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AR6702 Human Settlements Planning
SYLLABUS
OBJECTIVES:
To have an overview on the vocabulary of Human settlements to understand the various
 Elements of Human Settlements and the classification of Human Settlements to familiarize the
Students with Planning concepts and process in Urban and Regional
 Planning.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Elements of Human Settlements – human beings and settlements – nature shells& Net work – their
functions and Linkages – Anatomy & classification of Human settlements – Location, Resource
based Population size & Occupational structure.
UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Structure and form of Human settlements – Linear, non-linear and circular – Combinations –
reasons for development – advantages and disadvantages – case studies – factors influencing
the growth and decay of human settlements.
UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS
Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer
Howard – Garden city concepts and contents – Patrick Geddes – Conservative surgery – case
study – C.A. Perry – Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier – concept and case studies.
UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL
Scope and Content of Master plan – planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations – zonal
plan – need, linkage to master plan and land use plan – planned unit development (PUD) – need,
applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan – Meaning, Redevelopment,
Rehabilitation and Conservation – JNNURM – case studies.
UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA
Globalization and its impact on cities – Urbanization, emergence of new forms of developments –
self sustained communities – SEZ – transit development – integrated townships – case studies
Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 1

UNIT-I
EKISTICS
 The science of human settlements

 Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design
 Involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to
geography and ecology —the physical environment —and human
psychology and anthropology, and cultural, political, and occasionally
aesthetics
 coined by Konstantin’s Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942
Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistics units for
the year 2100 at which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero
population growth at a population of 50,000,000,000 with human civilization
being powered by fusion energy.
1. Anthropos–1
2. Room–2
3. House –5
4. House group (hamlet) –40
5. Small neighborhood (village)–250
6. Neighborhood –1,500
7. Small polis (town) –10,000
8. Polis (city) –75,000
9. Small metropolis –500,000
10. Metropolis –4 million
11. Small megalopolis –25 million
12. Megalopolis –150 million
13. Small eperopolis–750 million
14. Eperopolis–7,500 million
15. Ecumenopolis –50,000 million

1. Anthropos–1
Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistics units for
the year 2100 at which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero
population growth at a population of 50,000,000,000 with human civilization
being powered by fusion energy.
1. Anthropos–1 2.Room–2
3. House –5 4.House groups (hamlet) –40

5. Small neighborhood (village)–250 6.Neighborhood –1,500
7. Small polis (town) –10,000 8.Polis (city) –75,000
9. Small metropolis –500,000 10.Metropolis –4 million
11. Small megalopolis –25 million 12.Megalopolis –150 million

13. Small eperopolis–750 million 14.Eperopolis–7,500 million
15. Ecumenopolis –50,000 million
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
The definition of human settlement is as given below:
“The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to

which these elements provide the material support. The physical components
comprise shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shape, size, type and
materials erected by mankind for security, privacy, and protection from the
elements and for his singularity within a community; infrastructure, i.e. the
complex networks designed to deliver or remove from the shelter people, goods,
energy of information. Services cover those required by a community for the
fulfillment of its functions as a social body, such as education, health, culture,
welfare, recreation and nutrition.”
Human settlements means the totality of the human community -whether city,
town or village -with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural
elements that sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical

elements and services to which these elements provide the material support. The
physical components comprise,
Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shapes, size, type and materials
erected by mankind for security, privacy and protection from the elements and
for his singularity within a community;
Infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from

the shelter people, goods, energy or information;
Services cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as
a social body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and
nutrition.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

These elements always interact with one another.
A human being has some invisible spheres around him. These spheres are the
spheres of the senses like touch, smell, sight, hearing and also super natural or
spiritual.
The spiritual sphere is directly proportional to his intellect.
People interact with one another by direct interaction of these spheres.
Human habitation requires a certain amount of overlapping of these spheres,

and the planning of habitation would mean, social planning’.
Human desires and endurances have remained the same throughout the years
and manifestations of which have changed by evolution.

EVOLUTION of HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

The evolution of human settlements is a continuous cyclic process from the
smallest, the room, to the largest possible, the universal human settlement.
The process are born, develop, decline and die which can be compared to
plant and animal which are everywhere in this universe.
Settlements may have an initial structure, which only allows for a certain degree
of growth, but nothing excludes the possibility of an expansion and
transformation of this structure, which will allow them to surpass the initial
structural limitations.
The human settlements have no pre-determined death, though there is death in

their activities, there will be born of another where the active exists.
The evolution of human settlements can be divided into five major phases:
1. Primitive non-organized human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)

2. Primitive organized settlements (the period of villages -eopolis-which lasted
about 10,000 years.)
3. Static urban settlements or cities (polis -which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.)
4. Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis-which lasted 200 -400 years.)
5. The universal city (ecumenopolis-which is now beginning.)

1. Primitive human settlements ¾ Non -organized settlements
The man began to modify Nature and to settle temporarily or permanently in

different location. Probably began with fire, they went on to animal husbandry
and the domestication of grazing animals; afterwards came deforestation and
agriculture, and with it, permanent human settlements.
Man had settled first in natural shelters such a shallows in the ground, hollow trees
or shallow caves, before he began to build his own primitive and unorganized
habitat. After first exploiting natural formations and transforming the min to
dwellings, by various changes and additions, he began to create shells
independent of, and unrelated to, pre-existing natural forms and their boundary
were within certain limit beyond which the settlement had no link and
transportation.
For example observing the level of agriculture communities. The communities
take up a smaller area where they are agricultural, and a larger one where they
are hunting and cattle- breeding communities. Their nucleus under normal
conditions is in the center of gravity; or of security problem, in the safest place in
their area, or even beyond their area of cultivation.
There are no transportation and communication lines between the communities.
If we look at these primitive non-organized communities on a macro scale, there
consists of a nucleus which is the built up part of the human settlement, and
several parts which lead out into the open, thinning out until they disappear –
either because nobody goes beyond certain limits of the community or because
these trips take place so seldom that they would not be placed on the same
scale of densities. There is no physical line connecting this primitive settlement
with others; there are no networks between settlements.
2. Primitive human settlements
Organized settlements

Man, some ten to twelve thousand years ago, began to enter the era of
organized agriculture; his settlements also began to show some characteristics of
organization.
It required time and acquisition of experience in organizing the relationship

between man and man, man and nature, and finally expressing these
relationships through cohesive forms of settlements.
In initial the human had one-room dwelling in circular form, to organize the
relationship of his community with other communities he expanded his dwelling
by placing many round forms side by side, then elongated to elliptical ones and
at some point came to conclusion and adopted the rectilinear forms.
Due to the loss of space between them, they developed more regular shapes
with no space lost between them.
The evolution reached the stage at which a rectilinear pattern develops into a
regular grid -iron one.
In Nature evolution work towards a compression of circles and the gradual

formation of polygonic systems, the clearest form of which is the hexagon. In
evolution of human settlements we see two courses:
On the micro-scale, where man must divide the land, construct one or more
shells (rooms and houses), and circulate within a built-up area (neighborhood),
the solution leads to a synthesis at a right angle;
On the macro-scale, where man must own and use space but not build it, and
circulate within it, although to a much lesser degree than before (usually non
more than one movement to and from every day), man continues to follow the
course of nature towards hexagonal patterns.
During this era of the development of human settlements the patterns or regional
distribution of the settlements differ depending on the phase of evolution and the
prevailing conditions of safety, the population still small, the villages can be found
in the plains, near the rivers and near the sea. When the population becomes
dense, new patterns develop, and the villages come over to cover the entire
plain on the basis of the small hexagonal pattern and the hills and the mountains
on a larger hexagonal pattern. The development of land cultivation, the
population might be larger, but would still be smaller than that of the era of large

population and full exploitation of the land, when it would reach five hundred
thousand or even one million.
3. Static urban settlements or cities

At some point 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, the first urban settlement appeared as
small cities in a plain or as fortresses on hills and mountains.
As settlements grew in size, man came to realize that the principle of the single-
nucleus was not always valid in the internal organization of the total shells of the
community, at this single nodal point, which was adequate for the village and for
small cities, no longer sufficed.
The first thing to happen was the expansion of the nucleus in one or more
directions; it was no longer limited to the settlement's center of gravity.
Example:
The small settlement of Priene, in ancient Greece, where the central nucleus
expanded in two ways:
First in a linear form along a main street which contained shops that would
normally be clustered in the central agora,
The secondly through the decentralization of some functions, such as temples. In

larger cities additional nodal points and central places gradually came into
being within the shells of the settlements -a phenomenon that is unique to human
settlements.

4. Dynamic urban settlements
Started in the seventeenth century and became apparent only a century later in
all probability, it will last for another 100 or 200 years until we reach the next
phase that of the universal settlement.
In the dynamic urban phase settlements in space are characterized continuous

growth. Hence, all their problems are continuously intensified (make stronger)
and new ones continuously created.
Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological revolution,

multiplying in number and form, and now being created at an even higher rate.
The evils described in them are the evils of yesterday which are being multiplied

today in a very dangerous manner. This makes the dynamic settlement

completely different from any other category of settlements and a real threat to
humanity itself.
Example: London -atmospheric pollution may be as severe as to account for4,

000 deaths in a single week of intense "fog". Hydrocarbons, lead, carcinogenic
agents, deteriorating conditions of atmospheric electricity --all of these represent
retrogressive processes introduced and supported by man.
The man's position is dangerous in the dynamic settlement; this can be shown
through the following graph.
4. Dynamic urban settlements Dynapolis:
•First expansion of the urban settlement.

•30 miles in diameter.
•All part of the land it covers is not sterilized.
•The micro organisms in the soil no longer exist.
•The original animal inhabitants have largely been banished.
•Rivers are foul and the atmosphere is polluted.
•Climate and micro climate have retro grassed.

The first dynamic urban settlement -the early Dynapolis.
This is the phase when small independent human settlements when small
independent human settlements with independent administrative units are
beginning to grow beyond their initial boundaries.
From the economic point of view this development is related to industrialization,

and from the technological point of view to the railroad era, which first made
commuting from distance points possible.
The settlements expand in all directions, instead of spreading only along the
railway lines creating new islands of dependent settlements around railway
stations, as during the phase of the early Dynapolis.
The city is breaking its walls and spreading into the countryside in a disorganized
manner.
4. Dynamic urban settlements Metropolis Dynametropolis:

The next phase of dynamic settlement is of metropolis, which incorporates several
other urban and rural settlements of the surrounding area

The few metropolises from the past became static following a period of dynamic
growth, then declined and died. This was to a certain extent, true of ancient
Rome in its last phases and Byzantine Constantinople -which disintegrated to
such a degree, that the mobs in the streets became uncontrollable and
sometimes succeeded in imposing their will on the government. From the
economic, social, administrative or technological point of view, the fate of the
historical metropolises has been dynamic growth, a static phase, and then
death. To base our experience on the history of cities, we must recognize the fact
that a static phase for a metropolis is the prelude of its decline and death. In such
a case this should be said as a dynamic metropolis, after losing its momentum for
growth, becomes negatively dynamic.
To calculate the number of metropolises attributed to the effect of the railway

and to the effect of the automobile, we will find the latter to be much greater,
out of all proportion to the number of the former.
Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis.

4. Dynamic urban settlements
Megalopolis I Dynamegalopolis:
The area on a large scale including more than one metropolis and many other
urban settlements and it cannot be static.
A megalopolis has the same external characteristics as the metropolis, the only
difference being that every phenomenon appears on a much larger scale. It is
characteristic that all phenomenon of the development of human settlements
up to the metropolis shown on a 100 sq.km. Scale, for megalopolis would be
1,000sq.km.

5. The Universal human settlement:
Ecumenopolis
Regardless of whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis), or composite
(metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing continuously during
the last centuries and this is apparent everywhere at present
I.e. the whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement. The population
explosion will be definitely being the most decisive factor in the next phase of
human settlements.
Settlement Characteristics
Area: How large the area of a settlement is.
Site: describes the actual land upon which a settlement is built.
Population: The size and type of people that live in a settlement.
Function: The function of a settlement relates to its economic and social

development and refers to its main activities.
Situation: describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding

features such as other settlements, rivers and communications.
Shape: describes how the settlement is laid out. Its pattern.
Site Factors: Some sites have specific advantages that mean settlements
developed in that place.

Function of a Settlement:
The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social development and
refers to its main activities.
Industrial towns:
 Have railways and canals for transports
 Has housing and industry mixed together
 Newer industrial town planning ensures the housing and industry are apart.

Market Towns :
 Found in fertile farming sites.

 Many services e.g.shops and offices.
 Good transport links-often they are route centers.
Ports:
 Found where there are sheltered harbors.

 Flat land for building on nearby.
 Modern ports need deeper water for today’s larger ships.

Seaside resorts
 Close to industrial areas with large population, with good rail and roads
 On the sea- front are hotels and entertainments such as pubs and bingo
 Guest houses are found inland where the land is cheaper to buy
 Housing found further inland, with industry on the outskirts
 Promenades pedestrian roads along the front of the resort.
Settlement Hierarchy
This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an order of importance, usually

from many isolated dwelling or hamlets at the base of the Hierarchy to a
Conurbation.
The order of importance is based on the following:

Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence is defined as the area served by a particular settlement.
The size of this sphere of influence depends on the size and functions of a town
and its surrounding settlement, the transport facilities available and the level of
competition from a rival settlement.
In general, the larger the settlement the larger the sphere of Influence.
Eg: London compared to Barnsley
Sphere of Influence is based upon two main principles:
1. Threshold Population: The minimum number of people needed to support a

settlement or service.
2. Range: The maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a
particular service



UNIT 2
CITY FORM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPED AND developing COUNTRIES
Structure|
• Introduction
 city
 city forms
• Types of city forms
 The Radio centric city

 The gridiron city
 The linear city
• City growth
• Ecological models of urban land use model
 Concentric Model
 Sector Model
 Multi nuclei Model
Introduction|
A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a

Limited geographical area, so organized as to facilitate the interchange of
Goods and services among its residents and with the outside world.
The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities.
Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific
Geographic Location leading to the Creation of urban areas.
Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the
Complex functions that cities perform.
What is meant by cities?

Urban Form refers to the-
 physical layout and design of the city

 spatial imprint of an urban transport system
 Adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.
Urban form or city form defined as-
‘The spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.
What is urban form?

Factors influencing city form|
What is meant by factors?
Types of city form|
The Radio centric (concentric) city
Geographical possibilities of spreading in all directions

Radio centric-Radiate outward from a common centre.
Inner outer ring road slinked by radiating roads.
Core has business area.
Industrial area interspersed with in the residential.
Periphery has greenbelts.
Example: Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.

Advantages-
 A direct line of travel for centrally directed flows,

 Economics of a single-centralized terminal or origin point.
Disadvantages-
 Central congestion ,
 local flow problems ,
 difficult building sites
What is concentric?

Types of city form
Case study
The Radio centric (concentric) city- MASCOW
Moscow, the world biggest Mega polis (Russian Moskva) is the capital of
Russia.
The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that marked Moscow's
Growth from ancient time to modern layout.
The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and famous Red Square
The Radio centric (concentric) city-MASCOW
•Successive epochs of development are traced by the

•The Boulevard Ring and
•The Garden Ring,
•The Moscow Little Ring Railway,
•And the Moscow Ring Road.
THE GRID IRON CITY CASE STUDY-1
•It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular
city blocks.
•This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution –because only then
did cities place such importance on economic activity.
•A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product
throughout the city.
Advantages
•High accessibility,

•minimum disruption of flow,
•expansion flexibility,
•excellent psychological orientation, adaptability to level or moderately rolling

terrain.
Disadvantages
•Requires flow hierarchies,
•limited in its adaptability to the terrain,
•potentially monotonous
The Grid iron city –Chandigarh
The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size
800mX1200m.
It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of
Recreations.
 The population of a sector varies between 3000-20000 depending upon

sizes of plots and topography of the area.
 The shopping street of each sector is linked to the adjoining sectors thus
forming one long, continuous ribbon.
 The central green of each Sector also stretches to the green of the next
sector

THE GRID IRON CITY -SAN FRANCISCO CASE STUDY-2
 San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous number of

people that came to the city during the Gold Rush.
 It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills built on the end of
a peninsula.
 Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San Francisco.
 Downtown San Francisco is extremely dense.
 The planning commission split downtown into four separate zones with
different purposes.
o Office District
o Retail District
o General Commercial District
o Support District

The linear city
Initially proposed by SoriaY Mata.
Expand the city along the spine of transport
The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form of Urban Development with
Housing And Industry Growing along the Highway Between existing cities and
Contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside.
Advantages
•High accessibility
•adaptability to linear growth
•useful along the limited edge.
Disadvantages
•Very sensitive to blockage requires control of growth
•lacks focus,
•The choice of connection or of direction of movement is much less.
Alternative to Mumbai - Navi Mumbai

 The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west.
As a result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited.
 The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less than costs
in Mumbai and sub-urban areas.

 Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai
to Navi Mumbai .
 the Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job
opportunities of every conceivable kind - from engineers to mechanics
to clerks to peons. As a result a large population of service class and
middle class population shifted to Navi Mumbai.
 According to urbanist Hans Blumenfeld, cities can grow in any of three

ways:
Outward (expanding horizontally)

Upward (expanding vertically)
Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)
 As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities of
horizontal and vertical expansion were strictly limited.
 Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land
left between buildings.
 With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of
skyscrapers began.
 Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and around
suburban railroad stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.
Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Linear
Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a
transportation spine.
Branch
A linear span with connecting arms.
Sheet
A vast urban area with little or no articulation.
Articulated sheet
A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several sub clusters.
Constellation
A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity
Satellite
Constellation of cities around a main cluster
Growth
According to urbanism HANSBLUMENFELD, cities can grow in any of three ways:
Outward (expanding horizontally)
Upward (expanding vertically)
Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)
As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities of horizontal
and vertical expansion were strictly limited.
Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left
Between buildings.
With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of
Skyscrapers began.

Suburbsspreadouthorizontallyalongstreetcarandbuslinesandaroundsuburbanrail
Road stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.
Concentric zone model

Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess.
radically outward away from a single centre.
They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class

residential zone, high-class residential zone.
Criticisms about concentric zone theory
•Physical features -land may restrict growth of certain sectors
•Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located
Far from the city
•Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment
•It assumes an isotropic plain -an even, unchanging landscape
Sector model
Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt, states that a city develops in sectors, not rings
land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre.
High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.

Criticisms about sector model
Applies well to Chicago.

near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model
Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which
Make commerce easier
With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to
The CBD using their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also
Middle and lower class people may have cars.
Sector model-Gandhi nagar

•GANDHINAGAR is planned to function mainly as administrative center for the
State.
The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are formed by seven roads
Running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly.
They are planned on the neighborhood concept in two phases:
First Phase- The basic amenities were constructed.

Second phase-constructions of capital complex, sports complex, town halls,
research institution, cinemas, cultural centers, residential bungalows etc.

Multiple nuclei model

A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent
points rather than from one central business district.
centers.
Certain functions require specialized facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs
A suitable waterfront.
Criticisms about the multiple nuclei model
-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.
The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different
Cultural, economic and political backgrounds.

Advantages
•Optional locations for focal activities and system terminals,
•good psychological orientation
•adaptability to existing conditions
Disadvantages
•Depends on stability to key points,
•potential accessibility problems
•tendency to dilute focal activities
Radial to multi-nuclei or polycentric city form Delhi

UNIT -III
Planning concept
1. Ebenezer Howard -Garden city
2. Patrick giddies - Conservative surgery concept
3. C.A.Perry - Neighborhood concept
4.Le Corbusier -Grid concept
GARDEN CITY
•Garden city most potent(strong) planning in western urban planning
•Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems
•Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century.
The garden city is part of urban movement and is a method of urban planning
that was initiated in1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.
Gardencitieswereintendedtobeplanned,self-
containedcommunitiessurroundedby"greenbelts",containingproportionateareaso
fresidences,industry,andagriculture.

•Redirecting the urban growth into new towns that would surround existing cities.
These towns were called Garden Cities.
IMPORTANT YEARS
•1899published garden city of tomorrow
•1903Garden city association was formed
•LETCHWORTH was designed for 35000 people
•1920Welwyn was designed for 40000 persons
•1947LETCHWORTH had16000 population & 100 factories
•Wel wyn was designed for 18000 population & 75 factories

THE CONCEPT GARDEN CITY
‘Garden City’–an impressive diagram of

THE THREE MAGNETS namely the town magnet, country magnet with their
Advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features
Of both town and country life.
• Natural people preferred the third one namely garden city.
Core garden city principles
 Strong community
 ordered development
 environmental quality
•These were to be achieved by:
Unified owner ship of land to prevent individual land speculation and maximize
community benefit.
•Careful planning to provide generous living and working space while
Maintaining natural qualities
•Social mix and good community facilities
•Limits to growth of each garden city
•Local participation indecisions about development.

AFFORDABILITY:
•Howard wanted garden city of all incomes

•Most originally for those of modest incomes
•Their attractiveness as living environments has often made them become more
popular with better off people.
EXAMPLES OF MODEST INCOME GARDEN CITY-developments build just after ww1

are
•Kapyla ( Finland )
•Colonel light gardens (Adelaide, Australia)
•Orechova (Prague, Czech Republic)
•SOME GARDEN CITY DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS INTENDED FOR WEALTHY
COMMUTERS
•Denenchofu ( Tokyo,japan ) was an example of this developed by railway
company
GARDEN CITY APPLICATION
LETCHWORTH.UK
 Letch worth -35 miles from london

 Land of 3822 acres
 Reserved Green blet – 1300 acres
 Designed for a maximum of 35000 population
 In 30 years –developed with 15000 population & 150 shopes , industries.
HEALTH OF THE COUNTRY COMFORTS OF THE TOWN

WELWYN UK
NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT-C.A.Perry
•Clarence Arthur Perry (1872-1944) was an American planner.
•He formulated his early ideas about the neighborhood unit and community life
This is 5-minute walk to define walking distances from residential to non-
Residential components.
•Perry was very concerned about the walk ability to and from schools. His ideas
were realized in neighborhoods like Radburn through the work of Clarence Stein.
Vision of Neighborhood

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT
Vision of Neighborhood
The Neighborhood is the planning unit for a Town
 Evolved due to the advent of industrial revolution and degradation of the

city environment caused due to
o High congestion,
o Heavy traffic movement through the city ,
o Insecurity to school going children,
o Distant location of shopping and recreation activities; etc.
 To create a safely healthy physical environment in which

o Children will have no traffic streets to cross on their way to school,

schools which are within walking distance from home;
o An environment in which women may have an easy walk to a shopping
centre where they may get the daily households goods,
o Employed people may find convenient transportation to and from work.
o Well equipped playground is located near the house where children
may play in safety with their friends for healthy development of their
mind and spirit.
SIX BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD THEORY
1. Traffic routes should not pass through residential neighborhood.

2. Interior street pattern should be designed and constructed through use of
Cul-de-sacs, curve layout and light duty surfacing.
3. The population of the neighborhood should be that which is necessary to
Support its elementary school.
4. The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally
Located on a common or green along with other institutions that have
Services area coincident with the neighborhood boundaries.
5. The radius of the neighborhood should be a maximum of 1/4 mile
6. Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of the neighborhood.
Principles of Neighborhood

 Unit of urban planning

 Street system
 Facilities
 Population
 Sector
 Size and density
 Neighborhood walkways
 Protective strips
Updated Neighborhood unit

 Compact in size
 mix of uses
 network of streets
 public open spaces
 building typologies
 parking strategies
 transit opportunities
 compatibility&
predictability
Architectural Graphic
standards
TERMS CONURBATION:
An extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the
suburbs of a central city.

CONSERVATIVE SURGERY CONCEPT-Patrick giddies

•Father of modern town planning.
•First to link sociological concepts into town planning
•“Survey before plan”……………………………. i.e. Diagnosis before treatment
GEDDISIAN TRIAD
IMPORTANT YEARS
•1854-1932 PATRICK GEDDES

•1886Settled in EDINBERGH
•1892 outlook tower –world’s first sociological observatory
•1911exhibition on CITIES AND TOWN PLANNING
•1915published cities in evolution | visited India
•1920 -23 professor of civics and sociology in university of Bombay
•1924 settled in Montpellier, France
 Geddes was concerned with the relationship between people and cities
and how they affect one another.
 He emphasized that people do not merely needed shelter, but also food
and work, the recreation and social life. This makes the house an
inseparable part of the neighborhood, the city and the surrounding open
country and the region.

Organic relationship between Socio Physical & Economical environment
Place (geography) Place –work Place-folk

Work-place Work(economics) Work-folk
Folk-place Folk-work Folk(anthropology)
Feeling-sense Feeling –Experience Feeling
Experienced-sense Experience Experienced –feeling
Sense Sensed-Experience Sensed-feeling
Planning concept
Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of Regional survey and
city survey
Valley section:
In his valley section he clearly showed the relationship of folk, place and work.
 He believed that an urban planner should be a generalist than knowing

fairly well about all the disciplines.
 He showed that all the natures’ occupations have a place.
 Starting from the head of the valley section the hunter and miner, the
woodman, the shepherd, the poor and rich peasant and the fisherman
have works which are closely related to their surroundings.
 The geographical spaces shape the folks and the work, and the people
with their work shape the environment. Thus there is a continuous struggle
between environment and society.

Diagnostic survey:
 The city planning must constantly keep in view the whole city old and new
alike in all its levels and then the problem of city planning is to improve
situation by turning its difficulties into opportunities.
 He stressed about the lack of contact and co-operation between western
urban and rural areas and about the artificial disassociation between man
and the universal nature .the town planning and city design are not a new
science and are the recovery of the life and thought that related to our
civilization.
 He also asserted that while participating in civic survey, the life values
(wealth, health, civilization and art) should be considered.
 For a town planner local knowledge and understanding are essential
together with consideration and fact.
Highlights:
1. Old town issue ………..>>> new town issue

Difficulties …………….…..>>> opportunities
2. Lack of contact ……….>>> cooperation
3. Civic survey……………..>>> value to be considered
Conservative surgery:
 There are always problems in the cities which need immediate attention
such as growing slums, increasing traffic, urban renewal etc. to deal with

these relatively Short –term problems ,Geddes developed special

technique described as “conservative surgery”.
 Conservative surgery is more or less a renewal process than a removal from
places.
 He did not encourage plans with grid –iron pattern which expelled large
population to relieve congestion, since it indirectly creates congestion in
other quarters
 Congestion is always high at the intersections .He wanted to create
smooth traffic flows by pulling down carefully selected houses which are
old and dilapidated.
 Conservative method demands long and patient study on the spot, plan
etc.
 He insisted that while preparing general design for the improvement of
areas it may be down with or without reference to the old town but it
should be either regular to the old town but it should be either regular and
formal or individual and informal and the latter is to be encouraged
especially for old town which help citizens to think more space from
craftsmanship to continue as was practiced in old cities of India.
Highlights:
Removal/renewal process
Slum removal
Not encourage grid pattern
Smooth traffic
Spot study is necessity
More species
Application

Planning concept
 Rural development, urban planning and city Design are not the same and
adopting a common planning process is disastrous
 Conurbation –waves of population inflow to large cities followed by
overcrowding and slum formation, and then the wave of backflow –the
whole process resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste, and unnecessary
obsolescence.
o The sequence of planning is to be:

 Regional survey
 Rural development
 Town planning
 City design
o These are to be kept constantly up to date
o He gave his expert advice for the improvement of about 18 major towns in
India.

DELHI NCR London , UK

OUTLOOK TOWER
o Took over shorts observatory in 1892.

o Spectacular views the surrounding city region.
o Positioned at the top is the camera

o Obscura, which refracts an image onto a white table within , for study and
survey.
o A tool for regional analysis, index museum and the world’s first sociological
laboratory.
o It represents the essence of Geddes thought –his holism, visual thinking,
and commitment to understanding the city in the region.
o He said of it: our greatest need today is to conceive life as a whole, to see
its many sides in their proper relations, but we must have a practical as well
as a philosophic interest in such an integrated view of life.
GRID CONCEPT Le Corbusier 1887-1965
•He was a French architect whose ideas have greatly influenced the modern
town planning
•Corbusier wanted man to live in urban life in truth with security and ease
collectively and individually.
•The meaning and idea of visual order and relationship and the city as a
synthesis of form embracing verities of structures and systems is the theme
repeatedly proclaimed by him.
•He tried to create totally different world from the existing ones. He wanted to
grow with the machine and take full advantage of its potential for speed and
verticality.
•eg. 1. Contemporary city 2. Radiant city 3. Linear city

Background of city development in the early 20thcentury
Its impact and influence can be seen mainly in the following aspects:
1) The growth of industry in city attracted a large number of people flowing into
the city causing the increase of the density of urban population.
2) The traditional urban pattern has been broken by the industrialization needs,
and a new structure with the commercial and industrial centers, transport hub
centers has been formed.
3) The industrial development as well as population expansion has led to the
traffic congestions.
4) The city has been polluted because of the industrial production and the living
condition was very poor.
Le Corbusier principles of reconstruction and development of cities
•Corbusier advocated urban centralism and believed that this form can bring
energy to the city.
•By centralization of the space and transformation of function the new urban
environment can be created to meet the requirement of modern society. Le
Corbusier considered that the main problems in city were the greatly increasing
density of population in city center, the conflict between the growth of the
number and speed of transportation and the existing road system and the lack of
enough green land and public space to provide enough sunshine, good
ventilation and outdoor activities.

LE CORBUSIER'S FOUR PRINCIPLES IN CITY PLANNING
1) Decrease the congestion in the city center

2) Increase the density of population in city center
3) Diversify ways of transportation
4) Expand the green area
Le Corbusier1.Contemporary city
Le Corbusier City for Three Million

Contemporary city:
o The streets are perfectly symmetrical in grid iron pattern.

o Everything is classified by function.
o Industry, commerce, administration and residential areas are allotted
separate sectors and arranged analytically and they are all linked up for
easy accessibility.
o He realized that the transportation system preserves the life of the city and
tried to build speed into the structure of the city.
o All fat automobiles traffic was to be handled by a few elevated highways,
never crossed by pedestrians and the pedestrian traffic was to take place
on the normal ground level, on streets and walks treated through parks
and gardens.
o Two great super highways cross at the centre of his contemporary city ,
which is a multilevel interchange for the whole system
o Below them is the station where all the subway lines intersect; above the
highways, mounted on great street pillars, is the main rail road terminal.
o On the roof of his huge structure is a runway where planes can land.
o 24 glass steel skyscrapers and each 60 storey high office buildings
accommodating 2890 people per hectare (1200 people acre) and
covering only 5% of the ground area were grouped in the heart of the city.
o Surrounding the skyscrapers was the apartment district; eight storey
buildings arranged in zigzag rows with broad open spaces about them, the
outskirts were the garden cities of single entities.
o As most of the buildings were to be elevated on stilts, pedestrians were free
to walk anywhere and without the slightest danger.

2.Radial city Le Corbusier

Radiant city:
 Concentric plan is considerably revised to allow normal growth of the city.
 He comes to the belief that the essence of the city is the dwelling area”.
 Dwelling area occupied the most central location with possible expansions
on the right and left towards the open country .
 The civic center is on the main axis , the business area on the top, light
manufacturing , freight wards and heavy industries are at the bottom.


3. Linear city Le Corbusier

For industrial product in le Corbusier espoused the theory of linear industrial city in
1945.
New industrial communities are located along the main arteries of transportation
–water, rail and the highway-connecting the existing cities.
 Factories-the green factories are placed along the main transportation

routes, separated from the residential section by the auto highway and the
green strips.
 The residential areas include the horizontal growth of single houses and
vertical apartment buildings with its compliments of commercial facilities.
 Sports entertainment, shopping and office facility are distributed in the
district and all the facilities of the community are placed within ample
open space enhanced with nature.
 These industrial groups are placed at intervals along the highways and
railways linking the existing cities –this is an attempt to place the
manufacturing plant under conditions of nature such as light, air and
greenway.

Chandigarh planning Le Corbusier

Genesis of the city
CHANDIGARH was the first planned city after independence from British rule in
1947. It is the capital city of the states of Punjab and Haryana.
The city is located at the picturesque junction of foothills of the Himalayas

Mountain range and the Ganges plains.
It houses a population of 1 ,054,600 inhabitants (2001 ) and is one of the richest
cities of the nation.
American architects Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki were the first architects
to be appointed for the project.
After the death of Novickiin 1950, Le Corbusier was commissioned.

Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human

body, with a clearly
Head (the Capitol Codified mplex, Sector 1 ),
Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
Lungs(the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens),
Intellect(the cultural and educational institutions),
Circulatory system (the network
Of roads,the7Vs) and
Viscera(the Industrial Area).

Corbusier'sconceptualsketchshowingthev-
roadsystem
•In1951ItWasGivenToLeCorbusier
•InChandigarhLeCorbusierSystemOfSelfSupportingNeighborhoodUnitKnownasaS
ectorHasWorkedVeryWell
•SectorWhichIsIntrovertedInCharacterCommunicatesOnlyAt4JunctionsWithTheA
djoiningNeighbourhoodUnits
•All the Houses Open Up Inside
•Grid Planning Is Done
•ChandigarhPlanningWasDoneInAnMannerThatEverythingWasEasilyClearAboutT
heRoutesAndSectors
•7V’sRoadSystemIsUsed
•TheRoadsAreClassifiedAsV1,V2,V3………v7
The basic planning of the city is a sector:
To accommodate 3,000 to 25,000 persons.
30 sectors in Chandigarh

The sectors surrounded by high speed roads
The main principle of the sector is that never a door will open on the
surrounding of fast vehicular road.
The size of the sector is based on the concept of no pedestrian need to walk
For more than 10min .
The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size 800
meters x 1200 meters.
Each SECTOR is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and
places of recreations and worship.
The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the
sizes of plots and the topography of the area.

1,city level public green space with artificial water body.

2, free – flowing green space-connecting the entire site.
3, semi-private green areas for neighborhood pockets.
Private Green areas for residential units.
A Hierarchy of Green Spaces can be observed in the layout ranging from Public
Greens at City Level to Semi-Private to Private Green Areas
The Leisure Valley is a green sprawling space extending North-East to South-West

along a seasonal river let gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the
lungs of the city.

Apart from large Public Parks and special Botanical Gardens, it houses series of
Fitness Trails, amphitheaters and spaces for open-air exhibitions.

Unit-IV
URBAN PLANNING
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the
development and use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the
environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including
air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such
as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional
planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in
various areas worldwide.
It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban
design.
Urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas.
Although predominantly concerned with the planning of settlements and
communities, urban planning is also responsible for the planning and
development of water use and resources, rural and agricultural land, parks and
conserving areas of natural environmental significance.
Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis,
strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy
recommendations, implementation and management.
Urban planners work with the cognate fields of architecture, landscape
architecture, civil engineering, and public administration to achieve strategic,
policy and sustainability goals.
Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields.
Today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The
discipline is the broader category that includes different sub-fields such as land-
use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning,
and transportation planning
URBAN RENEWAL
Urban renewal, which is generally called urban regeneration ("regeneration" in
the United Kingdom), "revitalization" in the States, is a program of
land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use.
Renewal has had both successes and failures. Its modern incarnation began in
the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in
the late 1940s – under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a major
impact on many urban landscapes, and has played an important role in the
history and demographics of cities around the world.

Urban renewal involves the relocation of businesses, the demolition of structures,

the relocation of people, and the use of eminent domain (government purchase
of property for public purpose) as a legal instrument to take private property for
city-initiated development projects. This process is also carried out in rural areas,
referred to as village renewal, though it may not be exactly the same in practice.
In some cases, renewal may result in urban sprawl and less congestion when
areas of cities receive freeways and expressways.
Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a
reform mechanism and by critics as a mechanism for control. It may enhance
existing communities, and in some cases result in the demolition of
neighborhoods.
Many cities link the revitalization of the central business district
and gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal
programs. Over time, urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on
destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral
part of many local governments, often combined with small and big
business incentives.
WHAT Is PLANNING?
Planning helps determine how communities will grow and how they will adjust to change.
Planning creates the vision for the community, identifies current problems, analyzes trends,
engages community members in dialogue about goals and issues, and sets the framework for
growth and change. By using data, good planning practices, and balancing the needs of citizens,
businesses, and civic leaders, planners can help make great communities.
Master Plan:
A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be defined as a
General plan for the future layout of a city showing both the existing and
proposed streets and roads, open spaces, public buildings etc. A master Plan is
prepared either for improvement of an old city or for a new Town to be
developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is a blueprint for the Future. It is a
comprehensive document, long-range in its view that is intended to guide
development in the township for the next 10 to 20 years.
Objects OF master plan:
 It aims at intelligent and economic spending of the public funds for
achieving welfare of the inhabitants in respect of amenity, convenience
and health.

 It arranges the pattern of a town in such a way so as to satisfy the present

requirements without introduction of future improvements by the coming
generations.
 It helps in restricting the haphazard and unplanned growth.
 It places various functions which a town has to perform in physical

relationship of each other so as to avoid the chances of mutual conflict.
 It removes the defects of uncoordinated physical growth of the various

components of town due to the fact that it considers the entire city area or
town as planning and development entity.
 It serves as a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations

for public improvement.
Necessity of master plan:

Followings are the reasons which have lead to the thinking of having a master
plan for
The town:
 To control the development of various industries in a systematic way.
 To discourage the growth of town in an unplanned and unscientific way.
 To give a perspective picture of a fully developed town.
 To limit to a certain extent the unprecedented flow of rural population to
the urban area.
 To offset the evils which have come up due to over-crowding of
population such as acute shortage of houses, traffic congestion,
inadequate open spaces and insufficiency in public amenities; etc.
Data to be collected:
The data required for the preparation of a master plan of a town can be listed as
follows:
 Details of trades and industries.
 Development of the airports.
 Economic condition of the authority.
 Environments of the site.
 Facilities of the transport.
 Geological condition of the site.
 Land values and land use pattern.
 Locations of spots of natural beauty.
 Locations of the water supply unit.
 Meteorological details such as intensity and direction of wind,
temperature, rainfall etc;
 Mineral resources.
 Places of historic origin.
 Political condition of the surrounding area.
 Population.

 Requirements for railway stations, goods yards and shipping facilities.

 Special requirements for power houses, gas works, sewage disposal plant
and storm water drainage etc.
Drawing to be prepared:
To give graphical representation to various ideas and proposals contained in the
master plan of a town, various maps and drawings are to be Prepared. This are-
 Boundaries of land of different types such as residential, agricultural,
industrial etc.
 Boundary of green belt surrounding the town.
 Contours of the whole city.
 Different zones
 Landscape features
 Locations of the public buildings and town centers.
 Open spaces including parks and playgrounds.
 Positions of the natural springs, rivers and streams.
 Position of the public utility services such as water supply station, sewage
disposal plant, power plant etc
 Road system etc.
Features of master plan:
The features to be included in a master of a town can be listed as follows:
 Convenience and cheap means of transport.

 Good sanitation and water supply.
 Open air spaces.
 Population density control.
 Proper situations for places of worship, education and recreation.
 Rational layout.
 Width of roads etc.
Planning standards:
The planning standards are fixed for various
Types of uses such as:
 Educational facilities such as primary school, high school and college.

 Medical facilities such as dispensary, health centre and hospital.
 Shopping facilities such as departmental stores, shops etc.
 Miscellaneous amenities such as burial ground, crematorium, cinema,
auditorium, stadium, petrol filling cum service station, police station, post
office, fire station, library, community hall, telephone exchange etc.
 Width of roads such as village roads, state roads, national highway etc.
 Development of land for the construction of buildings in the form of various
buildings bye-laws etc.

LAND USE PLAN

In urban planning, land-use planning seeks to order and regulate land use in an
efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts. Governments use
land-use planning to manage the development of land within their jurisdictions. In
doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs of the community while
safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the systematic assessment of land
and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social
conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options.[1] Often one
element of a comprehensive plan, a land-use plan provides a vision for the future
possibilities of development in neighborhoods, districts, cities, or any defined
planning area.
Zoning
Zoning is the process of dividing land in a municipality into zones

(e.g. residential, industrial) in which certain land uses are permitted or prohibited.
The type of zone determines whether planning permission for a given
development is granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional
uses of land.
It may also indicate the size and dimensions of land area as well as the form and
scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and
development.
Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which
various uses are permitted.
Thus, zoning is a technique of land-use planning as a tool of urban planning used
by local governments in most developed countries.
The word is derived from the practice of designating mapped zones which
regulate the use, form, design and compatibility of development.
Legally, a zoning plan is usually enacted as a by-law with the respective
procedures. In some countries, e. g. Canada (Ontario) or Germany, zoning plans
must comply with upper-tier (regional, state, provincial) planning and policy
statements.
There are a great variety of zoning types, some of which focus on regulating
building form and the relation of buildings to the street with mixed-uses, known
as form-based, others with separating land uses, known as use-based or a
combination thereof.
Similar urban planning methods have dictated the use of various areas for
particular purposes in many cities from ancient times.
Scope:
The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be
incompatible.
In practice, zoning also is used to prevent new development from interfering with
existing uses and/or to preserve the "character" of a community.

However, it has not always been an effective method for achieving this goal.
Zoning is commonly controlled by local governments such
as counties or municipalities, though the nature of the zoning regime may be
determined or limited by state or national planning authorities or through
enabling legislation.
In Australia, land under the control of the Commonwealth (federal) government
is not subject to state planning controls. The United States and other federal
countries are similar.
Zoning and urban planning in France and Germany are regulated by national or
federal codes.
In the case of Germany this code includes contents of zoning plans as well as the
legal procedure.
Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable
on particular lots
(such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the
densities at which those activities can be performed (from low-
density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise
apartment buildings), the height of buildings, the amount of space structures
may occupy, the location of a building on the lot (setbacks), the proportions of
the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious
surface, traffic lanes, and whether or not parking is provided.
In Germany, zoning includes an impact assessment with very specific green
space and compensation regulations and may include regulations for building
design.
The details of how individual planning systems incorporate zoning into their
regulatory regimes varies though the intention is always similar.
For example, in the state of Victoria, Australia, land use zones are combined with
a system of planning scheme overlays to account for the multiplicity of factors
that impact on desirable urban outcomes in any location.
Most zoning systems have a procedure for granting variances (exceptions to the
zoning rules), usually because of some perceived hardship caused by the
particular nature of the property in question.
Types of Zoning
The theoretical and practical application of zoning can be divided into

categories. Countries around the world utilize different types of zoning.
Land Use Zoning
Basically, urban zones fall into one of five major categories: residential, mixed
residential-commercial, commercial, industrial and spatial (e. g. power plants,
sports complexes, airports, shopping malls etc.).

Each category can have a number of sub-categories, for example, within the
commercial category there may be separate zones for small-retail, large retail,
office use, lodging and others, while industrial may be subdivided into heavy
manufacturing, light assembly and warehouse uses.
Residential occupancies containing sleeping units where the occupants are

primarily transient in nature, including: boarding houses, hotels, motels
1. Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than

two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature,
including: apartment houses, boarding houses, convents, dormitories.
2. Residential occupancies where the occupants are primarily permanent in
nature and not classified as Group R-1, R-2, R-4 or I, including: buildings
that do not contain more than two dwelling units, adult care facilities for
five or fewer persons for less than 24 hours.
3. Residential occupancies where the buildings are arranged for occupancy
as residential care/assisted living facilities including more than five but not
more than 16 occupants.
Conditional zoning allows for increased flexibility and permits municipalities to
respond to the unique features of a particular land use application.
Uses which might be disallowed under current zoning, such as a school or a
community center can be permitted via conditional use zoning.
Economic explanation of population density regulations
Rothwell and Massey suggest homeowners and business interests are the two key
players in density regulations that emerge from a political economy.
Business interests are unable to counteract the homeowners' interests in rural
areas because business interests are weaker and business ownership is rarely
controlled by people living outside the community.
This translates into rural communities that have a tendency to resist development
by using density regulations to make business opportunities less attractive.
Planned unit development (PUD)
The term Planned Unit Development (PUD) is used to describe a type of
development and the regulatory process that permits a developer to meet
overall community density and land use goals without being bound by existing
zoning requirements.
PUD is a special type of floating overlay district which generally does not appear
on the municipal zoning map until a designation is requested.
This is applied at the time a project is approved and may include provisions to
encourage clustering of buildings, designation of common open space, and
incorporation of a variety of building types and mixed land uses.

A PUD is planned and built as a unit thus fixing the type and location of uses and
buildings over the entire project.
Potential benefits of a PUD include more efficient site design, preservation of

amenities such as open space, lower costs for street construction and utility
extension for the developer and lower maintenance costs for the municipality.
Urban Redevelopment Redesigns for older urban areas face many challenges.
Traditional zoning does not have the flexibility to address the need for mixed uses
for buildings, changes in building setbacks, non motorized transportation,
environmental protection and possible Brownfield regulations all within a
confined space.
The area for redevelopment is planned all at once so land uses complement
each other.
Using a PUD allows for innovative uses of spaces and structures to achieve
planning goals.
IMPLEMENTATION
CREATION Any municipality with zoning authority is able to establish ordinances

for PUDs.
The municipality must have adopted zoning and subdivision ordinances and
should have a comprehensive plan.
While a PUD allows for flexible project design, standards are needed to protect
public health and safety and to assure design quality and conformance to an
overall plan.
Some examples of standards or criteria to be included in PUD regulations include:

Areas where PUDs are allowed Developer provision of land and capital
improvements for public uses.
Dimensions and grading of parcels and a ceiling on the total number of

structures permitted in the development.
Permissible land uses Population density limits.
Amendment procedures.
Schedule of development and assurance of completion. Preservation of

architectural, scenic, historic, or natural features of the area.
The PUD ordinance should clearly spell out the review process, opportunities for
public involvement, and procedural guidelines.
Besides these standards, the community’s comprehensive plan should provide

the overall context within which the proposed development needs to fi t.

ADMINISTRATION
There are four general steps to developing a PUD: Pre-application conference

the developer consults with planning staff for ordinance and process
Clarification and discusses initial project plans. Site plan review the site plan
review consists of a detailed site analysis of existing features, often an on-site
walkabout, and a discussion about project goals and possible design solutions.
Preliminary development plan.
The plan includes specific documents and maps giving a legal description of the
project, a detailed site plan and supporting maps.
The plan commission holds a public hearing at which the developer presents the
PUD proposal and the planning recommendations are made available for public
review.
Final development plan

The final plan contains the detailed engineering drawings of the entire site and
process for completion of the project.
The entire site plan for the PUD will be reviewed as a single entity.
The plan commission would, at this time, approve recording the plat.
What is a floating zone?
A floating zone is similar to a conventional zone in that it describes the permitted

uses, setback requirements, and other standards to be applied in the zone.
Unlike conventional zoning districts, however, the floating zone is not designated
on the zoning map.
Once enacted into law it “fl oats over” of is available for use in any designated
area in the ordinance.
When an application for its use is approved, it is affixed to a particular parcel

through an amendment to the zoning map.
Urban Renewal Plans
The Department of Housing and Community Development (the Department) is

charged with the responsibility for the review and decision on an application for
approval of an Urban Renewal Plan. If the Department shall have made the
findings set out in M.G.L. c. 121B, § 48 it shall approve the plan.
Each application shall contain the following:
(1) Characteristics.
Plans or maps of the project area and the immediately surrounding area,
showing:

(a) Boundaries of the project area and topography,
(b) Boundaries of areas proposed for clearance and areas proposed for
rehabilitation,
(c) Property lines and the foot-print of buildings and parking areas on each lot,
existing and proposed,
(d) Existing uses, including identification of land in mixed uses and land in public
use, and the current zoning,
(e) Proposed land uses, other activities and zoning,
(f) All thoroughfares, public rights of way and easements, existing and proposed,
(g) Parcels to be acquired,
(h) Lots to be created for disposition,
(i) Buildings to be demolished,
(j) Buildings to be rehabilitated,
(k) Buildings to be constructed.
(2) Eligibility.
Data and other descriptive material which demonstrates that the project area is
a blighted open area, a decadent area, and/or a substandard area within the
definitions set out in M.G.L. c. 121B, § 1. The data and other descriptive material
shall also show:
(a) Where clearance is proposed, a showing that more than 50% of the floor area
of all buildings is functionally obsolete, structurally substandard or is not
reasonably capable of being rehabilitated for productive use,
(b) Where spot clearance is proposed, a showing that the clearance is necessary
in order to achieve the objectives of the plan,
(c) Where clearance is proposed, a showing that the extent of clearance

proposed is justified, and necessary. Particular attention shall be paid to justifying
the acquisition of individual parcels of basically sound property which involve
high acquisition costs,

(d) Where rehabilitation is proposed, a showing that it is economically feasible to

rehabilitate the properties in the project area and that the existing street and
land use pattern can be adapted to the objectives of the plan,
(e) Where rehabilitation is proposed, a showing that the area has desirable
qualities and other evidence of vitality establishing a likelihood that rehabilitation
activities will restore the area over the long-term, and
(f) The Urban Renewal Plan is based upon a local survey and conforms to a
comprehensive plan for the locality.
(3) Objectives.
A statement of the objectives of the plan including:
(a) Specification of all proposed redevelopment (In any project area the reuse of
which will be predominantly residential, an objective shall be the provision of
housing units for low or moderate income persons),
(b) A detailed estimate of how many jobs will be retained, how many created,
and how many eliminated as a result of the proposed renewal and
redevelopment, and
(c) The specific provisions which exist or which will be established to control
densities, land coverage, land uses, setbacks, offstreet parking and loading and
building height and bulk.
(4)FINANCIAL Plan.
Cost estimates establishing:
(a) The estimated cost of each parcel (or interest in a parcel) to be acquired with
an attached appraisal from a licensed appraiser in private practice (appraisal
services shall be procured in accordance with M.G.L. c. 30B) and identification of
any property in which any officer or employee of the municipality or of the
operating agency has, or is believed to have, any direct or indirect interest,
(b) Detailed cost estimates for site preparation,
(c) Detailed cost estimates of all proposed public improvements,
(d) Detailed cost estimates for relocation expenses,
(e) Detailed cost estimates establishing the gross and net project cost (Gross
project cost shall consist of the total of all costs associated with the project,
including but not limited to planning, acquisition and disposition of land,

relocation of occupants, improvements to the site, financing and administrative

costs. Net project cost shall be the gross project cost less revenue anticipated
from disposition of land and other income), and
(f) A project budget including administrative expenses and reserves for

contingencies.
(5) Requisite Municipal Approvals.
Evidence of a public hearing and the requisite municipal approvals specified in

M.G.L. c. 121B, § 48, and an opinion of counsel to the operating agency
certifying that the proposed Urban Renewal Plan is in compliance with
applicable laws.
(6) Site Preparation.
Specification of all proposed site preparation, including land protection and

measures to address environmental, topographic, subsoil or flood problems. Any
special site preparation or land protection problems shall be identified.
(7) Public Improvements.
Specification of any public improvements, a description of their general design

and an explanation of how the improvements will help achieve the objectives of
the plan.
(8) Relocation.
A relocation plan conforming to all applicable requirements appearing in federal

law, M.G.L. c.79A, and the regulations and guidelines thereunder.
(9) Redeveloper's Obligation.
Specification of the obligations which have been imposed or will be imposed

upon redevelopers for construction of improvements within a reasonable time
and in conformity with the plan. If specific or general commitments for
redevelopment exist, specification of the commitments in all pertinent detail,
including copies of any contracts, plans, or proposals.
(10) Disposition.
The plan must specify the disposition proposed for each parcel and identify any
known redeveloper.

(11) Citizen Participation.
A report on citizen participation describing citizen participation in the planning

process and the expected citizen participation during the project execution. A
showing of meaningful citizen participation is necessary for approval of the plan.

UNIT V
Introduction •
Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as "a specifically delineated duty free
enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade
operations and duties and tariffs".
• SEZs
 An engine for economic growth

 supported by quality infrastructure
 complemented by an attractive fiscal package
 With the minimum possible regulations.
• Government of India have notified Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Act 2005 and
notified Special Economic Zone Rules 2006 with a view to augmenting
infrastructure facilities for export.
Chronology of SEZ framework
 Export Processing Zone (EPZ) policy 1965. 1st EPZ was set up in Kandla
(Gujarat)
 In 1990s, as a part of reforms, powers delegated to zone authorities.
 New Policy in April 2000
 Special Economic Zones Act MAY 2005.
 Full law and rules effected February 2006.
SEZ Categories
» Free Trade Zones (FTZ)
» Export Processing Zones (EPZ)
» Free Zones (FZ)
» Industrial Estates (IE)
» Free Ports » Urban Enterprise Zones
SEZ Act, 2005
With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced on account of the

multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world class infrastructure, and
an unstable fiscal regime and a view to attract larger foreign investments in India,
the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2006.
The main objectives of the SEZ Act are:
 generation of additional economic activity

 promotion of exports of goods and services
 promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources
 creation of employment opportunities
 development of infrastructure facilities

Economic Benefits
 SEZ policy has directly benefited economy in following ways:

1. Employment Generation :
SEZs generate direct employment for skilled and unskilled labour ; indirect
employment and employment for women workers.
2. Skill Formation:
Formation of SEZs and new job requirements increase firm level activity
whereby the labor force acquires skills from within the firm through training
and learning.
3. Attract investors:
SEZs offer a highly conducive investment scenario for developers. No tax
during development and operational stage. At profit stage 100% income
tax exemption for Ist 5 yrs, 50% for next 5 yrs.
4.Technology Upgrading:
SEZs attract export-oriented FDI and promote other forms of collaboration
between local firms and MNCs.
5.Exports:
EPZ exports registered an impressive growth rate over the period 1966 to
2002. EPZ exports increased in India from less than Rs.1 million in 1966 to
over Rs. 97727 million in 2002.
6.Manufacturing Sector:
Share of manufacturing industry in the exports grew from negligible
percentage in 1970 to above 6 % in 2005.
 (Sources: Ministry of Commerce, Economic Survey)
SEZs as vehicle for Job Creation

 Reaping the demographic dividend
 India’s demographic profile is a boon for creating productive jobs for rising
work force with higher savings and eventually investments for economic
growth.
 India’s median age is just under 25 years with over 500 million people
below 25 years of age.
 Two-thirds of these are supported by the agricultural sector which
contributes just 21 percent to the GDP.
 These people have rising aspirations and must find jobs in manufacturing
and services sectors, failing which there would be serious social and
economic implications for the country.
 SEZs are job creators - it is estimated that close to 15,00,000 jobs by end of
2010 would be created by SEZs.
SEZs Typology
 •SEZs can be categorized on basis of sector, function or location and
required to have processing as well as non-processing area.

TRANSIT ORIENT DEVELOPMENT
NEED OF PROJECT (TOD) WHY IS TOD NEEDED?
ISSUE 1.
Usability of MTRS and BRTS: Metro has been constructed but people don’t feel
comfortable/ safe using it.
Picture showing absence

of metro stations on many main roads Picture showing location of jaipur metro
station which is far from residential areas
ISSUE 2.
Lack of safety for Women is biggest deterrent to public transport success.
Articles about lack of safety for women

Statistics showing
absence of security for
women in metro cities
CAUSE:
• Lack of last mile connectivity by bus, cycle/ walk.
• Unsafe streets, due to lack of ‘eyes of street’
• Un walkable streets.
• planned private para transit facilities
ISSUE 3.
• Car-Auto-centric sprawl type planning has created a private vehicle

dependent city, very difficult for Public Transport users.
Picture showing more number of private vehicles on Delhi road due to insufficient
public transport which is making congestion
CAUSE:
• segregated land uses,
• large unwalkable block sizes,
• large Roads with unusable footpaths,
• construction of flyovers and clover leafs within city limits, leading to rupture
of neighbourhoods & connectivity,
• People-unfriendly urban design
ISSUE 4.
 Environmental Degradation – due to rapid urbanization, unplanned

exploitation of natural resources, destruction of natural water systems, and
rapid expansion on agricultural land
 Due to environmental degradation human as well as all other creatures
have to face great problems.

 Air pollution results in respiratory diseases, air-borne diseases, skin disease,

throat and chest infection etc and also melts the snow that causes
landslides and floods.
 Water pollution causes various water-borne diseases such as cholera,
typhoid, dysentery etc .
CAUSE:
• Lack of dense development
• Lack of adequate low-income housing
• Lack of Environmental Resource
documentation & planning
• Lack of ownership of public spaces in the
city.
THE ONLY SOLUTION FOR ABOVE ISSUES IS TOD
TOD IS NEEDED IS FOR:
To make it easier, safer, faster and more convenient for people to use public
transportation so that maximum number of people “have the choice” to leave
their cars at home and shift to the use of public transport with in walkable
distance.
AIM:
• To Provide a variety and high-density mix of housing, employment and

recreation options within walking/cycling distance of each other and of
MRTS stations - in order to induce a lifestyle change towards healthier living
and better quality of life.
OBJECTIVE:
The following objectives are intended to effect well-planned transit oriented

development :
1. Transit Proximity and Station Area Boundaries
2. Station-specific Flexibility
3. Pedestrian and Bicycle Access
4. Mix of Land Uses
5. Housing Affordability
6. Urban Design
7. Street Design

8. Parking
9. Transportation and Traffic
10. Vision for the Community
11. Regional Framework
12. Environmental Considerations
13. Economic Benefits
14. Open Space
15. Public Facilities and
16. Infrastructure
1. Transit Proximity and Station Area Boundaries
Focus and concentrate the highest density or land use intensity close to the
rail transit station, and where feasible, above the rail transit station.
Station-specific Flexibility
Examine the unique characteristics and needs of a particular station area

when evaluating TOD principles to ensure the appropriate development
intensity and mix of land uses relative to the existing and planned uses for
the surrounding areas.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Access
Provide safe pedestrian and bicycle travel to and from and within the
station area
Mix of Land Uses
Promote a mix of uses to ensure the efficient use of transit, to promote

increased ridership during peak and off-peak travel periods in all directions,
and to encourage different types of activity throughout the day.
Housing Affordability
Provide for arrange of housing opportunities by incorporating a mix of

housing types and sizes and including housing for a range of different
income levels.
1. Urban Design
Encourage excellence in urban design, including site planning, streetscape

and building design, which creates a pedestrian-focused sense of place.

Street Design
Provide a grid of safe, attractive streets for all users which provide
connectivity throughout the site and to and from adjacent areas.
Parking
Encourage the use of transit while maximizing the use of available parking
throughout the day and evening and minimizing the visual impact of
parking structures and surface parking lots.
Transportation and Traffic
Promote a balance between the intensity of TOD and the capacity of the
multimodal transportation infrastructure provided and affected by TOD,
and provide for and accommodate high quality transit,pedestrian, and
bicycle infrastructure and services and other measures to limit single
occupant vehicle trips.
Vision for the Community
Strive to achieve a broadly inclusive, collaborative. community

participation process when evaluating TOD plans that propose substantial
changes in use, intensity or density for existing or new transit station areas
planning efforts.
Regional Framework
Provide a more efficient land use pattern by concentrating growth around

existing and planned transit station areas.
Environmental Considerations
Seek opportunities for mitigating environmental impacts of development.
Economic Benefits
Create an employment base and encourage commercial revitalization

adjacent to transit facilities.
Open Space
Provide publicly-accessible, high-quality, usable open space.
Public Facilities and
Infrastructure
Evaluate opportunities to include public facility improvements and services

within the TOD area.

METHODOLOGY

References Website and books

Cities and Urban Life –By John J. Macionis and Vincent N. Parrillo
Good City Form –Kelvin Lynch
www.urbanform.org
www.cityform.mit.edu
www.ocw.mit.edu › Courses › Architecture
www.urbanmodel.com
www.cs.toronto.edu/~mes/russia/moscow/description.html
www.sf-planning.org
jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Delhi.pdf
chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_gen_plan.htm
www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Developmentplan.aspx
(1)Town Planning by S.C. Rangwala, K.S. Rangwala and P.S Rangwala.
(2)http://www.google.com
(3)http://books.google.com
(4)http://en.wikipedia.org
(5)http://www.answers.com
(6)http://wiki.answers.com

INTERNAL TEST I(Answer key words)

PART-A (5 X 2 = 10 Marks)
1. Define Settlement.
Permanent or temporary community in which people live, without being
specific as to size, population or importance.
2. Define Ekistics.
The science of human settlements
View to geography and ecology and human psychology and
anthropology, and cultural, political, and occasionally aesthetics.
3. List out the elements of Human Settlements.

Nature,Man,Society,Shell and Network.
4. What is the role of Society as an element of Human settlement?

economic and social development and refers to its main activities.
5. What is Ecumenopolis?
Ecumenopolis –50,000 million
Growing continuously during the last centuries
PART – B (4 X 10 = 40 Marks)
1. Explain the evolution of Human settlements.
The evolution of human settlements can be divided into five major phases:
Primitive non-organized human settlements (started with the evolution of
man.)
Primitive organized settlements (the period of villages -eopolis-which
lasted about 10,000 years.)
Static urban settlements or cities (polis -which lasted about 5,000-6,000
years.)
Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis-which lasted 200 -400 years.)
The universal city (ecumenopolis-which is now beginning.)

2. Explain the elements of Human settlements.
3. Explain the classification of Human settlements based on Function &

Occupational Structure.
Industrial towns
Market Towns
Ports:
Seaside resorts
4. Explain the classification of Human settlements based on population.

Arrangement of settlements in an order of importance , Isolated dwelling
or hamlets at the base of the Hierarchy to a Conurbation.
 The area and population of the settlement (size)
 The range and number of services/functions within each settlement
 The relative sphere of influence of each settlement.

Solved questions
UNIT-I
Part-A
1.Define Settlement.
Settlement is a general term used in Archaeology,geography,andscape history

and other subjects for a permanent or temporary community in which
peoplelive,without being specific as to size, population or importance.
2.Define Ekistics.
 The term Ekistics applies to the science of human settlements.

 It includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.
 It involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to
geography and ecology and human psychology and anthropology, and
cultural, political, and occasionally aesthetics.
3.List out the major phases of Evolution of Human settlement
 Primitive non-organized human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)

 Primitive organized settlements (the period of villages - eopolis -
which lasted about 10,000 years.)
 Static urban settlements or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.)
 Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400 years.)
 The universal city (ecumenopolis - which is now beginning.)
4. What is Dynapolis?
• First expansion of the urban settlement.

• 30 miles in diameter.
• All part of the land it covers is not sterilized.
• The microorganisms in the soil no longer exist.
• The original animal inhabit ants have largely been banished.
• Rivers are foul and the atmosphere is polluted.
• Climate and microclimate have retrogressed.
Nature,Man,Society,Shell and Network.
6.State any two characteristics of Settlements.
Area: How large the area of a settlement is.
Site: describes the actual land upon which a settlement is built.
Population: The size and type of people that live in a settlement.
Function: The function of a settlement relates to its economic and social

development and refers to its main activities.

Situation: describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding

features such as other settlements, rivers and communications.
Shape: describes how the settlement is laid out. Its pattern.
7.What is the function of a settlement?
The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social development and
refers to its main activities.
8.What is the Major classification of a settlement?
Settlements can broadly be divided into two types –

o Rural
o Urban.
Basic differences between rural and urban areas :
 The major difference between rural and urban areas is the function.
 Rural areas have predominantly primary activities, whereas urban areas have
domination of secondary and tertiary activities.
 Generally the rural areas have low density of population than urban.
9.List out the various forms of Human settlement.
Dispersed /Scattered Settlement
Nucleated/Compact settlement
-Circular
-Radial
Linear Settlement
10.State the advantages of nucleated Settlements.
Advantages - social
 more socialization, therefore no boredom

 farmers can share ideas
 travelling for trade purposes is much easier
 lives in safety
 easy access to basic commodities
PART-B
1.Explain the Elements of Human Settlement in detail.
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
The definition of human settlement is as given below:
“The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to

which these elements provide the material support. The physical components

comprise shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shape, size, type and
materials erected by mankind for security, privacy, and protection from the
elements and for his singularity within a community; infrastructure, i.e. the
complex networks designed to deliver or remove from the shelter people, goods,
energy of information. Services cover those required by a community for the
fulfillment of its functions as a social body, such as education, health, culture,
welfare, recreation and nutrition.”
Human settlements means the totality of the human community -whether city,
town or village -with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural
elements that sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical
elements and services to which these elements provide the material support. The
physical components comprise,
Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shapes, size, type and materials
erected by mankind for security, privacy and protection from the elements and
for his singularity within a community;
Infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from

the shelter people, goods, energy or information;
Services cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as
a social body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and
nutrition.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

These elements always interact with one another.
A human being has some invisible spheres around him. These spheres are the
spheres of the senses like touch, smell, sight, hearing and also super natural or
spiritual.
The spiritual sphere is directly proportional to his intellect.
People interact with one another by direct interaction of these spheres.
Human habitation requires a certain amount of overlapping of these spheres,

and the planning of habitation would mean, social planning’.
Human desires and endurances have remained the same throughout the years
and manifestations of which have changed by evolution.
2.Explain the Settlement Hierarchy in detail.
Settlement Hierarchy
This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an order of importance , usually

from many isolated dwelling or hamlets at the base of the Hierarchy to a
Conurbation.
 The area and population of the settlement (size)

 The range and number of services/functions within each settlement
 The relative sphere of influence of each settlement
Sphere of Influence
Sphere of Influence is defined as the area served by a particular settlement.
The size of this sphere of influence depends on the size and functions of a town
and its surrounding settlement ,the transport facilities available and the level of
competition from a rival settlement.

In general, the larger the settlement the larger the sphere of Influence.
Eg: London compared to Barnsley
Sphere of Influence is based upon two main principles:
Threshold Population: The minimum number of people needed to support a

settlement or service.
Range: The maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a
particular service.

3.Compare and Differentiate Nucleated and Dispersed settlements. Comparison

between Nucleated and Dispersed Settlements
Nucleated Dispersed
Physical
a) Relief Gentle slopes and plains Mountainous and hilly

b) Water Scarce settlements, ie Abundant water therefore
wet point settlement oasis people can settle anywhere
c) Soil Fertile soil therefore Infertile soil and poor pastures,
farmers cluster ie stock farmers
Social and cultural
a) Safety
Fortified villages in times Peaceful times - farmers
b) Political of war disperse
Communism and Capitalism - free market system
c) Tradition and socialism, ie commune in Sub-division of inherited land,
religion China breakdown of tradition
Sense of belonging and a

desire to maintain villages

and united family
Economic
a) Land ownership Communal, collective Private ownership, loose pieces

b) Agricultural utilization; hired workers of land.
Collective farming, ie Extensive stock farming
entire community is Individual farmer on his own
concentrated in a land
centrally located village
Advantages Advantages - social Advantages - economic
 more socialization,  farmer lives on his or her

therefore no own farm
boredom  farmer decides how to
 farmers can share manage the farm and
ideas makes his or her own
 travelling for trade decisions
purposes is much  lives on a single holding
easier and makes maximum use
 lives in safety of machinery
 easy access to  greater profit
basic commodities
Disadvantages Disadvantages - social
 living in isolation,
Disadvantages - therefore there is little
economic social contact
 safety of farmer
 farmlands are threatened because of
scattered and small isolation
 less scope for  farmer has to travel great
individual ideas distances for basic
 wastes time commodities
walking to the fields
 little mechanization  living in isolation may
 less scope for lead to boredom,
entrepreneurial however TV, radio,
profits alarms have minimized
the fact that farms do
not have access to
security and
communication

4.Explain the Growth and decay of Settlements in general.
GROWTH AND DECAY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS - GENERAL

 Primitive man lived in caves, tree-holes and treetops and fed himself on
plants, fruits roots, animals and water, directly collected from nature, without
much effort on his part.
 When his number increased and his food requirements became enormous
he came out of the forests to live in the plains, to cultivate and make more
food materials.
 Availability of water was the main criterion for selecting land for cultivation
and habitation.
 This happened according to scientist, about 10,000 years back and that was
the beginning of human settlements when manmade houses to live in and
worked for his food.
 Thus it was a transition from cave to village. Protection from the vagaries of
climate and wild animals was the main purpose of a house, rightly called a
shelter.
 He built houses with whatever materials were available near about him, like
mud, wood, reeds boughs, leaves and what not.
 For better protection and mutual help he used to live in groups, surrounded
by the cultivated lands, which invariably were selected where water was
available throughout the seasons.
 This gave rise to villages or small human settlements, all of them near
perennial fresh water sources like rivers, and lakes. Villages were also located
on sites offering natural protection of elevated hills & terrains, islands and
peninsulas.
 Wherever natural protection was lacking barricades and moats surrounded

them. Later, when transportation of men and materials became necessary,
seacoasts and riverbanks were selected for settlements.
 As we learn from history, early civilization spread along the fertile valleys of
the Nile, tigers, Euphrates, Indus Rivers etc. where water, food and
transportation were at hand.
 In all settlements, there were both natural and man-made elements like hills,
valleys – buildings, roads etc.
 Each settlement had its own definite boundaries. They were scattered
throughout, especially along riverbanks and in plains, fed by rivers. Inter –
relations and inter -actions between settlements, both near and far off,
developed gradually and it gave rise to social, cultural, political, economic
and many other institutions

 Conflict between men and environment started when man began to

change the environment for better convenience and better comfort.
 This conflict is a continuous process, and is continuing with all its ramifications
supported by science and technology.
 Man being aggressive in nature, did not easily adjust himself to be part of a
self-disciplined community.
 Personal and group rivalries flared up within settlements. Survival of the fittest
was the order of the day.
 The winner assumed the role of a leader and maintained discipline. When
the leader gained more and more power and strength, several settlements
came under him.
 He himself assumed titles of king or emperor. To protect himself and his

kingdom, he wanted an army and a safe place to live.
 For this he established non-agricultural settlements, exclusively for himself, his

army and the people around him.
 Such settlements were fortified and moats built all around, for additional
protection from attacking enemies.
 People from the villages, whose main occupation was agriculture, began to
migrate to such urban centers, to get better employment and better wages.
 Further, the developments came out of the forts and moats, to

accommodate more people and this gave rise to bigger settlements, what
we call towns and cities.
 Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes, as well as developments in

science and technology influenced the life styles of the people and their
quality of life.
 In the process, some settlements, perished, may be by war, floods or drying

up of water sources and some other prospered becoming larger and larger,
like our present day giant cities which we call metropolis, mega polis etc.
 This makes human settlements a part of history and every settlement has a
history of its own.
 The fundamental human needs, wherever one lives and whichever natural
environment one has, are food, clothing and shelter apart from air & water.
 Shelter use to get the lowest priority from the very beginning of man’s

existence.
 Till the recent past, shelter, especially in small settlements, was not a serious
problem as the shelter requirements were quite simple and limited.
 There was no difficulty in getting a piece of land, either owned or rented.
 They constructed their own houses with mutual help, making use of locally
available materials and using their own houses with mutual help, making use
of locally available materials and using their own labor.
 The harmful impact of intensive urbanization, consequent to the industrial

revolution, accelerated deterioration of the living environment.
 But in spite of all the efforts to improve the living environment in human
settlements, the challenge of poverty, congestion and insanitation still
remains in cities throughout the world.
 Man had made unprecedented progress during the current century in the
fields of industry, Education, Health, Communication, Transportation etc.
 As a result of spectacular achievements in science and technology. But it is

a paradox that the majority of the world’s population still does not have a
shelter providing minimum privacy, and protection against the elements.
 The struggle for shelter still continues.
 A significant reason, for this lag is the population explosion followed by urban
explosion.
Reference:
Question paper code :60105

B.Arch Degree Examination ,November /December 2016
Ninth semester
AR 2503/AR1503/10166/AR903-HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
(Regulations 2009/2010)
Part A-(10x2=20 marks)
1. Define ekistics.
2. Write the classification of Human settlements.
3. What is a linear form of human settlement?
4. What is meant by decay of human settlement?
5. What are the advantages of having a planned city?
6. Brief the human settlement model as given by le Corbusier.
7. Outline any four limitations of a master plan.
8. What information can be sourced from a land use plan?
9. What is a regional plan?
10. What do you understand by redevelopment?
Part B-(5x16=80 marks)
11. (a) Discuss the hierarchical system of settlements their sizes and functions
With sketches.
Or
(b) Discuss the need, scope and content of a regional plan.
12. (a) (i) What is conflict between a development economist and
environment?
(ii) What kind of policies would you like to suggest resolving this issue.
Or
(b) Discuss the natural and human factors affecting settlement.

13. (a) Discuss the Garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard with
Appropriate sketches.
Or
(b)Discuss in detail the neighborhood concept with suitable example.
14. (a) outline and describe the salient features of a master plan for a
Settlement.
Or
(b)Discuss with the help of a case study any one successful application of
Planned unit development concept.
15. (a) Discuss in detail the process involved in carrying out a urban Renewal
Project.
Or
(b) Discuss in Detail the advantages and limitations of adaptive reuse as a
Conservation strategy.
Reference:
Question paper code :51962

B.Arch Degree Examination ,May /June 2014
Ninth semester
AR 2503/AR1503 -HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
(Regulations 2009)
1. What is the significance of human settlement studies?

2. Sketch the evolution of a network system and shells.
3. Sketch a linear human settlements with an example.
4. Outline any two reasons for the development of a settlement.
5. What are the advantages of having a planned city.
7. What do you understand by land use plan?
8. What is the significance of the DCR?
9. What is the use of conservation as an urban Renewal tool?
10. What is an Environment up gradation programme?
11. (a) Discuss in detail the anatomy and classification of Human Settlements
Through ages.
Or
(b) Discuss the various elements of human settlements and their role in
Evolving a larger network.
12. (a) Discuss the structure and form of human settlements.

Or
(b) Discuss the factors influencing growth and decay of Human
Settlement.
13. (a) Sketch and explain the Human settlement model as given by
Ebenezer Howard.
Or
(b) Discuss the neighborhood concept of planning by CA.Perry.
14.(a) Outline and describe the salient features of a master Plan for a
settlement.
Or

(b)Discuss with the Help of a case study any one successful application of
Planned unit Development concept.
15. (a) Discuss with a case study any one success story of an urban renewal
Plan.
Or
(b) Discuss the various types of CRZ and the associated planning
implications.
Reference:
Question paper code: 91976

B.Arch Degree Examination, November/December 2014
Ninth semester
AR 2503/AR1503 -HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
(Regulations 2009)
1. What is the significance of human settlement studies.
2. Outline any two limitations of traditional concepts of human settlements in
Today’s times.
3. Outline the various ekistics elements as mentioned by doxiadis.
4. Name any four liner Human settlements.
5. What are the probable reasons for evolution of circular settlements?
6. Outline any four salient features of the constructive and conservative surgery
by Geddes.
9. What is the purpose of having development regulations?
10. What are the reasons for the failure of a complete urban renewable
programme?
11. (a) Discuss in Detail the various elements of human settlements.
Or
(b)Discuss the anatomy and classification of human settlements based on
Any one criteria.
12. (a)Discuss the structure and form of various types of human settlements.
Or
(b) What factors the growth and decay of human settlements?
13. (a) Discuss the garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard with appropriate
Sketches.
Or

(b)Discuss in detail the garden city concept ant he attempt of applying it

to Chennai city.
14. (a) What do you understand by planning unit development?. Discusses its
Application in a context demonstrating its success as a planning

strategy.
Or
(b) Discuss in detail the scope and contents of a master:
15. (a) Writes on
(I) urban conservation
(ii)Regional plan
Or
(b)Discuss with a relevant example the various strategies for urban
rehabilitation programme.
Important questions
PART-A

2. Define Human Settlement.
3. Define Ekistics.
5. What is the role of Nature as an element of Human settlement?
6. What is the role of Man as an element of Human settlement?
8. What is the role of Shell as an element of Human settlement?
9. What is the role of Network as an element of Human settlement?
10. What is a Town?
11. List out the classification of Polis with respect to population.
12.What is Dynapolis?
13. What is Mega polis?
14. What is Eopolis?
16. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Location.
17. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Resource.
18. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Population.
19. List out the classification of Human settlement based on occupational
structure.
20. What is the significance of Human studies?
21. Sketch the evolution of a network from shells.
(UNIT-II)
22. Sketch the structure of Human Settlement.
23. List out the various forms of Human settlement.
24. Sketch a Linear Human Settlement with an Example.
25. Sketch a Non Linear Human Settlement with an Example.
26. Sketch a Circular Human Settlement with an Example.
27. List out any 2 factors influencing the growth and decay of the settlement.
28. Outline any 2 reasons for development of a settlement.
(UNIT III)
29. State the need of a Planning Concept.
30. What is Garden City?
31. Write short notes on 3 Magnets concept.
32. Write short note on Ebenezer Howard.
33. Write short note on Patric Geddes.
34. Write short note on C.A.Perry.
35. Write short note on Le Corbusier.
36. Write short note on Neighborhood concept.
37. What is a Planning concept?
38. What are the advantages of having a planned city?

(UNIT-IV)
39. What is a Master Plan?
40. State the need for Master Planning.
41. What is Land Use Plan?
42. What are the contents of Master Plan?
43. What is Vicinity Map?
44. What is Traffic Management Pan?
45. What is Storm water Management Plan?
46. What is zoning?
47. State the need for Zoning.
48. What is PUD?
49. What is the need for PUD?
50. List out the various zoning Regulations by CMDA.
51. What is DCR?
52. What is CRZ?
53. What is the significance of DCR?
(UNIT-V)
54. What is Urban Renewal Plan?
55. What is Redevelopment?
56. What is Conservation?
57. What is Rehabilitation?
58. What is Regional Plan?
59. What is Area delineation?
60. Write short notes on Land Utilization Plan.
61. Discuss the hierarchical system of settlements based on sizes.
62. Discuss the hierarchical system of settlements based on functions.
63. What is the use of conservation as an Urban Renewal tool?
64. What is an Environmental Up gradation programme.
PART-B
(UNIT-I)

4. Explain the classification of Polis in detail.
(UNIT-II)
6. Discuss the Structure and Form of Human settlements in detail.

7. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of

Linear Settlement.
8. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Non
Linear Settlement.
9. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Circular
Settlement.
10. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of
Combination Settlement.
11. What are the factors that influence the Growth & Decay of Human
Settlement?
(UNIT-III)
12. Explain the Planning concept by Ebenezer Howard.
13. Discuss the features of Garden city with a case study.
14. Explain the Planning concept by C a Perry.
15. Explain the Planning concept by LeCorbusier.
16. Explain the Planning concept by Patric Geddes.
(UNIT-IV)
17. What is a Master plan? Explain the scope & content of Master Plan/Outline
And describe the salient features of a Master Plan for a settlement.
18. What are Zoning Regulations? Explain the role of Regulations in Planning.
19. Discuss the need and linkage of Master plan and Land use plan.
20. What is Land use Plan? Explain the need of Land use plan.
21. Explain Planned unit Development in detail/Discuss with the help of a
Case study any one successful application of Planned Unit Development
Concept.
22. Explain the following I) DCR ii) CRZ
23. Explain the classification of Coastal Zones according to Regulations/Discuss
The various types of CRZ and the associated planning implications.
(UNIT-V)
24. What is Urban Renewal plan? Explain it with a case study / Discuss with
A case study anyone successful story of an Urban Renewal Plan.
25. Explain the following I) Rehabilitation ii) Redevelopment iii)
Conservation
26. Explain the following i) Regional Plan ii) Land Utilization Plan iii)Area
Delineation
27. Explain the hierarchical system based on Size and Functions.
ASSIGNMENT DETAILS:

Evaluation method:
INTRODUCTION SUBMISSION
S.NO. ASSIGNMENT / PROJECT / CASE STUDY
DATE DATE
Anatomy & classification of Human

1. 11.07.2017
settlements (ASSIGN.1) 06.07.2017
14.07.2017
Factors influencing the growth and decay of
2. 28.07.2017
human settlements. Case study (ASSIGN.2)
Works of Ebenezer Howard , Garden city

3. concepts, Patrick Geddes , C.A. Perry ,Le 02.08.2017 16.08.2017
Corbusier (ASSIGN.3)
Master plan, planned unit development,

4. 23.08.2017 12.09.2017
JNNURM – case studies (ASSIGN.4)
SEZ , integrated townships – case studies

5. 19.09.2017 22.09.2017
(ASSIGN.5)
Presentation -5marks
Data’s present -5marks
On time submission -10marks
Total -20 marks
SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,
MOODODU, ANDUCODE, 629168.

CLASS TEST I –UNIT-I

SUB: NAME/CODE: AR6702/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND PLANNING
MAX MARKS: 30 YEAR / SEM: V / IX
DURATION: 45 mins
SECTION: DATE: /2017 (AN)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
PART-A (Answer any two)
(15 X 2 = 30 Marks)
1. Discuss the anatomy and classification of human settlements based on
any one criteria.

3. Discuss the various elements of human settlements and their role in
Evolving a larger network.

CLASS TEST II –UNIT-II

DURATION: 45 mins
(15 X 2 = 30 Marks)
1. Discuss the natural and human factors affecting settlement.
2. Discuss the factors influencing growth and decay of Human
Settlement.
3 Discuss the structure and form of various types of human settlements.

CLASS TEST III –UNIT-III

DURATION: 45 mins
(15 X 2 = 30 Marks)
1. Discuss the Garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard with
2. Discuss the neighborhood concept of planning by CA.Perry.
3. Discuss in detail the garden city concept ant he attempt of applying it
to Chennai city.

CLASS TEST IV –UNIT-IV

SUB: NAME/CODE: AR6702/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND PLANNIN
DURATION: 45 mins
(15 X 2 = 30 Marks)
1. Outline and describe the salient features of a master plan for a
Settlement.
2. Discuss with the Help of a case study any one successful application of
Planned unit Development concept.
3. What do you understand by planning unit development?. Discusses its
Application in a context demonstrating its success as a planning

strategy.

CLASS TEST V –UNIT-V

DURATION: 45 mins
(15 X 2 = 30 Marks)
1. Discuss in detail the process involved in carrying out a urban Renewal
Project.
2. Discuss the various types of CRZ and the associated planning
implications.
3. Writes on
(I) urban conservation
(ii)Regional plan

INTERNAL TEST I


DURATION: 1 ½ Hrs
SECTION: DATE: 17/07/2017 (AN)
7. Define Ekistics.
PART – B (4 X 10 = 40 Marks)


INTERNAL TEST II
DURATION: 1 ½ Hrs
1. Sketch a Linear Human Settlement with an Example.

2. List out the various forms of Human settlement.
3. What is Garden City?
4. Write short note on Ebenezer Howard.
5. Write short note on Neighborhood concept.
PART – B (4 X 10 = 40 Marks)
6. What are the factors that influence the Growth & Decay of Human
Settlement?
7. Discuss the Structure and Form of Human settlements in detail.
8. Explain the Planning concept by Ebenezer Howard.
9. Discuss the features of Garden city with a case study.

INTERNAL TEST III

DURATION: 1 ½ Hrs
1. What is Regional Plan?

2. What is Rehabilitation?
3. What is a Master Plan?
4. List out the various zoning Regulations by CMDA.
5. State the need for Zoning.
PART – B (4 X 10 = 40 Marks)
6. Explain Planned unit Development in detail/Discuss with the help of a
Case study any one successful application of Planned Unit development

Concept.
7. What is a Master plan? Explain the scope & content of Master Plan/Outline
And describe the salient features of a Master Plan for a settlement.
8. Explain the following
i. Rehabilitation
ii. Redevelopment
iii. Conservation
9. Explain the following
i) Regional Plan
ii) Land Utilization Plan
iii)Area Delineation

MODEL EXAM-I
DURATION: 3 Hrs
1. What is the significance of human settlement studies.

Today’s times.
3. Outline the various ekistics elements as mentioned by doxiadis.
4. Name any four liner Human settlements.
5. What are the probable reasons for evolution of circular settlements?
7. What do you understand by land use plan?
8. What is the significance of the DCR?
9. What is the use of conservation as an urban Renewal tool?
10. What is an Environment up gradation programme?
PART – B (5X 16= 80 Marks)
Or
any one criteria.
12. (a) Discuss the structure and form of human settlements.
Or
(b) Discuss the factors influencing growth and decay of Human
Settlement.
13.(a) Discuss the Garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard with
Or

(b)Discuss in detail the neighborhood concept with suitable example.
14.(a) Discuss in detail the process involved in carrying out a urban Renewal
Project.
Or
(b) Discuss in Detail the advantages and limitations of adaptive reuse as a
Conservation strategy.
Plan.
Or
implications.

MODEL EXAM-II
DURATION: 3 Hrs
1. Sketch a linear human settlement with an example.
2. Outline any two reasons for the development of a settlement.
3. What are the advantages of having a planned city.
4. What is the significance of human settlement studies?
Today’s times.
9. What is a regional plan?
10. What do you understand by redevelopment?
PART – B (5X 16= 80 Marks)
Or
any one criteria.
12. (a)Discuss the structure and form of various types of human settlements.
Or
(b) What factors the growth and decay of human settlements?

13. (a) Discuss the garden city concept of Ebenezer Howard with appropriate
Sketches.
Or
(b)Discuss in detail the garden city concept ant he attempt of applying it
to
Chennai city.
14. (a) outline and describe the salient features of a master plan for a
Settlement.
Or
(b)Discuss with the help of a case study any one successful application of
Planned unit development concept.
Plan.
Or
implications.

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AR6702 Human Settlements Planning

To have an overview on the vocabulary of Human settlements to understand the various

Students with Planning concepts and process in Urban and Regional

UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS

UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL

UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 1

 The science of human settlements

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 2

3. House –5 4.House groups (hamlet) –40

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 3

5. Small neighborhood (village)–250 6.Neighborhood –1,500

7. Small polis (town) –10,000 8.Polis (city) –75,000

9. Small metropolis –500,000 10.Metropolis –4 million

11. Small megalopolis –25 million 12.Megalopolis –150 million

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 4

13. Small eperopolis–750 million 14.Eperopolis–7,500 million

15. Ecumenopolis –50,000 million

The definition of human settlement is as given below:

“The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 5

Infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

The spiritual sphere is directly proportional to his intellect.

People interact with one another by direct interaction of these spheres.

Human habitation requires a certain amount of overlapping of these spheres,

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 6

EVOLUTION of HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

The human settlements have no pre-determined death, though there is death in

1. Primitive non-organized human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 7

1. Primitive human settlements ¾ Non -organized settlements

The man began to modify Nature and to settle temporarily or permanently in

2. Primitive human settlements

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 8

It required time and acquisition of experience in organizing the relationship

In Nature evolution work towards a compression of circles and the gradual

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 9

3. Static urban settlements or cities

The secondly through the decentralization of some functions, such as temples. In

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 10

4. Dynamic urban settlements

In the dynamic urban phase settlements in space are characterized continuous

Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological revolution,

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 11

today in a very dangerous manner. This makes the dynamic settlement

Example: London -atmospheric pollution may be as severe as to account for4,

4. Dynamic urban settlements Dynapolis:

•First expansion of the urban settlement.

•The micro organisms in the soil no longer exist.

•The original animal inhabitants have largely been banished.

•Rivers are foul and the atmosphere is polluted.

•Climate and micro climate have retro grassed.

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 12

The first dynamic urban settlement -the early Dynapolis.

From the economic point of view this development is related to industrialization,

4. Dynamic urban settlements Metropolis Dynametropolis:

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 13

To calculate the number of metropolises attributed to the effect of the railway

Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis.

Ar.A kannan/ Asst Prof/Sigma school of Arch. Page 14

5. The Universal human settlement: