In a complex phenomenon and maybe be caused by non-uniform deformation during rolling or by the presence

of deflects in the original cast billet.

 Aligatoring

Heading processing can be carried out cold, warm, or hot; they are be performed on machines called
 Headers

Is essentially an upsetting operation, usually performed at the end of a round rod or wire in order to produce a
larger cross-section.
 Heading

Consist of pressing a hardened punch, having a particular tip geometry, into the surface of block of metal.
 Hubbing

A process similar to roll forging

 Skew Forging

Is a process in which a blank is forged into a shape with a tool that forms the blank in several small steps
 Incremental Forging

The dies are heated to the same temperature as that of the hot workpiece.
 Isothermal Forging or hot-die forging

A solid rod or tube is subjected to radial impact forces by a set of reciprocating dies.
 Swaging

Is generally defined as the capability of a material to undergo deformation without cracking..

 Forgeability

Punching a number of holes in a sheet

 Perforating

Leaving a tab without removing any material

 Lancing

Shearing the sheet into two or more pieces

 Parting

Removing pieces ( or various shapes) from the edges

 Notching

Is a process of bending the edges of sheet metals, usually to 90 deg.

 Flanging

Involves joining two edges of sheet metal by hammering

 Seaming

Is the process whereby green compacts are heated in controlled – atmosphere furnace to a temperature below
the melting point, but sufficiently high to allow bonding of the individual particles
 Sintering

Were introduced in 1960’s. they typically 70% aluminum oxide and 30% titanium carbide
 Cermets
Of all known materials, the hardest substance is ______. It has low friction, high wear resistance and the
ability to maintain a sharp cutting edge.
 Diamond

To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a previous process or to produce circular internal grooves.
 Boring

To produced a regular shaped roughness on cylindrical surfaces, as in making knobs.

 Knurling

Because of friction between the specimen and the platens, the specimen’s cylindrical surface bulges ; this
effect is called..
 Barreling

Is usually defined as resistance to permanent indentation.

 Hardness

Test involves pressing a steel or tungsten – carbide ball 10 mm diameter against a surface , with a load of 500
kg, 1500 kg, or 3000 kg.
 Brinell Test

This test measures the depth of penetration instead of the diameter of the indention.
 Rockwell Test

Formerly known as the diamond pyramid hardness test, uses a pyramid – shaped diamond indenter and a load
ranges from 1kg to 120 kg
 Vickers Test

Uses to measure the hardness of rubber, plastics, and similar soft and elastic non – metallic materials.
 Durometer

Is a phenomenon in which carbon atoms in steels segregates to dislocations , thereby pinning them and, in this
way, increasing the resistance to dislocation movement.
 Strain Aging

Is a phenomenon characterized by high permeability and permanent magnetization that are due to alignment of
iron, nickel, and cobalt atoms into domains.
 Ferromagnetism

Exhibited by some materials, such as quartz crystals and some ceramic materials , such as cubic ferrites.
 Piezoelectric Effect

In this structure, graphite exists largely in the form of flakes. When it is broken, the fracture path is along the
graphite flakes and has, therefore gray, sooty appearance.
 Gray Cast Iron

The steel is formed into desired shapes within controlled ranges of temperature and time to avoid formation of
non martensitic transformation products.
 Ausforming

Improves strength and hardness at elevated temperatures..

 Cobalt