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Sun 2000
Sun 2000
New Cutting Structure Design Improves the Performance of The PDC Bit
Mingguang Sun,and Yunlian Zhang,SPE,and Yukun Yang,SPE,and Huangtao,Jinhai Zhao,Shengli Oilfield Inst.
Cutter distributing method6 ability in soft formation, and enhance the cooling effect in
Cutter distributing includes radial distributing and hard formation.
circumfer- ential distributing. Radial distributing means to Design of Hydraulic Program7
distribute the cutting teeth along the shape on the radius Hydraulic program design of PDC bit affects the working
plane of bit and can get the radial distributing drawing quality and the duration of the bit. According to the
which reflecting the cutting teeth’s distributing or the performance experience of many PDC bits, besides to be
covering status on the bottom hole in the radial direction. affected by formation hardness, abrasiveness and
Radial distributing. According to equally cutting principle, instantaneous load, a main factor influencing the bit
the radial distributing formula is : duration is the hydraulic erosion on bit body and the
cutting teeth. Therefore hydraulic program design of the bit
is one of the most important factors in combined PDC bit
Rci 1 8r r design.
Rci +1 = + Rci2 + 0 c Hydraulic program design of the new type compact PDC
2 2 fd
bit is designed in allusion to the hydraulic program and the
..............................(4) erosion character .(see Fig. 4)
Adjust azimuth and jet angle of the nozzle
(i = 1,2, … , N − 1) On the base task of cooling PDC bit, cleaning the bottom
hole and carrying cuttings, adequate adjustment on azimuth
2( N − 1) rc and jet angle of the nozzle can lead jet flow to the biggish
fd ≈ ......................................................(5) discharging cutting groove and reduce the hydraulic
Lc erosion to cutting teeth and blade. If the angle between the
The radial situation of each cutter can be ascertained by nozzle and the axis of the bit is increased, the reflecting
this formula to ensure good cutting and covering effect on distance of jet flows from bottom of the hole to bit body
the bottom of the hole. and cutting teeth will be increased, the hydraulic erosion to
Circumferential distributing. It means to distribute the cutting teeth and bit body can be decreased.
cutting teeth in a way on the plane which perpendicular To deepen the bit’s cutting discharging groove
with the axes line of the bit and can get the circumferential To deepen the bit’s cutting discharging groove, as a result,
distributing drawing which reflecting the cutting teeth’s is to increase the space between the nozzle and bottom
distributing azimuth on the bit plane. The circumferential hole. It presents two advantages: one is to cut down more
distributing formula can be derived from polar coordinates hydraulic energy of reflected flows back from the bottom
equation as follow: of the hole, the other is to increase the depth of the bit’s
discharging cutting groove can increase the flow area of
Rci − Rc1 the surface of the bit and reduce the erosion to the bit body
θ ci = θ S + θ m ........................................(6) by jet flow.
RcN − Rc1
i ∈ [1, N ], m ∈ [1, M ] Stability Design of New PDC Bit8
The stability design of the new compound cutting structure
The circumferential angle of each cutting tooth can be PDC bit mainly involves aspects described below:
ascertained and the circumferential distributing teeth Force Balance Design
drawing can be drawn according to this formula to ensure Landscape orientation unbalance force should be
good distributing on the bit plane. controlled within 5% of WOB as per force balance
All the cutter distributing ways have been programmed principle. Force balance design can improve the working
in the computer. PDC bit computer auxiliary design stability of the bit, ease bit vibration and increase the bit
software programmed by the South-west Petroleum duration. Force balance principle has been adopted in new
Institute has been used to design Combined PDC bit’s compact PDC bit design. Designed landscape orientation
cutting teeth but has been modified as per designing unbalance force is only 2.1% according to calculation.
experience. Spiral Blade Design
Cutter distributing manners Spiral blade reduces the gyral effect of the bit. With spiral
Two distributing manners are generally adopted to PDC blade, cutting force is dispersed and contact stress between
bit: blade manner and scattering manner. Blade manner: gauge teeth and hole wall is decreased, and as result gyral
distributing teeth more equality, flow area is wide, movement times of the bit is reduced. Side-turning angle of
effective flow field can be formed to clean and remove the cutters is helpful for drilling fluid carrying cutting and
cuttings; Scattering manner: Bit surface is utilized cleaning the bottom hole. In addition, spiral gauge mass
adequately to distributing the teeth in high density, but it’s can increase the contact area with hole wall and improve
difficult to get good cleaning. Considering multi hard-soft the working stability of the bit. Design of Cutters layout at
inter-beds in Shengli area, blade manner has been chose for the Same Track.
PDC bit to strengthen the clean effect and cutting carrying
4 MINGGUANG SUN,YUNLIAN ZHANG,YUKUN YANG,HUANGTAO,JINHAI ZHAO SPE 62858
penetration was increased more than 65% and the total Nomenclature
footage was equal to three H517 tri-cone bits. see table 2. h = axial distance of cutter at rs
The characters of the new PDC bit were having no r = bit radius
movable parts , long life, suitable for high rotary speed and rs = radial distance of No.s cutter on the bit
low WOB(Weight On Bit). Therefore, combined with the n , nc = experiment indexes, related to cutters and
bottom-hole hydraulic power drilling tools,this kind of bit lithology
was more suitable to drill the horizontal well, helping to c = integral constant
increase the drilling speed, reduce the trip times,decrease Rci , Rci+1 = radius of No.i, i+1 cutter center on the bit
the down-hole accidents and the economic benefit was R0 = radius of bit crown
very obvious. rc = radius of cutter
fd = coefficient of cutter distributing density
The analysis of technology and economic benefit N = number of the cutters
The appended tables (1 to 4) show as follows: Lc = length of the crown circular arc
Compared with H517 cone bit in the same straight, θci= circumferential angle of No. i cutter in No.m
directional and horizontal section, the footage of the new sprial line
type PDC is improved more than one time, the penetration θs = polar angle’s remainder among the gauge cutter
rate is 30 to 100% higher. Calculated the rig daily rate in and the center cutter
30,000 RMB per day, the drilling cost is 80 RMB per θm = starting polar angle of No.m sprial line
meter, the well – building cycle per well shall be shrank Rc1, Rci , RcN = radius of the cutter center, No. i cutter
one to three days(varies with different area), the drilling and gauge cutter respectively on the surface
cost is saved, the economic benefit is improved. of the bit
Within eight months since the test of new PDC bit got N = number of the cutters on the bit
success, more than 300 new type PDC bits have been used M = number of the sprial line for cutters distributing
at areas of Shengli Oilfield, such as Chunhua, Shikou,
Shengtuo, Dongying, Dongxin, Laizhouwan, Guangbei, Acknowledgements
Bonan, Hekou and so on. If calculate the saved cost in 80 The authors wish to thank Drilling Technology Research
RMB per meter and the footage in 1000 meters for one Institute of Shengli Oilfield and Huanghe drilling Conpany
new PDC bit, compared with cone bit, more than 24 and Bohai drilling Conpany for permission to present this
million RMB is saved by using 200 new PDC bit. In paper, Thanks also to Shusheng Li and Dekun Ma for their
addition, the new PDC bit has the advantages of no-motion assistance in preparing the maniuscript.
components, lower WOB, more footage, lower load and so
on, so as to reduce the times of trips and downhole References
accidents, debase the workers’ intension and extend the life 1. Wenyuan Mei: “The Applicatipn of PDC Bit”, Petroleum
of rig. Drillingand Exploration techniques, 3th.1990
2. Shoukang Cheng: “Standard drilling and geology design in
Conclusions Shengli oil and gas area” , Peking Petroleum Industry
1. Aiming at the formation characteristics of interbeds Publishing Company, 1996.
in Shengli Oilfield, we present a new cutting structure, 3. Sinor,L.A. and Powers,J.R., “The Effect of PDC Cutter
design the new PDC bit optimally, enlarge the using scope, Density,Back Rake,Size,and Speed on Performance”, paper
SPE 39306 presented at the 1998 IADC/SPE Drilling
provide effective rock- breaking tool for the formation with
Conference. Dallas.Texas 3-6 March 1998.
interbeds. 4. Mingguang Sun: “diamond bit design and model selection by
2. To carry out the new combined cutting design, we logging result” , Petroleum Drilling And Exploration
initiate a new method of designing cutting configuration to Techniques, 2th.1999
overcome the single cutting element model. 5. Mingguang Sun: “PDC Bit Research for Multi Interdeded
3. We analyze the crown profile, hydraulics, stability of Formation in Shengli Oil Field”,Doctor Thesis ,1999
the new PDC bit and design according to the formation 6. Shusheng Li: “Study on Work Theory and modern Design
characteristics in Shengli Oilfield in this paper. Method for PDC Bit”, Doctor Thesis ,1994
4. Compared with H517 cone bit, the new PDC bit 7. Watson,G.R. et al.: “Using New Computational Fluid
Dynamics Techniques to Improve PDC Bit
mentioned in this paper can improve the drilling speed
Performance”,paper SPE 37580 presented at the 1997
more than one time, the penetration rate more 50%, the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam,Mar.4-6.
drilling cost per meter can be at least decreased 30%. 8. Warren,T.M. et al.: “Development of a Whirl-Resistant Bit”,
5. The new PDC bit can improve drilling speed, shrink paper SPE 19572 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual
well-building cycle, reduce the drilling cost in Shengli Conference and Exhibition,San Antonio, Oct.8-11.
Oilfield, it is recommended strongly that the new PDC
should be used in every oilfield with interbeds.
6 MINGGUANG SUN,YUNLIAN ZHANG,YUKUN YANG,HUANGTAO,JINHAI ZHAO SPE 62858
Table 1--Comparison between PDC bit and cone bit used in offset wells (215.9mm bit)
Well Construction
Depth In Depth Out Footage ROP Daily Cost Bit Cost Cost Per Meter
Well No. Bit Type Period
m m m m/h RMB RMB RMB/m
day
Chun70-2 2014 2625 611 8.64 30000 PDC 14000 167.6 18
Chun 70-7 1810 2610 800 11.72 30000 PDC 14000 124.2 16
Table 2--Comparison between PDC bits and rock bits in horizontal wells
311 3 Cone bit Shanghai, Chengdu 157.5 1950 1792.5 110.05 16.29 P-S1
4583 Chun56-H1
216 5 H517 Jianghan 1950 2854 904 235.6 3.84 S1-S3
311 4 Cone bit Shanghai, Chengdu 148 2193 2045 173.7 11.77 P-S3
2193 2241
4583 Chun56-H3 216 1 H517 jianghan 241 62.6 3.85 S3
2550 2743
Chun70-5 1965 2640 D~S4 675 10.38 drilled to TD, new degree 85%
1
Chun 70-11 1860 2570 D~S4 710 7.74 new degree 50%
Tong85-1 2012 2876 S3~K 864 13.6 drilled to TD, new degree 90%
2
Tong 83-2 2112 2506 S3 394 8.8 new degree 70%
3 Chun 70-12 1930 2780 S1~K 850 12.5 drilled to TD, new degree8 5%
1526 1866 D 340 10.5 Check drill pipe, new degree 80%
4 Shi127
2186 2754 S1~S3 568 12.0 ROP slow down, new degree 65%
5 Tuo3-4-216 1394 2825 D~S3 1428 10.1 new degree 50%
6 Da65-53 1650 2480 D~S2 830 11.5 drilled to TD, new degree 90%
1800 2001 S1~S2 201 26.1 deflecting, new degree 95%
Ying12-D 170
2085 2570 S2~S3 485 11.4 drilled to TD, new degree 85%
7
Xin11-140 1574 2198 D~S3 624 19.8 drilled to TD, new degree 80%
Xin11- D 140 1620 2210 D~S3 590 11.9 drilled to TD, new degree 65%
Yi941-12 2415 3074 D~S2 659 11.4 new degree 85%
8
Yi4-6-17 2001 2636 G~D 635 7.1 new degree50%
Ying9- D l2 2760 3054 S3 294 14.3 drilled to TD, new degree 85%
9
Lai14-12 1490 2600 S1~S3 1110 18.8 drilled to TD, new degree 65%
10 Chun 17- D l241 1820 2387 S1~K 567 12.9 drilled to TD, new degree 85%
Tuo3-4-520 1755 2175 S1~S3 420 14.3 drilled to TD, new degree 80%
11
Tuo3-5-021 1590 2075 D~S3 485 12.3 drilled to TD, new degree 70%
12 Wang27-1 1610 2915 D~S4 1305 13.2 new degree 60%
13 Guangbei9- D 28 1817 2744 S1~S4 927 12.1 drilled to TD, new degree 75%
3-9-149 1467 2248 D~S3 781 17.2 drilled to TD, new degree 90%
14
3-6-138 1510 2130 D~S3 620 14.3 drilled to TD, new degree 85%