficiency
kVA power power factor power Pdc 
Pg Qg factor (kW) (%)
(kW) (kVAr)

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

STUDY OF BASIC TRANSISTOR CONVERTERS

Object:

1. To study a forward converter (Buck).

2. To Study a fly-back converter (Boost).
3. To study a CUK converter (Buck-Boost).

APPARATUS :

1. Experimental Set-up.
2. Rheostat 85Ω.
3. 0 – 30V, 2A Power Supply.
4. Oscilloscope (Double Trace).

PROcEDURE :

A. TO STUDY A FORWARD (BUCK) CONVERTER.

Study the Mosfet used in the circuit. Look up at manual and note the circuit
associated with the mosfet. Note all ratings.
Connect components on the panel as shown in fig. P.E. 14.1. By controlling
the potentiometers on the front panel. Set the driving signal at the base of the
power Transitor to about 30Khz and a low Duty ratio.

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

A. With Duty ratio from 0.1 to 0.9 in nine steps note the output DC voltage. Note
for some of these cases voltage across all power components on the panel. The
load current should always be continuous. Keep track of it by observing
inductor voltage. It should never come to Zero (instantaneously). In case it
does come down to zero, adjust load to make current continuous again.
Note the input current waveform for any two values of D.R.
B. With D. R. held at 0.1, adjust load circuit and Tabulate V DCout and I DC ( Load ) .
Repeat with D.R. 2.4, 0.8.

B. FLY – BACK (BOOST) CONVERTER

Connect up the circuit as in Fig. P. E. 14.2. Repeat the steps in part A. The current
should still be continuous. Therefore note the voltage across the inductor and take
steps as in ‘A’.

C. (a) BUCK – BOOST CONVERTER

(b) CUK CONVERTER

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

(a) Connect up circuit as in Fig. P.E 14.3. Repeat as in A & B, again

keeping track of the continuity of the current through L. Note
waveforms and observations of D. R. and output DC avg. voltage.
Observe input current waveform and mosfet voltage.
(b) Repeat as above connect and external L2 . Current in both inductors
should be continuous now. C2 is the Non-polarised one of the panel.
Questions :
1. Why are the currents required to remain constant in the experiments?
2. Which circuits allow a continuous input current?
3. Differentiate between the two types of buck-boost converters.

Department of Electrical Engineering

 General Sensorless Vector Control Micro Drives VFD-M Series User Manual
Industrial Automation Headquarters
Delta Electronics, Inc.
Taoyuan Technology Center
No.18, Xinglong Rd., Taoyuan City,
Taoyuan County 33068, Taiwan
TEL: 886-3-362-6301 / FAX: 886-3-371-6301

Asia
Delta Electronics (Jiangsu) Ltd.
Wujiang Plant 3
1688 Jiangxing East Road,
Wujiang Economic Development Zone
Wujiang City, Jiang Su Province,
People's Republic of China (Post code: 215200)
TEL: 86-512-6340-3008 / FAX: 86-769-6340-7290

Delta Greentech (China) Co., Ltd.

238 Min-Xia Road, Pudong District,
ShangHai, P.R.C.
Post code : 201209
TEL: 86-21-58635678 / FAX: 86-21-58630003

Delta Electronics (Japan), Inc.

 
2-1-14 Minato-ku Shibadaimon,
Tokyo 105-0012, Japan
TEL: 81-3-5733-1111 / FAX: 81-3-5733-1211

Delta Electronics (Korea), Inc.

1511, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Gasan-dong,
Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea, 153-704

General Sensorless Vector

TEL: 82-2-515-5303 / FAX: 82-2-515-5302

Delta Electronics Int’l (S) Pte Ltd

4 Kaki Bukit Ave 1, #05-05, Singapore 417939
TEL: 65-6747-5155 / FAX: 65-6744-9228

Delta Electronics (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Control Micro Drives
VFD-M Series User Manual
Plot No 43 Sector 35, HSIIDC
Gurgaon, PIN 122001, Haryana, India
TEL : 91-124-4874900 / FAX : 91-124-4874945

Americas
Delta Products Corporation (USA)
 
P.O. Box 12173,5101 Davis Drive,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A.
TEL: 1-919-767-3800 / FAX: 1-919-767-8080

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TEL: +55 11 3568-3855 / FAX: +55 11 3568-3865

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Deltronics (The Netherlands) B.V.
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De Witbogt 15, 5652 AG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
TEL: 31-40-2592850 / FAX: 31-40-2592851

*We reserve the right to change the information in this catalogue without prior notice.

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 Chapter 3 Keypad and Start Up
3.1 Keypad
3.1.1 Description of the Digital Keypad
The digital keypad includes two parts: Display panel and keypad. The display panel provides the
parameter display and shows the operation status of the AC drive and the keypad provides
programming and control interface.
DIGITAL KEYPAD
LED Display
Indicates motor and
drive parameter.
Program/Function mode key
Selects normal mode/ LED Indicates
program mode. Displays Lamp lights during RUN,
the AC drive status, such as RUN STOP FWD REV STOP, FWD & REV
output freq., selects the operation.
parameters.
MODE RUN Run key
Starts AC drive operation.
Enter Key
Press ENTER after STOP/RESET Key
key in the elected STOP Stops and resets the
ENTER
parameters or RESET parameter after a fault
change data. occurs.
50
UP and DOWN Key
Potentiometer Sets the parameter number
For master Frequency or changes the numerical
setting refer to Pr.00. VFD-M data such as the freq.
reference.
0 100
FREQ SET
LC-M02E
Displayed Message Descriptions
The AC drives Master Frequency.
The Actual Operation Frequency present at terminals U, V, and W.
The custom unit (v), where v = H x Pr.65.
The counter value (c).
The output current present at terminals U, V, and W
The internal PLC process step currently being performed.
The specified parameter.
Revision Aug. 2015, ME16, SW V3.13 3-1
 Chapter 3 Keypad and Start Up_
Displayed Message Descriptions
The actual value stored within the specified parameter.
The AC drive forward run status.
The AC drive reverse run status.
“End” displays for approximately 1 second if input has been
accepted. After a parameter value has been set, the new value is
automatically stored in memory. To modify an entry, use the
and keys.
“Err” displays, if the input is invalid.
3.1.2 How to Operate the Digital Keypad LC-M02E
Se le ctio n mo d e
START
MODE MODE MODE MODE MODE
GO START
NOTE: In the selection mode, press ENTER to set the parameters.
To se t pa ra mete rs
parameter set
ENTER ENTER ENTER successfully
or or
MODE move to previous
display
parameter set
er ror
NOTE: In the parameter setting mode, you can press MODE to return to the selection mode.
To mo d ify d ata
START
To set direction
(When operation sour ce is digital keypad)
or or
3-2 Revision Aug. 2015, ME16, SW V3.13
 Chapter 4 Parameters_
Voltage
Pr.05
Pr.07
Pr.09
Frequency
Pr.08 Pr.06 Pr.04 Pr.03
Custom V/F Curve
Voltage
Pr.05
Pr.07
Pr.09
Frequency
Pr.08 Pr.06 Pr.04 Pr.03
Fan/Pump V/F Curve
Commonly used V/F Setting
(1) General Purpose
Factory Settings
Motor Spec. 60Hz Motor Spec. 50Hz
No. Set value No. Set value
Pr.03 60.0 Pr.03 50.0
V V
Pr.04 60.0 Pr.04 50.0
220 220
Pr.05 220.0 Pr.05 220.0
Pr.06 1.5 Pr.06 1.3
Pr.07 10.0 Pr.07 12.0
10 Pr.08 1.5 Pr.08 1.3
10
Pr.09 10.0 Pr.09 12.0
1.5 60.0 f 1.5 50.0 f
Revision Aug. 2015, ME16, SW V3.13 4-23
Chapter 4 Parameters_
(2) Fans and Pumps
Motor Spec. 60Hz Factory Settings Motor Spec. 50Hz
V No. Set value
V No. Set value
220 Pr.03 60.0 220 Pr.03 50.0
Pr.04 60.0 Pr.04 50.0
Pr.05 220.0 Pr.05 220.0
Pr.06 30 Pr.06 25
Pr.07 50.0 Pr.07 50.0
50 Pr.08 1.5 50 Pr.08 1.3
10 Pr.09 10.0 10 Pr.09 10.0
1.5 30 60.0f 1.3 25 50.0f
(3) High Starting Torque
Motor Spec. 60Hz Factory Settings Motor Spec. 50Hz
V No. Set value V No. Set value
220 Pr.03 60.0 220 Pr.03 50.0
Pr.04 60.0 Pr.04 50.0
Pr.05 220.0 Pr.05 220.0
Pr.06 3 Pr.06 2.2
Pr.07 23.0 Pr.07 23.0
23 Pr.08 1.5 23 Pr.08 1.3
18 Pr.09 18.0 14 Pr.09 14.0
1.5 3 60.0f 1.3 2.2 60.0f
Pr.10 a Acceleration Time 1 Unit: 0.1 or 0.01 sec
Pr.11 a Deceleration Time 1 Unit: 0.1 or 0.01 sec
Pr.12 a Acceleration Time 2 Unit: 0.1 or 0.01 sec
Pr.13 a Deceleration Time 2 Unit: 0.1 or 0.01 sec
Settings 0.1 to 600.0 sec or 0.01 to 600.0 sec Factory Setting: 10.0
Pr.10. This parameter is used to determine the time required for the AC drive to ramp from 0
Hz to its Maximum Output Frequency (Pr.03). The rate is linear unless the S-Curve (Pr.14) is
“Enabled”.
Pr.11. This parameter is used to determine the time required for the AC drive to decelerate
from the Maximum Output Frequency (Pr.03) down to 0 Hz. The rate is linear unless the S-
Curve (Pr.14) is “Enabled”.
Pr.12 and Pr.13: Provide an additional Accel/Decel time although Time 1 is the default. A
Multi-Function input terminal must be programmed to select Accel/ or Decel/ Time 2 and the
terminal must be closed to select Accel/Decel Time 2 (See Pr.38 to Pr.42).
In the below diagram, suppose the Maximum Output Frequency is 60 Hz (Master Freq),
Minimum Output Frequency (start-up) is 1.0 Hz, and accel/decel time 1 is 10 seconds. The
actual time for the AC drive to accelerate from start-up to 60 Hz is 9.83 seconds (deceleration
time is also 9.83 seconds), can be determined by the formula.
4-24 Revision Aug. 2015, ME16, SW V3.13
 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

BRIEF INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDY OF TRANSISTORISED PWM AND

NON – PWM (120 DEG. WIDE) INVERTER CIRCUITS

• Note the connections of switches in the inverter circuit shown in fig. 1. Trace the
complete circuit. E DC is the input supply given from the external dc (c. c. e. v)
source and U. V. W are the outputs of the three legs (poles) of the inverter. Set
E DC to around 30 Volts.
• The switches are IGBTs in anti parallel with a diode and moulded in a plastic
package (TO-247 package) and their terminals are as indicated in fig. 2.

• The gate signals to the switches are applied between gate and source terminals.
These signals are rectangular pulses and are generated by the gate logic control
circuit. The logic signals are amplified and isolated before being feed to the switch
terminals. Discuss the necessity of isolating and amplifying the signals.

• In PWM inverters the switches turn on and turn-off several times during each
output cycle where as in some other inverters like inverters with 120 0 or 180 0

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

Conduction of switches, each switch is turn ON and OFF only once in an output
cycle.

• Note the inverter pole voltage waveforms wrt to the negative rail of the in put dc
supply and find out if the inverter is a PWM inverter or a 120 0 type inverter. In the
later type, each switch is continuously on for 120 0 and the switches conduct in a
certain sequence. The switching sequence decides the output phase sequence. (1)
Identify and note the conduction sequence for the inverter switches in the 120 type
inverter with a star connected load.

• With the balanced star connected 3-phase resistive load to the inverter output
terminals (U, V, W) and the load star point floating (2). Observe the load phase
and line voltages and determine their phase relations. Also , relate the output
magnitude and phases to the conduction sequence of the switches. Derive the ideal
voltage waveforms given the conduction sequence of the IGBTs.

• Connect a motor load to the inverter outputs and observe the motor phase currents
by connecting a small shunt resistor in series with the phase winding. Comment
about the suitability of the PWM inverter and the 120 0 type inverter for the motor
load.

• (3) Use the shunt (0.1Ω) and your CRO suitably to observe the DC link current
I DC and sketch it in time relation with any one of the phase current.

DISCUSSION :
Derive the line and phase voltage waveforms for a connected R load for 180 0
and 120 0 conduction.

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

120˚ Conduction Three Phase Inverter

• Identify the circuit topology and the numbering sequence of the switches.

• Identify the need for isolation between the heatsinks of the individual devices. Is
there an alternate way.

• Observe the sequence of gate pulses generated by the electronic pulse generation
card (with the common ground provided).
• Observe the gate signals at switches #2 and 6 and compare it with the signal at the
pulse generation card. Are the two signals isolated?
• Connect a 3 - phase balanced resistive load and set input DC voltage to a) 6V,
b) 12V, c) 24V Measure with a true RMS meter for each of the above the phase
and line voltages.
• Using a Digital storage Oscilloscope (FFT Mode) determine the harmonic
spectrum of the phase and line voltages.
• Observe the DC link current waveform.
• Connect a motor load (FHP 3ϕ induction motor) and repeat. Also observe the DC
link current waveform with and w/o a load on the motor.
• Why are the two link (DC) current different?

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

Triggering circuit

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

DC CHOPPER CIRCUITS

Object :

• To study the triggering circuit of a single phase DC chopper circuit.

• To study the operation of a class A commutation chopper circuit.
• To study the operation of a class B commutation chopper circuit.
• To study the operation of a class D commutation chopper circuit.

Apparatus :

1. Experimental set-up.
2. Double trace oscilloscope.
3. M.C Voltmeter, Electronic Multimeter.
4. 0-30V, 2A Regulated D.C. power supply.
5. 0.1 ohm standard Resistance.
6. Rheostat and Inductance.

Procedure :

i) Study of triggering circuit.

Triggering circuit

1. Plug-in the mains power chord on to a 230V A.C supply. Switch on S1, S2
Can be kept off.
2. Connect probe one across common and pin 2 of the first 555 IC with ground
lead clipped to common. Observe waveforms at various points (A,B,C,D)with
the other probe. Sketch them on a graph paper, with the display in the first
trace as the reference. Vary the pulse width and frequency controls and
observe the variation in the above waveforms.
3. Connect one probe on the input(primary) of a pulse transformer and the other
on its output, the ground of the second probe being on the cathode point(k).
Switch on S2.Plot the output voltages of the points below waveforms noted
earlier. (Note : Two GND can be connected here as the two sides are isolated).
Switch off S1 and S2.

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Class A Chopper

1. Connect up the power circuit as shown in fig. Select an electrolytic capacitor

and any one of the inductor coils provided on the panel. Set frequency of
trigger circuit to minimum (can be checked from any of the Pulse Transformer
output). Pulse width adjust has no function in a class A chopper. Connect the
rheostat as the load and the voltmeter across the load terminals.
2. Set the regulated power supply to give an output of 15V and set current limit
to minimum. Connect the power supply to chopper and switch-on the supply
and then S1 and S2 on the panel.
3. Observe voltage waveform across Th1, L and C. Measure the chopper
frequency and read off the output voltage both from the analog meter and the
electronic multimeter. Plot the waveforms with time phase relation.
4. Increase trigger frequency and tabulate.

Vin Frequency Vout (M.C) Vout (Digital)

For at least five values of frequencies, over a wide variations of the output voltage
increase current limit of power supply, if necessary.

5. With the frequency kept constant, decrease the load resistance till
communication fails, (Th1 does not turnoff). Measure the current and voltage
reading from the power supply meters. Switch off S1 and S2 and supply.

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Class B Chopper

1. Connect the power circuit as in the fig. with the capacitance and inductance
used in A. Repeat steps A-2 through A-5. Note the frequency and load current
(average and peak instantaneous) for which failure occurs in the
communication circuitry.
2. From the voltage waveform across the capacitor calculate the frequency of
oscillation of the un damped L – C circuit from the value of C (4 μfd)
calculate L, C / L . Relate the last quantity to the peak of the current at which
failure occurred due to overload, check the class A failure also with the L and
C determined here.
3. Connect an inductance in series with the rheostat. Repeat the observation.
Note specially the peak voltage across C. At the frequency for which overload
failure occurred, check for overload failure again.

Questations

1. Explain the performance of the class B chopper in step 3.

2. How the inductances in the communication circuits should be constructed for
the most efficient operation.

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Class D chopper

1. Connect of the circuit as in fig. set current limit of power supply low, and the
voltage to 15 volt. Switch S2 on panel off. Switch - on power supply and S1.
(S1 on panel).
2. Connect the C. R. O probe across C. and check whether it has charged to about
the supply the supply voltage with the dot as positive. Set pulse – width and
frequency to minimum. Switch –on S2. The chopper goes into operation with a
humming noise.
3. Observe on the C. R. O. the charge on the capacitor oscillates. Observe
voltage waveform across Th1 , Th2 , C, L and the load. Observe also the
current waveforms through Th1 ,C and load using the 0.1 standard resistance.
Plot all of them on a graph paper in time phase relation with the reference.
Note the turn off time offered by the circuit to Th1. Change pulse width and
frequency, one-at-a-time and note variations in the waveforms. Note the input
and output meter reading also.
4. With the C. R. O. displaying the Th1 turn-off, increase loading of the chopper
till failure occurs. Repeat, now with the probe connected across C. Note the
minimum turn-off time for which commutation does not fail and the rate of
charging of the capacitor at the instant.
5. Connect an inductance in series with the rheostat and observe voltage
waveform across C and the load with a F.W.D across the R-L load repeat the
observations. (Note : In case of commutation failure, switch-off power supply
and S2 switch-on power supply and S2, in that order). If the fault persists, look
for the fault and switch on as above. Tabulate for Resistive and Inductive
loads.

Load Type V DC in Duty ratio of trigger V DC Out (M.C) V DC Out

pulses (Digital)

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FAMILIARISATION WITH P.E. COMPONENTS

A. SINGLE PHASE PAC USING TRIAC.

Object : To study a) The triggering circuit of an A.C. phase angle controller using
a triac.
b) The performance with a resistive load.
c) The performance with an inductive load.
Apparatus :

1) Experimental set up.

2) Dual trace oscilloscope
3) M.I. meters: voltmeter ( 0- 300V ) - 2nos.
Ammeter (0 – 3 A) - 1 no.
4) 185 ohm rheostat, inductance coil.
5) 0.1 ohm std. resistance.

Procedure :
a) Study of triggering circuit

1. Connect the 185 ohm rheostat between L1 and L2. Set the potentiometer
R on the panel to extreme ccw. Position ( R is maximum). Connect the
Input to a 230 v ac supply via a DPST switch.
2. Clip GND of oscilloscope probe to point x. The two line terminals are
connected to Z and Y.
3. Set the oscilloscope to CHOP mode and observe the load voltage
(inverted) in one trace and the gate cathode voltage in the other. Vary
the resistance R and observe variation in the phase shift of the trigger
pulses. Trace a typical display ( invert the first display if y-invert is
available on the oscilloscope.)

B. Resistive load.

1.With the same circuit as in A, plot trace xz for several values of the
Display angle ‘α’. Measure off ‘α’ from the oscilloscope display. Note
also the readings of the meters. Tabulate

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VAC IN VAC OUT VAC OUT

(measured) (calculated)

Switch off power.

C. Inductive load.

Connect the inductance across terminals L1 and L2. with ‘α’ maximum,
switch on the supply. Observe the load voltage and current waveforms
for several values of the delay angle.(GND to x, line1 to z and line2 to L1).
Tabulate the readings of the meter and the calculated value of VAC OUT
as in the last table. Switch off after observations for minimum values of
delay angle have been noted.

Questions :

1. Design and sketch a triggering circuit for a three phase

PAC using triacs.
2. What other power semiconductor devices can be used
for control of AC power?
3. Comment on the harmonics in the output voltage and
current.

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STUDY OF PULSE TRANSFORMER.

Object :

1. To determine the volt –secs of a given pulse transformer.

2. To study the magnetising and de magnetising circuit of a pulse
Transformer.
3. To study the network of a three –winding pulse transformer.

Apparatus :

1. Set up which includes the pulse transformer, its driving amplifier, pulse
Generator and an SCR.
2. Oscilloscope ( double- trace).
3. 0 – 30 V, 2A DC Regulated power supply.

Procedure :

A. To determine the volt –secs of a given pulse Transformer.

The pulse generator is a simple single chip generator of a variable

frequency/variable duty ratio signal. The output of this 555 IC is fed to
a simple common emitter transistor amplifier which drives the pulse
transformer.

Plug in the chord of the set-up to a 230V, 50 Hz supply. Study the

waveform of the pulse generator at the resistance R3. Control the
resistance RA and RB on the panel and observe how the pulse width and
frequency is controlled. Fix it to a low D.R. and a mid frequency
Range.

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No-Load test:

Connect a PSU to the (+)ve and (-)ve power terminals provided, set
PSU to about 5V and then switch it on.
Observe the waveform at 2,3 terminals of pulse transformer. Observe
also at 4,5 terminals.
Increase the input pulse width, maintaining the low frequency,till the
Trailing edge of the pulse just starts rounding off. Measure t and the v
as shown

Volt secs = v x t
Note the ammeter reading of the PSU. Repeat for v = 2.5, 6, 10 volts.
Increase the pulse width slightly. A waveform shown by the
discontinuous line appears on the oscilloscope. The transformer is now
in saturated condition. Observe the output voltage at points 4,5. Touch
the amplifier transistor and note the current supplied by the PSU.
Comment on your observation.
Note primary waveforms in each case. Specially note the peak negative
Voltage and transistor voltage.

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B. Demagnetisation Network

With the secondary open circuited, connect the following components

Across terminals 2,3 (primary) of the pulse trasnsformer.
i) Resistance – R1.
ii) Resistance and diode in series – R1 & D2 with anode of D2
Connected to 3.
iii) Diode and zener – D2 & Z with cathode of z at 3 and cathode of
Diode at 2.
For each case, at 5V supply voltage, note the maximum duty ratio
possible without saturation of the transformer, the frequency,the
primary voltage waveform, the PSU current and the transistor voltage
waveform.
In each case ,first set the ON time till rounding – off of the trailing
edge is just absent. Now set the OFF time ( by decreasing it from a high
initial value) till the rounding off again is just about to appear.
Now connect the terminals 4,5 (secondary)to the circuit shown to the
right of it in Fig. 13.This may be done for any of the demagnetising
networks. Observe the primary (2,3), secondary(4,5), and gate cathode
voltages, Note also the transistor voltage and the PSU current.
Short resistance R2 and repeat the above observations. Comment on
your observations.

C. Three winding Transformer

Remove all demagnetising circuits. Operate the pulse transformer as in

A( no load test). Note voltages 1,2 and 2,3.Estimate the turns ratio of
the tertiary to the primary.

Connect cathode of diode, D1 to 1 and again find the maximum ON

time and minimum off time as in B.

Questions :

1. Explain all demagnetising methods.

2. Explain the use of coil 1, 2.
3. Comment on the utility of resistance R2.

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D. DRIVE CIRCUIT OF THYRISTOR & BJT.

Objective: To study

• Thyristor gate characteristics.

• Thyristor static output characteristics.
• Pulse triggering circuit for thyristors.
• Switching characteristics of thyristors.
• Base drive circuit for transistors.
• Switching characteristics of transistors.

Experimental procedure:

(i) Thyristor
DC triggering .

Fig. 1

• Make connections as shown in Fig.1.

• Insert maximum gate resistance (Rg).
• Put the multimeter in dc current measurement mode( 200ma)
• Connect channel 1 and chanel 2 of the CRO across the thyristor and across the
current sensing resistance respectively. Use a x 10 probe for channel 1 and
invert channel 2.
• With the maximum load resistance inserted in the circuit turn on ac power
supply and adjust the variac output to 20 volt peak.
• With output voltage set to zero turn on the adjustable dc power supply. Set the
Coarse adjustment knob in such a position that the firing angle of the thyristor
Can be controlled between 0 and 90 degrees with the fine adjustment knob
Alone.

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• Put the CRO in ‘X – Y’ mode with X axis representing the voltage across the
Thyristor. Set the firing angle of the thyristor to zero. Note the gate current
and the thyristor forward blocking voltage. Also observe the waveform of
Thyristor voltage(VAK), gate voltage(VGK) and load current waveforms.
Increase the firing angle in small steps up to 90 degrees and make the same
observations at each step.
Thyristor gate characteristics and static output characteristics are obtained
from this experiment.

Pulse triggering :

• Trace the pulse triggering circuit shown in Fig-2 and locate the test points.
• Connect ac and dc power supply to the firing circuit. Set the dc output voltage
To 12 volts and observe waveforms at all test points. Disconnect power supplies.
• Make connections as shown in Fig .3
• Connect CRO probe as in the case of DC triggering.
• Connect ac(220volts) and dc (12 volts) power source to the triggering circuit.
• From the variac apply around 20 volts (peak)across the thyristor and load
resistance and trigger the thyristor at a suitable angle.
• Trigger the thyristor at the turn on and turn off instants of the thyristor, observe
The waveform at expanded scale.( For this part trigger the CRO externally from
The signal atTP5 of Fig.2 )

Report :

• Circuit diagram with all component rating.

• Working principle for each circuit.
• Thyristor voltage, gate voltage and load current waveform during dc triggering.
• Thyristor voltage ad load current waveforms during pulse triggering.
• Plots of
i) Forward breakover voltage –gate current.
ii) Thyristor static output characteristics.
iii) Thyristor switching characteristics

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STUDY OF 3- PHASE LINE COMMUTED THYRISTOR

CONVERTER CIRCUIT

INTRODUCTION :
Single phase ac-to-dc converters are generally limited to a few kilowatts,
and for higher levels of d.c. power output three-phase line commuted converters
are used owing to restrictions on unbalanced loading, line harmonics, current
surge and voltage dips. Increase in ripple frequency also reduces the filter size.
converter which can be operated both in rectifying and inverter modes are
called fully controlled converters. When power flow can only occur from
ac-to-dc, the converter is known as semi converter, or half controlled converter.
fully controlled three-phase converters find applications in high voltage dc
power(HVDC) transmission, d.c. and a.c. motor drives with regenerative
breaking capabilities.

AIM :
1. To observe various waveforms with R and R-L loads for both fully controlled
and half controlled converters.
2. To plot graphs of mean load voltage against firing delay angles for R and R-L
loads.
3. To study variation of power factor against delay angle.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES:

Fig. 5.5.1a shows the power circuit configuration of a three –phase fully
controlled converter in which all the rectifying elements are thyristors.Fig5.5.1b
shows the waveforms of supply voltages, converter output voltage under
continuous load current condition, firing instants for controlling the output
voltage and sequence of firing. Thyristors are gated on at an interval of 60 ̊ in
the sequence in which they are numbered. Triggering angle α,also called
firing delay angle, is defined with respect to the cross over points of the phase
voltages at which an equivalent diode would start to conduct. In the positive
group of thyristors, viz.Th1, Th2 and Th3, turning on of one thyristor turns off a
conducting thyristors in the group. So is the case with negative group of
thyristors, viz. Th2, Th4 and Th6. As a result with highly inductive load ,
carrying continuous current, each thyristor would conduct for a period of 120 ̊
in a cycle with commutation occurring every 60 ̊ .

Since at any instant two thyristors should be in the conducting state no

current would flow if at start a single thyristor is given a pulse. This means that
each thyristor should always be supplied with gate pulses 60 ̊ apart so that at
start two thyristors can be triggered simultaneously.

Reference to Fig.5.5.1b shows that the ideal d.c. average output voltage
( average height of the full line wave ) of the converter under continuous load
current is
3 2
EO = E L− L cos α
π
Where E L − L is the line to line rms voltage, and α is the delay angle.

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If thyristor drops and supply side inductances are taken into account ,
Average load voltage is quite closely given by
3ωLO
E Ovg − EO − 2Vth − IL
π
where
LO = supply side inductance per phase
ωO = 2π times the supply frequency
I L = average load current

For delay angle greater than 60 ̊ ,the instantaneous output voltage will
have a negative part in its periodicity for continuous load current ( Fig5.5.2a)
with a resistive load current is always in phase with voltage. As current through
a thyristor can not be negative, the output voltage cannot take any negative
value. The range of control for delay angle α ,with resistive load, is from 0 ̊ to
120 ̊ . For α < 60 ̊ , the ideal output voltage, with resistive load, is the same as
in Fig.5.5.1b for continous load current whereas for α > 60 ̊ , the output voltage
waveform will be as shown in Fig.5.5.2b. The ideal average of the converter
output voltage, with resistive load, is given by

3 2 π π 2π
EO = E L − L [1 + cos (α + ) ] for <α <
π 3 3 3
3 2 π
= E L − L cos α for O < α <
π 3

A fully controlled converter can be made a semi- converter by placing a

freewheel diode across the load as shown in Fig.5.5.3. This circuit has the same
output voltage characteristic as that of the full converter with resistive load
since the output voltage can never go negative because of the freewheel diode.
Another configuration of a three phase semi converter is a half controlled
Converter bridge, shown in Fig.5.5.4a, where half the devices are thyristors, the
Remainder being diodes. Thyristors get turned off either on the firing of another
thyristor or by the action of the freewheeling diode. The circuit function will be
the same with or without freewheeling diode. However, in order to avoid half
waving effect in the case of trigger failure of the thyristors a freewheeling diode
is a necessity. Fig.5.5.4b and 5.5.4c show the output voltage waveforms.
For delay angle α < π/3 output voltage wave is discontinuous. The average
output voltage is given by

3 2E L−L
EO = ( 1 + cos α ) for O < α < π
π

A half – controlled converter , when compared to a fully controlled converter

has no starting problems, but has higher harmonic content in the load voltage
and the supply current waveforms.

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TRIGGERING CIRCUIT:
The triggering circuit shown in Fig.5.5.5. for a fully controlled
converter employs cosine wave control techniques so that the output voltage of
the converter is proportional to the control voltage when the load current is
continuous. The waveform at the output points of certain stages of the
triggering circuit are shown in Fig.5.5.6. A set of three single phase transformer,
connected in delta/ zig-zag (Fig.5.5.7) is used to obtain isolated low level
synchronized balanced sinusoidal outputs Vg1, Vg3 and Vg5 which lead the
supply voltages ea, eb and ec respectively by 60 ̊ . Phasor diagram in fig 5.5.7b
explains the derivations of this 60 ̊ lead . Required subtractions are carried out
on the secondary side of the transformer. Positive peaks of these voltages
occur at the respective reference instants from which the delay angles for the
positive group of the thyristors viz. Th1,Th2 and Th5 are measured. This is
Illustrated in Fig. 5.5.6 . for the voltage waveform ea and vg1 .Three inverters
inverts Vg1,Vg3 and Vg5 to generate sine waves Vg2, Vg4 and Vg6 whose
positive peaks occur at the respective reference instants from which delay
angles for the negative group of thyristors viz. Th2,Th4 and Th6 are measured .

Six separate but identical circuits are used for obtaining synchronized
triggering pulses for the six thyristors and also for controlling their delay angles.
circuit description for generating the triggering pulses from the secondary phase
voltage is only explained by reference to Fig.5.5.7. The circuit works as follows:

Signal voltage Vg1 is compared with a control voltage vc which can

be controlled between +Vm and –Vm (peaks of Vg1). The differentiator network
converts rectangular output of the comparator to trigger pulses for the input to
the timer 555 which is wired for monostable operation.The monostable output
is then fed through diodes to the supply and the reset pins (8 and 4) of two 555
timers.One timer belongs to the circuit under consideration and the other to the
circuit appearing next in the sequence of firing. This is to ensure that two
consecutive thyristors in the triggering sequence could receive gate firing
signals simultaneously. These timers operate in astable mode, producing train of
pulses over the period equal to the width of the monostable output. The
modulated pulse signals from these astable multivibrators are fed to the pulse
transformer and transistor based driver circuits, the outputs of which are the
required triggering pulses for the thyristors.

PROCEDURE:
Triggering circuit :

• Construct the triggering control circuit as shown in Fig.5.5.5.

• Switch on the supply to the triggering circuit.
• Observe the waveforms at the output point of each stage upto the
Input of the driver circuit in relation to the sinusoidal input to the
comparator. Use dual trace oscilloscope .
• Check polarity, pulse heights and phase displacement between output
pulses at g1 and g2, g2 and g3 ………… g6 and g1. If the working of the
circuit is as expected , 60 ̊ phase displacement between triggering
pulses for two consecutive thyristors in the sequence of firing and two
two pulses from each driver circuit will be obtained.

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• Change the control voltageVc and see wheather the pulses are shifting
on block.

Converter circuit :

• Make the fully controlled converter bridge circuit as shown in Fig.5.5.8.

Connect a suitable resistive load keeping in view the rating of the
Thyristors.
• Before releasing the gate pulses to the thyristors to ensure that the
Thyristors would be getting their respective triggering pulses on closing
the gate switches SW1,SW2………..SW6. Also ensure that the phase
terminals of the incoming power supply are connected to the appropriate
bridge arms.
• For an appropriately selected resistive load observe the wave forms of
the output voltage, input current, line voltage at the bridge input terminsls,
and the thyristor voltage for two delay angles. One delay angle less than
π/6 and the other greater than π/6.
• With the same resistive load vary the delay angle in suitable steps over its
full range, and for each delay angle note the input power,supply current,
average load voltage, rms and average load current.
• Add a suitable inductor, having time constant greather than 3ms in series
with the resistive load. Repeat steps 3 and 4.
• Connect the converter as a half controlled three phase bridge (Fig.5.5.4a)
and for a few specific delay angles and the same R and R-L load
measure the input power, phase current, output voltage and load current
(rms and average) and also note the same waveforms as indicated in
step 3.

Table 5.5.1
Experimental observation with semi converter/fully controlled converter
Supply voltage = V
Load resistance = Ohms

Load Computed Power

current Output factor
Sl.
Delay Input Input Load Voltage
No. angle Power Current voltage rms Avg.
α W1+W2
Deg. watts Amp. volts amp amp volts

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Calculations and plots:

1. Trace or record, the various waveforms

2. Complete computations indicated in tables
3. For fully controlled converter plot on the same graph sheet, computed
output voltage (eqn.5.5.1) and measured voltage against delay angles
For both R and R-L loads.
4. Do same as above for half – controlled converter.
5. On the same graph paper plot power – factor against delay angle for fully
Controlled and half – controlled converter.
Questions :

1. Why do notches and spikes occur in the waveform of line to line voltage
at the input of the converter?
2. In which converter , fully controlled or half controlled, for the same output
voltage ripple voltage is less?
3. For the same output voltage and power which converter, fully controlled
Or half controlled , requires lesss reactive power ?
4. What is the frequency of the lowest order harmonic in three-phase semi
converters and that in three phase fully controlled converters?
5. Which converter has higher harmonic content in its load voltage and
Supply current waveforms?

Circuit diagram

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Fig. 5.5.3 A full-wave three-phase controlled converter

With freewheel diode DF

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Study of 1-phase AC to DC controlled converter

(both fully controlled And half controlled)

Object: To study the performances of single phase half-controlled bridge Rectifier.

A. In configuration A.
B. In configuration B.
Apparatus:
1. Experimental set up.
2. Dual Trace Oscilloscope.
3. M.C. Voltmeter (0-300 v),ammeter (0-3 amp.)
4. M.I. Voltmeter (0-300 v)
5. 185 ohm rheostat, Inductive coil.
6. 0.1 ohm std. resistance.
Procedure:
A. Study of configuration A
1. Check the trigger- circuit. Refer to the last experiment.

Fig. P.E.- 5.1

2. Connect up the power circuit as in configuration A. Switch on the trigger Circuit.
3. Connect probe to one of the oscilloscope channel for observing voltage waveform across
the secondary terminals of the step down(230-6v.) transformer in the triggering circuit.
Synchronize the oscilloscope onto this signal(reference).Adjust level control and time
base control to get one complete cycle of the input A.C voltage commencing from its
zero crossing, displayed.
4. With the 185 ohm rheostat connected between L1 and L2 and the variac set to 80%
position. Switch on the power circuit supply.(In case of mal operation refer to B2 of
experiment P.E.-4).
5. Observe the voltage waveform across the load, the std. resistance (current), each of the
thyristors and the diodes. Connect the std. resistance in series with each of the
semiconductors and observe the current waveform in the A.C line. Read off ‘α’ from the
oscilloscope display. Sketch the above waveform in time phase relationship with the
reference for α = 10 ̊ , 30 ̊ , 90 ̊ , 120 ̊ , 150 ̊ and 170 ̊ . Plot VDC( calculated ) vs ‘α’ and
VDC(measured) vs ‘α’ on the same graph paper.
VDC VDC
VAC measured calculated

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6. Switch off supply to power circuit. Connect the inductance between terminals L1 and
L2 .Set the variac to zero output position and switch on the supply again.
7. With ‘α’ set at the minimum, gradually increase the variac output till the ammeter reads 3
amps.
8. Repeat A-3 and A-5.
9. Connect a F.W.D. across the inductance and observe the waveform again. Observe also
the current through the F.W.D. Plot them in time phase relation to the reference.
10. Remove the F.W.D. with ‘α’ set low, get a steady display on the oscilloscope of the
output voltage of the rectifier. Switch off the trigger circuit and observe how the output
voltage decays.(A strong oscilloscope might be used here to observe this fast
phenomenon. But it can also be viewed on an ordinary C.R.O. if keenly observed. For
repeated displays, switch on and off the trigger circuit power several times-allowing for
the load current to build up to its steady state value.)

B. Study of configuration B.

1. Repeat all the steps in part A of the experiment.

Questions:
1. Explain the difference in the performance of the two circuits in step 10.
2. Can the pulse transformers be done away with in any of the above circuits?
3. Compare the performances of a single phase fully controlled and a half controlled bridge
converter?

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STUDY OF 1-PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER

Object : Study of
A. The triggering circuit of a single phase fully controlled converter.
B. Single phase fully controlled converter.

Apparatus :
1. Experimental set up.
2. Dual trace oscilloscope.
3. M.C. voltmeter( 0- 300v), ammeter.
4. M.I. voltmeter( 0- 300v).
5. 185 ohm rheostat, Inductive coil.
6. 0.1 ohm std. resistance.
Procedure :

A. Study of triggering circuit.

Fig. P.E.-4.1 –Triggering circuit.

1. Study the triggering circuit. Identify all the components given in the diagram.

2. Switch on power to the trigger circuit only.

3. Connect both the GND. Probes of the oscilloscope to any two cathodes of the S.C.R.s .The ‘line’
leads are to be clipped on to the respective gates. On CHOP mode synchronize the oscilloscope on any
one of the inputs. Set Time base control to 5 m.sec.(Select ‘line’ Trigger for oscilloscope if available).

4. Observe the pulse width and the phase relation of the trigger pulses for the two thyristors. Observe
the details of the pulses to the gate of any one of the thyristors. Change time - base position, if
necessary. Trace all the pulses on a graph paper. Remove all the probes.

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B. Fully controlled single phase converter.

Fig. P.E.- 4.2 – Fully controlled converter.

1. Connect up the power circuit as in (Fig. P.E.-4.2.). Between L1 and L2 connect the 185 ohm
rheostat. Switch on all power supplies. FWD not to be connected.

2. Observe the load voltage waveform and the current waveform by observing the drop across the
STD. resistance. Read off ‘α’ from the oscilloscope display. Note the meter readings. Calculate VDC
from the measured value of VAC and ‘α’.

Fig. P. E. – 4.3
Tabulate:

VAC V DC V DC
measured calculated

Plot VDC vs ‘α’ for both measured and calculated VDC. (The circuit will malfunction if the trigger
circuit power supply(A.C. line 230v)is out of phase with that fed to the power circuit. Reverse trigger
circuit supply, at the plug if necessary ).

3. With the STD. resistance in series with the A.C. line observe the current waveform on the
oscilloscope. Connect the second probe to the secondary of the step-down transformer in the
triggering circuit to observe the time –phase relation of the former to those already observed.

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 Power Electronics Laboratory (EE 33006)

4. With the STD. resistance in series with the thyristors, observe the current waveform through them.
Observe also the voltage waveform across the thyristors. Plot all the observed waveforms in time –
phase relationship with the A.C. supply Voltage(display in the second trace).
5. Connect a transformer coil in series with the rheostat. Set rheostat at about 100 ohms. Repeat B-2,
B-3 and B-4 with and without the FWD.
Questions:
1. Comment on the effect on Power Factor of the FWD.
2. Explain how the fully controlled converter can be made to operate as an inverter.
Draw the necessary power circuit and sketch a typical voltage and current
waveform.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power Electronics Laboratory (EE39006)
Electrical Engineering Department

List of Experiments

1. Study of 1- phase AC to DC controlled converter( half controlled and full

controlled).

2. Study of 3- phase AC to DC full controlled converter.

3. Study of a Triac based single phase ac regulator and determination of Thyristor

switching characteristics and pulse transformer characteristics.

4. Study of Thyristor based dc to dc converter (dc chopper).

5. Study of a 3- phase PWM inverter with fixed (50Hz) output frequency and study
of a non-PWM type inverter with 120-degree conduction of switches.

6. Study of an inverter fed adjustable speed drive for a 3- phase induction motor.

7. Study of a Thyristor based dc- drive with closed loop speed control.

8. MOSFET based dc to dc converter (buck, boost and buck-boost types with non-
isolated output voltage.)

9. Study of an industrial type fly-back dc to dc converter with isolated and

regulated output voltage.

10. Study of a single phase PWM AC to DC converter.

11. Study of 1-phase ASCI (Auto Sequential Commutated Inverter) current source
inverter.