ELE-2101P Analog Devices & Circuit I

Experiment # 1
To demonstrate the use of a semi- conductor diode as a half wave and full wave rectifiers.
Aim:
To find current (Idc), power (P), ripple factor and to observe the input and output wave forms.
Apparatus:
1. Diode 1N4007
2. Oscillator
3. Connecting wires
4. Bread board trainer
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
6. Resistors (1K, 10K, 56K and 100 KΩ)
Theory: (half-wave rectifier)
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current to direct current with the help of various
diodes.
A half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier that allows one half of the AC current to pass while
it blocks the other half. When an Ac waveform passes through a half wave rectifier, only half
of the AC waveform remains and the rest is rectified.
During the positive half cycle the diode is under forward bias condition and we get the wave
because it acts as a close switch when in forward biased condition. During the positive half
cycles, the input voltage is applied directly to the load resistance when the forward resistance
of the diode is assumed to be zero.
During the negative half-cycle the diode is under reverse bias condition and we do not get the
wave because diodes acts as an open switch when in reverse biased state. During the negative
half-cycle, the voltage and current across the load remain zero. No power is delivered during
the negative half cycle.
A series of positive half cycles is the output voltage that is developed across the load resistance.
The output is a pulsating DC wave and to make the smooth output, the wave is filtered. If the
input wave is of half-cycle, then it is known as a half-wave rectifier.
Circuit diagram:
D1

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram

ELE-2101P Analog Devices & Circuit I

Procedure:

i) Configure the half-wave rectifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

ii) Connect the primary side of the step -down transformer to the a.c. mains and secondary
to the input of the circuit.
iii) Multiply the Vac at the input by √2 to get the peak value and calculate Vdc using the
formula Vdc= Vm/ π. Compare this value with the measured Vdc at the output.
iv) Feed the input and output (in DC coupling mode) to the two channels of oscilloscope.
We will use oscilloscope here only to trace the output waveform.
v) Calculate the ripple factor, power consumption and current through load (𝐈𝐝𝐜),

Ripple factor

Observations and calculations (for half-wave rectifier):

1. Input Voltage: Vac = Volt

Table (1):

Load
Vm(rms) Vdc= Vm/ π P = Idc2 R
Sr. no resistors
(V) (V) (W) Ripple factor
(k Ω) (mA)

Input and Output waveform:

Vp -0.7
Vp – 0.7

Figure 2: Input Waveform Figure 3: Output waveform

ELE-2101P Analog Devices & Circuit I

Aim:
To find current (Idc), power (P), ripple factor and to observe the input and output wave forms.
Apparatus:
1. Diode 1N4007
2. Connecting wires
3. Bread board trainer
4. Centre tapped transformer
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
6. Resistors (1K, 10K, 56K and 100 KΩ)
Theory: (full-wave rectifier using centered tapped transformer)
A full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts both half cycles of AC current into
pulsating DC signal.
A center tapped full wave rectifier uses a center tapped transformer and two diodes to convert the
complete AC signal into DC signal. When input AC voltage is applied, the secondary winding of
the center tapped transformer divides this input AC voltage into two parts: positive and negative.
During the positive half cycle, current flows only in the upper part of the circuit while the lower
part of the circuit carry no current to the load because the diode D2 is reverse biased. During the
negative half cycle, current flows only in the lower part of the circuit while the upper part of the
circuit carry no current to the load because the diode D1 is reverse biased.
A small voltage is wasted at the D1 and D2 to make them conduct. However, this voltage is very
small as compared to the voltage appeared at the output, so this voltage is neglected. The diodes
D1 and D2 are commonly connected to the load RL, so the load current is the sum of individual
diode currents. The value of the pulsating direct current changes with respect to time. This is due
to the ripples in the output signal. These ripples can be reduced by using filters such as capacitor
and inductor.
Full wave rectifier has high rectifier efficiency than the half wave rectifier. That means the full
wave rectifier converts AC to DC more efficiently than the half wave rectifier. In a half wave
rectifier, only half cycle is allowed and the remaining half cycle is blocked. As a result, more than
half of the voltage is wasted but in full wave rectifier, both half cycles are allowed at the same
time. So no signal is wasted in a full wave rectifier. The output DC signal in full wave rectifier has
fewer ripples than the half wave rectifier.
Circuit diagram:

Figure4: Circuit Diagram

ELE-2101P Analog Devices & Circuit I

Procedure:

i) Configure the full-wave rectifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

ii) Connect the primary side of the step -down transformer to the a.c. mains and secondary
to the input of the circuit.
iii) Multiply the Vac at the input by √2 to get the peak value and calculate Vdc using the
formula Vdc= 2Vm/ π. Compare this value with the measured Vdc at the output.
iv) Feed the input and output (in DC coupling mode) to the two channels of oscilloscope.
We will use oscilloscope here only to trace the output waveform.
v) Calculate the ripple factor, power consumption, current through load (𝐈𝐝𝐜),
𝑉𝑚 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) 2
√( ) −1
Ripple factor = 𝑉 𝑑𝑐

Observations and calculations (for full-wave rectifier):

1. Input Voltage: Vac = Volt

Table (2):

Load
Vm(rms) Vdc = 2Vm/ π P = 𝐈𝐝𝐜𝟐 R.
Sr. no resistors
(V) (V) (W) Ripple factor
(k Ω) (mA)

Input and Output waveform:

Figure 5: Input Waveform Figure 6: Output Waveform