DAY 12

Biochemistry is the study of biology at the molecular level and can be thought as the chemistry of life. It
involves the study of biomolecules that are present within living organisms. These biomolecules are usually
large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

 Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in the ration of 1:2:1or simply CH2O.
 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates which includes trioses, pentoses and hexoses.
 Disaccharides are double-ringed sugars that result from the combination of two monosaccharides.
Disaccharides react with water in a process called hydrolysis reaction, which causes them to break
down into 2 monosaccharides.
Disaccharide + H2O  2 monosaccharides sucrose + H2O  glucose + fructose
Lactose + H2O  glucose + galactose maltose + H2O  glucose + glucose
 Polysaccharides can be defined as carbohydrates that contain many monosaccharides. Examples are
glycogen, starch and cellulose which are polymers too.
 Lipids are essential constituents of almost all living cells. Most of it are insoluble in water but soluble in fat
solvents.
 Fatty acids can be thought as building blocks of lipids. Saturated Fatty Acids are single bonds while
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids have one double bond and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids contain 2 or more
double bonds. Lipids can be classified as waxes, fats and oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids,
prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. The building blocks of proteins are amino
acids which are organic acids containing amine group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). It functions as
the enzymatic catalysts. They are classified as simple, conjugated and derived protein. Simple proteins are
those proteins which upon hydrolysis yield only amino acids or their derivatives. Conjugated proteins are
composed of simple protein combined with some non-protein substance. Derived proteins include those
substances formed from simple and conjugated proteins. This category includes the artificially synthesized
protein like compounds.
 Nucleic acids contain C, H, O, N, P. The building blocks of it are called nucleotides which contain
nitrogenous base, a pentose (RNA/DNA) and a phosphate group.
DAY 13

A difference in electronegativities determines if a molecule contains bonds that are polar or non-
polar. In molecules with polar bonds, there is an uneven sharing of electrons in a covalent bond (C-Cl
bond). In molecules with non-polar bonds, if these bonds are equally dispersed throughout the molecule
and there is no net dipole moment. In this case, the molecules would be non-polar.

 Intermolecular forces are the forces that are between molecules. There are three main types of
intermolecular forces: London dispersion, Dipole-dipole forces and Hydrogen bonding. All of these
are forces of attraction between atoms or molecules. The forces involved with the skin and with
penetration of cosmetics into the skin are dipole-dipole forces (forces between polar molecules). One
specific type of dipole-dipole force is hydrogen-bonding (a dipole-dipole force between hydrogen and
another very electronegative atom such as chlorine, oxygen or nitrogen).
 Polar and non-polar molecules are not immiscible in each other; they will not mix. An important
ingredient in skin care products is silicone polymers because they possess properties such as the
ability to reduce surface tension, wetting, and emulsification. Silicone polymers are neither oil-soluble
(non-polar) or water soluble (polar). They are hydrophobic and oleophobic (O’Lenick Jr. & o’Lenick,
2007). Hydrophobic means lacking an affinity for water and oleophobic means lacking an affinity for
oils.

Three main types of Intermolecular Forces:

 Dispersion (or London) Forces (also - temporary dipole in one molecule cases electrons to shift
called Induced-Dipole Forces)
 Dipole-Dipole Forces
 Hydrogen Bonding
in an adjacent molecule
- attraction lasts only until the electrons shift again and the
temporary dipoles go away
- attraction between polar molecules
- generally stronger than dispersion forces because
attraction is due to permanent dipoles, so they do not go
away like induced dipoles
- especially strong type of dipole-dipole force
- exist between molecules with the ff. bonds: H-F, H-O, H-N
- because these are small atoms with large
electronegativity differences
- very strong dipole in molecules

 Van der Waal Forces – the relatively weak attractive forces that act on neutral atoms and molecules
that arise because of the electric polarization induced in each of the particles by the presence of other
particles.