Sutlej River

The Sutlej or Satluj River is the longest of the five rivers that
flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in
northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as
Satadru. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.
Sutlej Area Covered

The Sutlej river rises near Rakastal which is fed by the lake
Mansrover in the Tibetan Plateau at an elevation level (EL) of
about 4,572 M. The river Sutlej is known as Langqen Zagbo
inside Tibet/China. The River Sutlej travels about 322 Kms
inside the Tibetan Province and then enters India near Shipkilla
(Tashigang-village) and further Sutlej River travels about 300
Kms upto Bhakra Dam. This large river has varying climatic and
topographic conditions. The total catchment area is about
56,860 Sq. Kms; out of which only about 20,000 sq. kms lie in
India . In the Indian region an area of about 9,000 sq. kms. gets
only snowfall, an area of about 5,500 Sq. Kms gets both snow
and rain and an area of about 5,500 sq. kms only rainfall.
The above catchment as described indicates that perennial
supplies in the river Sutlej are due to large areas of catchment
contributing snowmelt. It is estimated that more than 50 percent
of the run-off in the Sutlej Rivers is from the snowmelt. The
average annual total run-off of river Sutlej is about 16,000
MCM.

Beas
Beas River, Beas also spelled Bias, ancient Greek Hyphasis,
Sanskrit Vipasha, river in Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab states, northwestern India. It is one of the
five rivers that give the Punjab (“Five Rivers”) its name.

The Beas rises at an elevation of 14,308 feet (4,361 metres) at

Rohtang Pass in the western (Punjab) Himalayas (a section of
the vast Himalayas mountain range), in central Himachal
Pradesh. From there it flows south through the Kullu Valley,
receiving tributaries from the flanking mountains, and then
turns west to flow past Mandi into the Kangra Valley. After
crossing the valley, the Beas enters Punjab state and veers
south and then southwest to its confluence with the Sutlej
River at Harike after a course of about 290 miles (470 km). The
Beas River was the approximate eastern limit of Alexander the
Great’s invasion of India in 326 BCE.

Area Of Shapes
In Geometry, a shape is defined as the figure closed by the
boundary. The boundary is created by the combination of lines,
points and curves. Basically, there are two different types
of geometric shapes such as:

 Two – Dimensional Shapes

 Three – Dimensional Shapes

Each and every shape in the Geometry can be measured using

different measures such as area, volume, surface area,
perimeter and so on.  In this article, let us discuss the area of
shapes for 2D figures and 3D figures with formulas.
Table of Contents:


 Area Definition
 2D Shapes
 Area of 2D shapes
  3D shapes
 Area of 3D Shapes
 Examples

What is Area?
An area is a quantity that expresses the extent of a two-
dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane.
Lamina shapes include 2D figures that can be drawn on a
plane, e.g., circle, square, triangle, rectangle, trapezium,
rhombus and parallelogram. Area of shapes such as circle,
triangle, square, rectangle, parallelogram, etc. are the region
occupied by them in space.
Polygon shape: A polygon is a two-dimensional shape that is
formed by straight lines. The examples of polygons are
triangles, hexagons and pentagons. The names of shapes
describe how many sides exist in the shape. For instance, a
triangle consists of three sides and a rectangle has four sides.
Hence, any shape that can be formed using three straight lines
is known as a triangle and any shape that can be drawn by
linking four lines is known as a quadrilateral. The area is the
region inside the boundary/perimeter of the shapes which is to
be considered.

What are 2D shapes?

The two-dimensional shapes (2D shapes) are also known as
flat shapes, are the shapes having two dimensions only. It has
length and breadth. It does not have thickness. The two
different measures used for measuring the flat shapes are area
and the perimeter. Two-dimensional shapes are the shapes
that can be drawn on the piece of paper. Some of the examples
of 2D shapes are square, rectangle, circle, triangle and so on.

Area of 2D Shapes Formula

In general, the area of shapes can be defined as the amount of
paint required to cover the surface with a single coat. Following
are the ways to calculate area based on the number of sides
that exist in the shape, as illustrated below in the fig.

 
Ravi River
The Ravi River (/ˈrɑːvi/) is a transboundary
river crossing northwestern India and
eastern Pakistan. It is one of five rivers associated
with the Punjab region.
Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters
of the Ravi and two other rivers were allocated to
India. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project was
developed in Pakistan, which transfers waters
from western rivers of the Indus system to
replenish the portion of the Ravi River lying in that
country. Many inter-basin water
transfers, irrigation, hydropower and multipurpose
projects have been built in India.

The Ravi River, a transboundary river of India and

Pakistan, is an integral part of the Indus River
Basin and forms the headwaters of the Indus
basin. The waters of the Ravi River drain into the
Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) through the Indus
River in Pakistan. The river rises in the Bara
Bhangal, Kangra District in Himachal Pradesh,
India. The river drains a total catchment area of
14,442 square kilometres (5,576 sq mi) in India
after flowing for a length of 720 kilometres
(450 mi). Flowing westward, it is hemmed by
the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, forming a
triangular zone
Chenab River
The Chenab River[a] is a major river that flows
in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of
the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters,
Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in
the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab
flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India
into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, before ultimately flowing
into the Indus River.
The waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan under the
terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is allowed non-
consumptive uses such as power generation. The Chenab
River is extensively used in Pakistan for irrigation. Its waters
are also transferred to the channel of the Ravi River via
numerous link canal

River Chenab originates from Lahaul valley of H.P Snow bound

mountains and have copious discharge all the year round and
flow with steep bed slopes in the mountain reaches with a
series of loops and bends, which can be economically
harnessed for hydel generation. Total economic potential of
Chenab Basin has been estimated to the tune of 3600 MW
(firm) & installed capacity of 11,400 MW The main tributaries in
its passage upto Kishtwar are the Thirot, the Sohal, the Bhut
nallah, the Liddrari and the Marusudar. The Marusudar is the
biggest tributary of the Chenab and meets the Chenab at
Bhandalkot. Between Kishtwar and Akhnoor, it receives the
waters of the Kalnai, the Neeru, the Raghi, the Bichleri and the
Ans. The Tawi and Manawar Tawi join Chenab in Pakistan.
In India, the watershed of the Chenab basin covers part of two
States viz. Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Upper
Chenab catchment lies in Lahoul area and Pangi Tehsil of
Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh. In J&K State, the
Chenab basin covers the Districts of Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban,
Udhampur, Jammu and Rajouri. The catchment of the Chenab
is elongated and narrow. The catchment area of the Chenab
upto international border is 29,050 Sq. Km. out of which an
area of about 6,242 Sq. Km. is under perpetual snow. The
catchment area of the river Chenab upto Akhnoor, the lower
most gauge discharge site in India is 21,808 Sq. Km.

Helum River
River Jhelum, a major tributary out of five major tributaries viz.
Satluj, Beas, Ravi Chenab and Jhelum which are ultimately
merging with river Indus in Pakistan is the west flowing river.
The Jhelum (Vyeth in Kashmiri, Vetesta in Sanskrit and
Hydaspes in Greek) is the main waterway of the Kashmir
valley.Jhelum river originates from a magnificent spring called
“Chashma Verinag”.

The total geographical area of Jhelum basin upto Indo-Pakistan

border is about 34775 Sq.Kms. with a total length of 402 Kms.
But the length of Jhelum in India upto existing ceasefire line is
about 165 Kms. With a catchment area of about 17622 Sq.
Kms. and lies 32°-58'-42“ to 35°-08'-02” north latitude and 73°-
23'-32“ to 75°-35'-57” east longitude and is mainly confined
within the Kasmir Valley in India. The river Jhelum runs in the
Valley is surrounded by mountain ranges which rises to a
height of 5487 m on the north east. Peaks of these
mountainous range is mostly covered by snow cover from the
month of October to May. The valley is perched at an average
elevation of 1829 m above sea level and is approximately 135
Kms. in length and 32 to 40 Kms. in breadth. The Kuti and
Brahmasakal are the highest peaks at 4675 mts. in elevation in
the basin.
Odisha Land Of 5 Rivers
Subarnarekha

The Subernarekha basin extends over States of Jharkhand,

Odisha and comparatively smaller part in West Bengal having a
total area of 29,196 Sq.km with a maximum length and width of
about 297 km and 119 km. It lies between 85°8’ to 87°32’ east
longitudes and 21°15’ to 23°34’ north latitudes. Situated in the
north-east corner of the Peninsular India, the basin is bounded
by the Chhotanagpur plateau on the north and the west, by the
ridges separating it from Baitarani basin on the south, by the
Bay of Bengal on the south-east and by the Kasai Valley of
Kangsabati River on the east. The Subernarekha and the
Burhabalang forms the major river systems in the basin. The
Subernarekha River rises near Nagri village in the Ranchi
District of Jharkhand at an elevation of 600 m. It flows for a
length of 395 km before outfalling into the Bay of Bengal. Its
principal tributaries joining from right are the Kanchi, the Karkari
and the Kharkai. The Burhabalang rises from south of Similipal
village in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha at an elevation of
about 800 m and flows for a length of 164 km and drains into
the Bay of Bengal. The major part of basin is covered with
agricultural land accounting to 53.76% of the total area and
2.39% of the basin is covered by water bodies. The basin
spreads over 13 parliamentary constituencies (2009)
comprising 5 of Jharkhand and 4 each of Odisha and West
Bengal.

Budhabalanga River

The Budhabalanga River (ବୁଢାବଳଙ୍ଗ ନଦୀ) (also called Balanga

River) flows through the districts of Mayurbhanj and Balasore in
the Indian state of Odisha.
Course
The Budhabalanga, meaning old Balanga, rises in the Similipal
hills and plunges through Barehipani Falls, the second-highest
waterfall in India, located in Simlipal National Park. It then flows
in a northerly direction up to the village Karanjiapal in
Bangiriposi police-station. Thereafter, it turns to the north-east
and flows along the railway track up to the village
Jhankapahadi. There it changes its course to the south and
meets the Katra nala. The other tributaries are the Palpala and
the Chipat both of which are hill streams rising from the
Similipal hills. Then the river passes through Baripada. It later
flows through Balasore district and into the Bay of Bengal.[1]

Baitarni
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Description
The basin consisting of Brahmani and Baitarni extends over
states of Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh having an area
of 51,822 Sq.km which is nearly 1.7% of the total geographical
area of the country with a maximum length and width of 403 km
and 193 km. It lies between 83°55’ to 87°3’ east longitudes and
20°28’ to 23°38’ north latitudes. The basin is bounded by the
Chhotanagpur Plateau on the north, by the ridge separating it
from Mahanadi basin on the west and the south and by the Bay
of Bengal on the east. The Brahmani sub basin covers 39,033
Sq.km and has a long sausage shape. The Baitarni sub basin
extends over 12,789 Sq.km and is roughly circular in shape.
The Brahmani, known as South Koel in its upper reaches, rises
near Nagri village in Ranchi district of Jharkhand at an
elevation of about 600 m. The river has a total length of 799
km. In its tail reach, the river is known as Maipura. The Baitarni
River rises near Dumuria village in the hill ranges of Kendujhar
district of Odisha at an elevation of about 900 m and has a
length of about 355 km. The river is known as Dhamra in its
lower reaches. The important tributaries of Brahmani joining it
from left are the Karo, and the Sankh whereas the Tikra joins
from right. The main tributaries of Baitarni joining from left are
the Salandi and the Matai. Brahmani and Baitarni form common
delta area before outfalling into the Bay of Bengal. The major
part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to
52.04% of the total area and 2.95% of the basin is covered by
water bodies. The basin spreads over 16 parliamentary
constituencies (2009) comprising 10 of Odisha, 4 of Jharkhand,
and 2 of Chhattisgarh.

Brahmani
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Description
The Brahmani is a major seasonal river in the Odisha state of eastern India. The Brahmani is
formed by the confluence of the Sankh and South Koel rivers, and flows through the districts
of Sundargarh, Deogarh, Angul, Dhenkanal, Cuttack, Jajapur and Kendrapara.[1] Also South Koel
can be considered as upper reaches of Brahmani. [2] Together with the river Baitarani, Brahmani
forms a large delta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra. It is the second widest
river in Odisha after Mahanadi 

The Brahmani is formed by the confluence of the rivers South Koel and Sankh near the major
industrial town of Rourkela at 22 15'N and 84 47' E. The Sankh has its origins near
the Jharkhand-Chhattisgarh border, not far from the Netarhat Plateau. The South Koel too arises
in Jharkhand, near Lohardaga, on the other side of a watershed that also gives rise to
the Damodar River. Both of these sources are in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The site of the
Brahmani's origin is mythologically reputed to be the place where Sage Parashara fell in love
with the fisherman's daughter, Satyavati who later gave birth to Ved Vyasa, the compiler of
the Mahabharata. The place is thus called Ved Vyasa.[3]
South Koel river near Jaraikela, Orissa. One of the two tributaries of Brahmani River

After assuming the name of Brahmani, the river crosses

the Tamra and Jharbera forests, skirting along National
Highway 23. It then passes the town
of Bonaigarh in Sundargarh district before being
dammed at Rengali in Anugul district. A large reservoir
of the same name is created as a consequence. It then
flows through the towns
of Talcher and Dhenkanal before splitting up into two
streams. The main stream flows by the town
of Jajpur Road beyond which it is crossed by National
Highway 16 and the Kolkata-Chennai mainline of East
Coast Railway. The branch stream called Kimiria
receives the waters of the Birupa (a distributary of
the Mahanadi, Kelua and Genguti before re joining the
main stream at Indupur. It then flows crisscrossing
through Pattamundai. The river then receives the
Kharsuan, on its left bank before merging with the
Baitarani, a major river, to form the Dhamra estuary. A
distributary called Maipara branches off here to join the
Bay of Bengal a short distance away while the main
stream proceeds northward for a few km more before
ultimately meeting the sea near Chandbali at Palmyras
Point. The Brahmani delta is the site of
the Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary, famous for its
estuarine crocodiles.[4]

Mahanadi
The Mahanadi River is a major river in East Central India. It drains an
area of around 132,100 square kilometres (51,000 sq mi) and has a total
length of 900 kilometres (560 mi). Mahanadi is also known for
the Hirakud Dam[1] which was the first major multipurpose river valley
project after India's independence in 1947. The river flows through the
states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha and before finally ending in the Bay of
Bengal.

Rushikulya River

The Rushikulya River is one of the major rivers in

the state of Odisha and covers entire catchment
area in the districts of Kandhamal and Ganjam of
Odisha. The Rushikulya originates at an elevation
of about 1000 metres from Daringbadi hills of
the Eastern Ghats range. The place from where
the river originates, Daringbadi is called the
' Kashmir of Odisha '. The river lies within the
geographical coordinates of 19.07 to 20.19 north
latitude and 84.01 to 85.06 east longitude. It meets
the Bay of Bengal at Puruna Bandha in Ganjam.
Its tributaries are the Baghua, the Dhanei, the
Badanadi etc. It has no delta as such at its mouth.
The river flows from the Daringbadi hill station
in Kandhamal district. In the Ganjam district it
flows through Surada, Dharakote, Asika,
Pitala, Purusottampur, Taratarini,
Pratappur, Alladigam, Brahmapur, Ganjam and
the Chhatrapur block. The river is 165 km long
with a total catchment area of 7700 km2. The mean
monthly flow rate is estimated to be 89.64 cumecs
during 1992-93 period under Daily rainfall runoff
modelling of Rushikulya river, orissa