Indonesian Public Health Media

Volume 17 Issue 4 2021

DOI : 10.30597/mkmi.v16i2.9090
Websites:http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi
© 2021 by author. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license

Systematic Literature Review of Microplastics in Bottled Drinking Water in

Indonesia

Kajian Literatur Mikroplastik Pada Air Minum Dalam Kemasan di Indonesia

Rahmi Amir1*, Ayu Dwi Putri Rusman 2,Maghfira Nurul Islamiah 3

Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare
*
Authors Correspondence: ammiandjala@gmail.com / 085246913430

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Microplastics are particles that are in every Bottled Drinking Water
Received (AMDK) in Indonesia that have a negative impact on the body if they
Revised form accumulate in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the
content of microplastics in Indonesia, the factors that influence them and
Accepted
the impact on the human body. This study uses a qualitative method with
Published online
a systematic literature review approach by reviewing 8 journals that have
been screened using the prism method according to the inclusion criteria
with a data base derived from science direct, pubmed and google scholar
Keywords: and the vosviewer application. The results of the study showed that in
Microplastics; bottled water, the concentration of microplastics was 7,043 - 8,339
Bottled drinking water; particles/L with small sizes in the range of 1-10 m and large ones in the
influencing factors; range of 10-5000 m, where the dominant form of microplastics was fiber
impact; and fragments, mostly white with The dominant composition is
polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate
Kata Kunci: (PET) polymers. Factors that affect microplastics in bottled drinking
Mikroplastik; water are water sources, production processes, exposure to sunlight and
Air minum dalam kemasan; repeated use of bottles. Microplastics can cause hormonal imbalances,
Faktor yang mempengaruhi; risk of heart disease and infertility, digestive disorders, and growth
Dampak; inhibition. Ways to reduce MP particles in AMDK are traditional filtering
of raw water, electrocoagulation, magnetic extraction and membrane
separation.
ABSTRAK
Mikroplastik merupakan partikel yang berada pada setiap Air Minum
Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) di Indonesia yang berdampak buruk bagi tubuh
jika terakumulasi dalam tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
mengetahui kandungan mikroplastik yang ada di indonesia, faktor yang
memengaruhinya serta dampak yang ditimbulkan pada tubuh manusia.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan
systematic literature review dengan mengkaji 8 jurnal yang telah di
screening dengan metode prisma sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dengan
data base berasal dari sciene direct, pubmed dan google scholar dan
aplikasi vosviewer. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dalam AMDK
memiliki konsentrasi mikroplastik sebanyak 7.043 - 8.339 partikel/L
dengan ukuran yang kecil dengan rentang 1-10 μm dan yang besar
dengan rentang 10-5000 μm, dimana bentuk yang dominan mikroplstik
adalah fiber dan fragmen yang kebanyakan berwarna putih dengan
komposisi dominan adalah polimer polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE),
dan polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Faktor yang memengaruhi
mikroplastik dalam AMDK yaitu sumber air, proses produksi, paparan
sinar matahri serta pemaikan botol berulang. Mikroplastik dapat
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menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon, risiko penyakit jantung dan

infertilitas, ganggguan pencernaan, dan penghambatan pertumbuhan.
Cara untuk mengurangi partikel MP pada AMDK yaitu penyaringan
tradisional pada air baku, elektrokoagulasi,ekstraksi maknetik dan
pemisahan membran.

INTRODUCTION and bottles that were only used once, 3

With the development of the times and beverage packages and 9 glasses taken from a

the increasing growth of society, the need for grocery store in Germany found small (-50-

water also increases. With advances in 500µm) and medium-sized (1-50 m)

technology, there are currently many drinking microplastics. ) in almost all of the water

water supply industries that are contained in studied. Nearly 80% of all the items obtained

plastic containers. The provision of drinks in had compound sizes ranging from 5 to 20 mm

plastic containers feels more practical and and were therefore not detected by the

secure, so many people prefer to consume analytical techniques used in previous studies.

bottled water.Based on Aspadin data, bottled For the amount obtained in the whole sample,

drinking water consumption in 2018 was there were 118 ± 88 particles in the disposable

recorded at 29 billion liters per year 1.The use of container, but only 14 ± 14 particles/l

bottled water has also increased, causing many contained in the packaging container which was

activities to search for clean water in water in used only once. What is contained in the

the soil, rivers, lakes, manage water in the sea microplastic in the packaging of beverage

and restore polluted water.2. In Indonesia itself, storage containers is only 11 ± 8 particles, but

there was a significant increase in bottled water the plastic element found was the presence of

consumption where in 2005 the consumption of quite high numbers in several types of glass

bottled water was only 4.1% then rose sharply bottled water (range 0-253 particles/l, average

in 2017 to 42.8% and rose again by 10% in 50 ± 52 particles/l). Statistically significant

20193. differences of the blank values (14 ± 13) with

Microplastics are particles that are
4
about 0.3 mm-> 5mm . Microplastics are
particles of plastic that are difficult to
decompose, this can be caused by improper
disposal and handling of plastic waste 6.
Microplastics are not as easy to get rid of as the
ocean and plastic is an item that is very marine
5
and plastic is a very persistent material .
In a study conducted by Schymanski,
from 22 water bottles that were able to return
the type of packaging investigated can only be
shown compared to the returnable bottles (p <
0.05). For some elements that are present in the
water in the plastic container bottle, it can be
given back and re-identify what is there, such as
polyester (PET primary polyethylene
terephthalate, 84%) and polypropylene (PP,
7%) Statistically significant differences of the
blank values (14 ± 13) with the type of
packaging investigated can only be shown
compared to the returnable bottles (p < 0.05).
 3 of Number of Pages Author Name, et al (author >1) | MKMI| Volume (issue)| Year | Thing

For some elements that are present in the water inflammation, oxidative stress, necrosis and
in the plastic container bottle, it can be given affect the human immune system.9.
back and re-identify what is there, such as
Based on this explanation, there are
polyester (PET primary polyethylene
many studies on microplastics in bottled water
terephthalate, 84%) and polypropylene (PP,
but not too much is related to bottled drinking
7%) Statistically significant differences of the
water in Indonesia, this study aims to be
blank values (14 ± 13) with the type of
interested in researching information about the
packaging investigated can only be shown
content, factors that affect microplastics in
compared to the returnable bottles (p < 0.05).
bottled water in Indonesia, and the impact if it
For some elements that are present in the water
accumulates in water. in the human body.
in the plastic container bottle, it can be given
back and re-identify what is there, such as MATERIALS AND METHODS
polyester (PET primary polyethylene This study uses a qualitative design with
terephthalate, 84%) and polypropylene (PP, a librarian study approach or a systematic
7%)7. literature review. This research is a desk study
which is carried out from February 2022 to
The microplastic research conducted by
completion. The population of this study was
one of the leading universities in New York took
taken from the databasescience direct, google
259 bottles of water with the number of water
scholar, and pubmedas muchabout 3090
brands being 11 bottles. from various countries
journals on Google Scholar, 11453 journals on
with the result that 93% of bottled drinking
Science Direct, and 7324 on Pubmed according
water is proven to contain microplastics, what
to keywords with samples being screened
is used for some countries is that there is also
based on keywords that the author had
Indonesia. The samples were about 30 aqua
previously set, based on the inclusion criteria of
bottles, the results of which contained an
International and National Journals related to
average of 325 particles/L for each sample with
the content of microplastics in bottled water. in
the highest content reaching 4.7143 particles/L.
Indonesia, the influencing factors, and the
The size of the microplastics varies from 6.5 m
dangers of microplastics in bottled water and
to more than 100 m. The product from Nestle
how to overcome them and the time span of the
Pure Life is the water with the most
journal is 5 years (2017-2021). The type of data
microplastics globally with a content of 10,390
used in this study is data that has been obtained
particles/L. This is thought to be caused by the
from the screening process by combining all
process of bottling the water in the packaging
data or sources related to the topic under study.
and coming from the bottle itself,8. As is known
This study examines journals and other
from Wright's research, microplastics can cause
scientific papers using the PRISMA method
a series of biological responses including
related to the content of microplastics in
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bottled greeting water in Indonesia. The results
of the analysis will be followed up with IMRAD
(Introduction, Method, Result and Discussion)so
it can be seen that there is a microplastic
content in bottled water in Indonesia. Research
instruments are the tools used for data
collection, the instrument in this research is the
Publish or Perish (POP) application, which is
software that accommodates or is a place to
find national and international journals. The vos
viewer app maps different types of bibliometric
analysis by title, year, author etc.
RESULTS
Based on the results obtained on Google
Scholar, there are 320 articles; Based on the
title, 290 articles were selected. Then after
reading the abstract, 21 articles were selected,
and finally 3 articles were selected which would
be reviewed by reading the article in its
entirety. For Science Direct, there were 1756
articles related to the topic, after entering the
inclusion criteria, 1701 related articles were
obtained, then after reading the title and
abstract, there were 20 journals remaining,
which were then taken 3 journals that were
worth reviewing after reading them in their
entirety. With Pubmed produced 41 journals
where after entering the inclusion criteria we
get 12 journals, then after reading the title and
abstract, there are 2 journals that are worthy of
being studied with Systematic Review.

Table1Systematic Literature Review

Researcher Title Sample Method Output

found in the form of microplastic

fragments with the type of
Polypropylene (PP) as many as 10.4
particles/L with a size >100 m, 335
particles/L with a size of 6.5-100 m;
43 journals. with microplastic in the form of fiber and
Abundance and journals obtained fragments with the types of
(Faujiah,
Characteristics of based on the Descriptive Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene-
Isma Nur
Microplastics in Drinking source, namely qualitative terephthalate (PET) and Polyethylene
Wahyuni, Ira
Water and Their Potential Research Gate, data analysis (PE) with sizes of 0.025-5,000 mm;
Ryski, 2022)
Impacts on Human Health Google Scholar, microparticles of 12 to 58 particles/L
and Science Direct with a size of 40 to 723 m; 118±88
particles/L of Polyethylene-
terephthalate (PET) and
Polypropylene (PP) microplastics and
14±14 particles/L of Polyethylene-
terephthalate (PET) types.
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There is a difference in the amount of

a Comparative Study About
the Amount of Microplastic
in Polyethylene
Terephthalate (Pet)
(Faizah, Atyaf Drinking Water That Was
Umi. 2020) Exposed and Not Exposed
By Sun At Environmental
Health Laboratory of
Poltekkes Kemenkes
Semarang At the Year 2020
microplastics between PET bottled
water that is exposed and not exposed
to sunlight. As a form of vigilance, the
AMDK brand X
public is advised to keep PET bottled
which is a PET Pre-
water away from direct sunlight for
bottle Volume 600 Experimental
both distribution and utilization of
ml
other types of PET bottles for other
purposes such as water disinfection
using sunlight (SODIS).

Researcher Title Sample Method Output

Of the 259 total bottles processed,

93% showed signs of microplastic
contamination. After taking into
account the possibility of
239 bottles of contamination. found an average of
bottled water 10.4 microplastic particles measuring
Synthetic Polymer from various > 100 m per liter of processed bottled
(Mason, et al.
Contamination in Bottled brands in China, Experiment water. With the predominance of
2018)
Water USA, Brazil, India, Fragment form followed by fiber. Half
Indonesia and of these particles were confirmed to
Mexico be polymeric using FTIR spectroscopy
with polypropylene as the most
common polymer type (54%), used in
the common plastics used for the
manufacture of bottle caps.
The authors propose that because
Removal of microplastics via
existing pretreatments that limit the
(Shen, et al. drinking water treatment: 15 International
Descriptive amount of microplastics in water
2020) Current knowledge and Journals
should be adapted to protect drinking
future directions
water treatment processes.
The author said that the form of legal
legislation, official protection for consumers related to
records or the content of microplastics in bottled
Legal Protection for
(Dyah Ayu, minutes in the water is contained in Law no. 8 of
Consumers of Packaged
Mustikasari making of laws Descriptive 1999 concerning the protection and
Drinking Water Products
2021) and regulations rights of consumers which is meant by
From Microplastic Content.
and judges' the existence of the law can protect
decisions the rights of consumers on the bottled
drinking water they consume.

In the process of manufacturing,

storing, marketing to activities when
consumed, it has an influence on the
presence of microplastics in the
water. Being able to enter when water
is put into a bottle and providing a
(Ivana, Kezia Microplastics in Drinking
Journal Descriptive cover is also carried out in these
2021) Water
activities, it can cause abrasion and
remove microplastic elements. Other
things, such as physical stress, can
cause shaking of the packaging to
release microplastic elements in the
water.
(Handayani, Literature Review of Journal Study of The content of microplastics ranged
 6 of Number of Pages Author Name, et al (author >1) | MKMI| Volume (issue)| Year | Thing

from 7,043 - 8,339 particles/L. The

Microplastic Content in
Risa. 2020) Bottled Drinking Water
(Amdk)
Cytotoxic effects of
commonly used
(Schirinzi, et
nanomaterials and
a. 2017)
microplastics on cerebral
and epithelial human cells
dominant forms of microplastics
encountered were microplastics in the
form of fragments and fibers, with the
colors found being transparent, light
blue, dark blue, reddish brown, dark
brown, white, and red; The
predominant size of microplastics in
literature bottled water showed the size of small
microplastics in the range of 1-10 m,
the dominant sizes of large
microplastics in the range of 10 - 5000
m. The dominant microplastic
compositions found were
polypropylene (PP), polyethylene
(PE), and polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) polymers.
The results obtained confirm that
oxidative stress is one of the
mechanisms of cytotoxicity at the
Cerebral and and
Experiment cellular level, as has been observed
Epitel human Cell
for both cell lines and which is highly
likely to cause tissue damage and
chronic inflammation.

VOSviewer is a software that can be

used to build and visualize bibliometric
networks such as journals, titles, authors,
authors, publications and so on.The results of
a bibliometric analysis based on the title,
keyword and year of the journal that have been
carried out using the systematic review and
vosviewer method, obtained several keywords
related to and influencing the topic of
microplastic research in bottled drinking water
which includes the elements present in
microplastics found in bottled drinking water.
Source : Prymary Data, 2022
that affect it, the impact caused by
microplastics on bottled drinking water and Figure1Vosviewer Results
efforts to deal with MP in bottled water.

DISCUSSION
The content of microplastics in bottled
drinking water

According to research conducted by

Faujiah & Wahyuni,(2022)conducted a review
of study results in the form of journals related
 7 of Number of Pages Author Name, et al (author >1) | MKMI| Volume (issue)| Year | Thing
to the theme of microoplastics,
characteristics and types, then focused on the
study of microplastics in drinking water and
their consequences for human health. With 43
journals obtained from Research Gate, Google
Scholar, and Science Direct (El Sevier) with
inclusion criteria the journal must have a DOI
and at least a journal that has been published in
the last 5 years or so. From the review
conducted, the authors conclude
microplastics in bottled drinking water are in
the form of fragments with the type of
Polypropylene (PP) as many as 10.4 particles/L
with a size > 100 m, 335 particles/L with a size
of 6.5-100 m; microplastic in the form of fiber
and fragments with the type of Polystyrene
(PS), Polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and
Polyethylene (PE) size 0.025-5, 000mm;
microparticles of 12 to 58 particles/L with a
size of 40 to 723μm; Microplastic as much as
118±88 particles/L type Polyethylene-
terephthalate(PET) and also type
Polypropylene(PP) and 14±14 particles/L type
Polyethylene-terephthalate(PET).
supported by a researcher namedHandayani,
(2006)whereThe dominant forms
microplastics encountered were microplastics
in the form of fragments and fibers, with the
colors found being transparent, light blue, dark
blue, reddish brown, dark brown, white and
red.10.
Based on researchMason et al,(2018).
Most of the sample bottles were packaged in
500-600 ml, 750 ml, and 2L packages and then
randomly selected with a number of 10 bottles,
their 6 bottles, and 4 bottles in sequence and injected
with red nile solution.(prepared in acetone to
1mg mL−1) and resealed. The vials are left to
incubate with the injected dye for at least 30
minutes. The bottled water is then vacuum
filtered through a glass fiber filter.The filter is
examined under an optical microscope using a
blue crime light. All particles larger than️100 m
(which is large enough to be seen with the
that naked eye and manipulated with tweezers) is
photographed, counted and typed with respect
to morphology (Fragment, Fiber, Pellet, Film, or
Foam). In addition, the first 3-5 particles were
analyzed via FTIR. MPinto two volume
fractions, called "NR"+"Particles larger than 100
m" identified by FTIR and "NR marked
particles" having a size of 6.5-100 m. For “NR +
FTIR particles” (>100 m) the mean density was
found to be 4.15 MPP/L, with a range of 0–14
MPP/L, whereas in the smaller “NR marked
particles” (6.5–100 um) the mean density is
is 23.5 MPP/L, with a range of 7–47 MPP/L. Of all
samples from various countries studied,
Then Indonesia, including 30 samples, showed an
average of 325 particles/L with a maximum of
of 4.7143 particles/L for each sample. The size of
microplastics ranges from 6.5 m to larger than
100 m. Nestle Pure Life products have the
highest microplastic content in the world, with
10,390 particles/L. With the number. With the
total concentration of MP in AMDK in Asia is
333.3; 272; and 119.8 particles/L with a fairly
large amount of consumption of (145.66
liters/capita)8.
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For drinking water in proper packaging,
it must meet certain criteria where in this case
microplastics in bottled drinking water for
consumers are regulated in Law no. 8 of 1999
concerning the protection and rights
consumers. With which SNI criteria to become
SNI by following normative guidelines,
understanding and explanations, quality
requirements, by taking samples such as, how
to test, with the requirements of passing the
test, hygiene, packaging of goods and marking
requirements11.
Factors Affecting Microplastics in Bottled
Drinking Water
Bottled drinking water can
contaminated by microplastics because it is
influenced by several factors that determine
some of them, namely water sources where
microplastics can be contaminated
untreated waste disposal, and high pollution in
rivers and seas where filtration can only reduce
about 78% of microplastic particles, this study
in line with Handayani(2020) . Then the next
factor that is quite influential is the production
process, according to Weisser et al. (2021)
found that the process of entering drinking
water, into the bottle, the hydrodynamic
pressure on the plastic bottle, especially the
process of giving the cap, became the source of
the entry of microplastics in bottled drinking
water. The packaging of bottled drinking water
can also be a factor, there is a big difference
between disposable and reusable bottled
drinking water with a ratio of 2,659 particles/L
and 4. 889 particles/L according to research by
Oman et al.(2018). Stress on bottled drinking
water also occurs during distribution and
consumption and storage by opening the lid
many times can cause abrasion of the cap and
of mouth of the bottle.12.
According to research conducted by
Faizah et al. (2020) that the sample of
Indonesian product AMDK is a PET bottle with a
volume of 500 ml then with sample preparation
a sample of drinking water is taken in 500 ml
packaging and the sample will be filtered using
whattman filter paper then proceed with the
next step. analysis using a binocular microscope
with 40x magnification after 2 different
treatments, one bottled water was exposed to
be
sunlight and the other was not for 5 hours. The
result is that sunlight contains UV rays that can
cause mechanical effects on the cracked PET
parts, so that the number of MP particles in the
from
affected AMDK becomes more. The average
number of microplastics in bottled drinking
water that is not exposed is 131.25
particles/liter.13.
The Impact of Microplastics on the Body and
Efforts to Eliminate Microplastics From
Drinking Water
Based on research conducted by Shen et
al (2020) through a journal review that
microplastics can cause toxic effects on the
human body. Microplastics can generate
oxidative stress and induce tissue damage and
chronic inflammation. A review conducted by
Wright and Kelly (2017) investigated the
potential impact of microplastic uptake on
 9 of Number of Pages Author Name, et al (author >1) | MKMI| Volume (issue)| Year | Thing
human health through gastrointestinal
absorption. The absorption and translocation of
microplastics depends on many factors, and
smaller particles translocate more effectively,
for larger plastics (>2 mm) to stay in the
intestinal tract. Although low concentrations of
microplastics can enter the blood circulation, it
is difficult to enter deep tissues through cell
membranes due to their limited size, and is
cleared by the spleen.14. This statement is the
same as what has been researched, namely by
Handayani, (2020) where it is explained that
MP is able to cause an imbalance between
hormones, can cause heart disease and is able
to make the body obese and research and
Faziah et al. (2020) which states that the
transformation of elements that are chemically
plastic in body parts, interfere with intestinal
microbes to have an effect on the occurrence of
blockage of the intestinal tract which results in
a feeling of unseen fullness, physiological stress,
changes in diet, and growth inhibition.13.
In research Schirinzi et al.(2017)
Observations were made on brain cells and
epithelial cells that had been contaminated with
microplastics using the testin vitro cytotoxicity
by high content analysis. Brain and epithelial
cells were stored on 96-well plates and then
exposed to microplastic polymers at a size of 10
ng/mL to 10 g/mL for 24-48 hours. At the end
of exposure, the tested solution was removed
and cells were stained with two fluorescent
biomarkers for 30 minutes. at 37 °C in 5% CO2
atmosphere. Then, the labeling solution was
aspirated and cells were rinsed with PBS.
Fluorescence measurements were determined
at emission wavelengths of 485 nm (Hoechst)
and 549 nm (DHE) using the Cell Insight NXT
High Content Screening (HCS) Platform
15
(Thermo Scientific). .
Several techniques and strategies were
tried to remove microplastics from beverages
(Pivokonsky et al, 2018). Among them is
traditional water filtration which in general,
traditional filtration process is a promising
approach for removing microplastics. For small
microplastic particles (up to 1mm in size),
traditional filtration strategies are simpler to
remove microplastics from raw water.
Circumstances Laboratory conditions must
reflect conditions prevailing in drinking water
treatment practices. In addition, the particle
size distribution of microplastics in raw water
and interactions between contaminants and
other microplastics are needed to find a better
scheme for removing microplastics. Then
Electrocoagulation provides a cheaper tertiary
treatment method that does not rely on the
chemicals or microbes used in common
chemical coagulation processes and
conventional activated sludge. thus making the
coagulation process simple and robust,
although there are some limitations in this
study, given the microplastic removal efficiency
and operating costs, this technique can be
transferred and reproduced from the
laboratory to industry. Then there is Magnetic
Extraction which is a separation technology
that uses magnetic seeds and acids with an
external magnetic field to increase the speed of
separation. The latter is a membrane separation
 10 of Number of Pages Author Name, et al (author >1) | MKMI| Volume (issue)| Year | Thing

which is often used for advanced drinking
water treatment, which has the advantage of
being stable Depending on the size of the
membrane, Membrane separation technology
can be divided into ultrafiltration, nanofiltration
and reverse osmosis. The membrane has strong
selectivity and separation, which can effectively
remove organic pollutants, multivalent ions and
disinfection by-products and at the same time,
reduce water hardness.14.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The research results show thatin bottled
drinking water has a concentration
Microplastic Content in Bottled Drinking
Water (Amdk). Application of Embellishment
as a Decorative Element in Modestwear
[Internet]. 2020;d(2017):1–30. Available
from: http://scholar.unand.ac.id/60566/
3. Rini Sulistyo Annisa. Bottled Water Sales are
Projected to Grow by 2 Digits. Bulletin of
Health Research. 2019;
4. Suharsono M. Spatial Risk Assessment and
Identification of Microplastics and the
Presence of Pseudomonas as Bioremediation
in Makassar City Waters. Paper Knowledge .
Toward a Media History of Documents.
Makassar; 2020.
5. Ayuningtyas WC.Abundance of Microplastics
in Waters in Banyuurip, Gresik, East Java.
of Jfmr-Journal Fish Mar Res. 2019;3(1):41–5.

microplastics as much as 7,043-8,339 6. GESAMP. Science for Sustainable Oceans.

particles/L with a size that is not too large,
namely at 1-10 m and a large size of 10-5000 m,
where the dominant form of microplastic is
fiber and fragments are mostly white with the
dominant composition being polypropylene
(PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) polymers. Things that
affect microplastics in bottled drinking water
are water sources, production
exposure to sunlight and repeated use of
bottles. Microplastics can cause symptoms and
diseases such as hormonal
symptoms of heart infertility,
disorders, and growth inhibition. Ways to
reduce MP particles in AMDK are traditional
filtering of raw water, electrocoagulation,
magnetic extraction and membrane separation.
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