Chap 01

Maths Quest 9/ Final Pages / 10/1/06
5_61_03282_MQV09 - 01_tb Page 1 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 9:49 PM
eTHINKING 1
1
Number skills
There are many factors

that affect the environment
of our planet. One of these
is world population.
The data supplied in the
table give the estimated or
projected world
Year World population
population for the middle
of the year. In which
1950 2 555 078 074 ten-year period did (or
1960 3 039 332 401 will) the world population
1970 3 707 610 112 increase the most?
In which ten-year period
1980 4 456 705 217 is the percentage increase
1990 5 283 755 345 the largest?
2000 6 080 141 683 This chapter refreshes
your skills in working with
2010 6 823 634 553
numbers expressed as
2020 7 518 010 600 fractions, decimals,
2030 8 140 344 240 percentages or in index
form and applying those
2040 8 668 391 454
skills to real-life situations.
2050 9 104 205 830
areyou 2 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Are you ready? READY?

Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, extra help can be
obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either click on the SkillSHEET icon
next to the question on the Maths Quest 9 CD-ROM or ask your teacher for a copy.
1.1 Addition and subtraction of integers

1 Calculate each of the following.
a −3 + 5 b 7 − −3 c −10 − 4
Multiplication and division of integers

1.2
a 4 × −2 b −9 ÷ −3 c 4 × 5 ÷ −2
Adding and subtracting decimals

1.3
a 3.2 + 4.6 b 9.5 − 2.76 c 7.05 + 2.993
Multiplying decimals
1.4
a 4.8 × 5 b 2.35 × 1.4 c 8.914 × 6.37
Dividing decimals
1.5
a 4.764 ÷ 0.6 b 0.6853 ÷ 0.11 c 1.456 ÷ 0.008
Converting an improper fraction into a mixed number

1.9
6 Convert 13
------ into a mixed number.
5
Converting a mixed number into an improper fraction

1.10
7 Convert 5 2--- into an improper fraction.
7
1.11 Adding and subtracting fractions

a 1
--- + 3
--- b 5
--- − 2
--- c 3
--- + 3
---
2 5 6 9 8 4
1.12 Multiplying and dividing fractions

a 2
--- × 1
--- b 4
--- × 21
------ c 2 --3- × 10
------ d 4
--- ÷ 8
------ e 7
--- ÷ 1
--- f 3 --2- ÷ 5
---
3 4 7 22 4 11 5 15 2 2 3 6
Converting a percentage into a decimal
1.13
10 Convert each of the following percentages to a decimal.
a 48% b 5% c 18.9%
Finding a percentage of a quantity
1.14 11 Find:
a 25% of 120 b 60% of 45.
Chapter 1 Number skills 3

Number skills — an introduction
Throughout the year we will be dealing with the set (group) of numbers known as real
numbers. This set is composed of a number of subsets (smaller groups). It is important
that we understand the composition of the set of real numbers before we progress.
The set of real numbers, R
The set of real numbers is a collection that contains natural, integer, rational and irra-
tional numbers. Let us first define each of these sets and see their relationship to each
other.
The set of natural numbers (N) = {Counting numbers}
= {1, 2, 3, ……..}
The set of integers (J) = {Positive and negative whole numbers including zero}
= {… −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
It can be seen that N is contained within J; that is, N is a subset of J. Using set nota-
tion, this can be expressed as N ⊂ J.
The set of rational numbers (Q) = {Numbers that can be written as a ratio; that is,
m
in the form ---- where m and n are integers and n ≠ 0}
n 1 2 5
Sample elements of the set of rational numbers include ---, ---, – 5---, – 3---, --- .
2 3 2 4 1
It follows, then, that J is a subset of Q. Using set notation, this can be expressed as
J ⊂ Q.
The set of irrational numbers (I) or (Q′) = {Numbers that cannot be written as a
ratio of two integers}
Sample elements of the set of irrational numbers include 3, 3 7, – 5, π .
The set of irrational numbers, together with the set of rational numbers, make up the
set of real numbers, that is, R = {Rational numbers} ∪ {Irrational numbers}.
The relationship between all these sets can be shown using a Venn diagram.
Q R
1– – 5–
2 2 –
5
2–
J N
3 1 2 0 3
–1 3 5
– 3– –2 –3 3 7
4
π
This diagram shows that N ⊂ J ⊂ Q ⊂ R. The irrational numbers are contained only
within the set of real numbers; that is, Q′ ⊂ R. This chapter will consider operations on
these sets.
Order of operations
using integers
Anton has calculated the answer to 5 + 6 × 4 as 44, while
Marco insists that the answer is 29. Who is correct?
In mathematics, it is important to ensure that every-
body obtains the same result from a calculation; so the
order in which mathematical operations are worked is
important.
4 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria
The order of operations requires that:

1. all expressions in brackets are evaluated first, beginning with the innermost
pair of brackets
2. then, all multiplication and division are evaluated, working from left to right
3. and finally, any addition and subtraction, working from left to right.
To obtain the correct answer to the calculation 5 + 6 × 4, we must complete the

operations in the correct order. That is, × first then +.
5 + 6 × 4 = 5 + 24
= 29
WORKED Example 1
Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
a 4 + 12 − (5 + 6) b 6 + 21 ÷ 7 c [4 × (5 + 8)] ÷ 2
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the calculation. a 4 + 12 − (5 + 6)
2 Evaluate the expression in the pair of = 4 + 12 − 11
brackets first. = 16 − 11
3 Perform the addition and subtraction =5
from left to right and write the answer.
b 1 Write the calculation. b 6 + 21 ÷ 7

2 Perform the division. =6+3
3 Perform the addition. =9
c 1 Write the calculation. c [4 × (5 + 8)] ÷ 2

2 Remove the brackets by working the = [4 × 13] ÷ 2
innermost pair of brackets first. = 52 ÷ 2
3 Divide and write the answer. = 26
In other examples you will need to read the question carefully to interpret the correct
order of operations and the correct way to write the calculation.
WORKED Example 2
Mum bought 2 packets of Easter eggs to hide in the garden for her
4 children to find. Each packet contained 20 eggs. While she was
hiding them, the dog ate 4 eggs, Dad ate 3, and 1 was squashed.
If all the other eggs were found, and each child found the same
number of eggs, how many eggs did each child have?
THINK WRITE
1 Write a mathematical sentence showing
what happened. Find the total number of
eggs and subtract the number that were
eaten or squashed. Then divide by the
number of children looking for eggs. [2 × 20 − (4 + 3 + 1)] ÷ 4
THINK WRITE
2 Use order of operations to solve the = [2 × 20 − 8] ÷ 4
problem. = [40 − 8] ÷ 4
= 32 ÷ 4
=8
3 Write the answer in a sentence. Each child found 8 eggs.
Integers
Integers include positive whole numbers, negative whole numbers and zero. They can
be represented on the number line.
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
The rules for using integers are:

Rule 1 When adding integers with the same sign, keep the sign and add; −3 + −2 = −5.
Rule 2 When adding integers with different signs, find the difference and use the sign
of the number further from zero; –3 + 4 = 1.
Rule 3 When subtracting integers, add the opposite; 5 − −7 = 12.
Rule 4 When multiplying integers, the following rules are obeyed.
(a) Positive × Positive = Positive 5 × 8 = 40
(b) Positive × Negative = Negative 5 × −8 = −40
(c) Negative × Positive = Negative −5 × 8 = −40
(d) Negative × Negative = Positive −5 × −8 = 40
Rule 5 When dividing integers, use the same rules as for multiplication.
(a) Positive ÷ Positive = Positive 16 ÷ 2 = 8
(b) Positive ÷ Negative = Negative 16 ÷ −2 = −8
(c) Negative ÷ Positive = Negative −16 ÷ 2 = −8
(d) Negative ÷ Negative = Positive −16 ÷ −2 = 8
WORKED Example 3
Calculate each of the following without the use of a calculator and using the correct order
of operations.
a −15 × −5 ÷ 3 b 7 + −5 − −8 c 4 − 60 ÷ (−4 − 6)
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the calculation. a −15 × −5 ÷ 3
2 Multiplication and division are the only = 75 ÷ 3
operations; so work from left to right. = 25
3 Write the answer.
Continued over page
THINK WRITE
b 1 Write the calculation. b 7 + −5 − −8
2 Addition and subtraction are the only operations; so = 2 − −8
work from left to right. =2+8
3 Write the answer. = 10
c 1 Write the calculation. c 4 − 60 ÷ (−4 − 6)

2 Perform the calculation in the brackets. = 4 − 60 ÷ −10
3 Perform the division. = 4 − −6
4 Perform the subtraction. =4+6
5 Write the answer. = 10
WORKED Example 4
Insert operation signs to make this equation true.
5 K 3 K 4 K 1 = −2 (Trial and error is a suitable method.)
THINK WRITE
1 The answer (−2) is less than the first number in the 5 − 3 − 4 − 1 = −3 ≠ −2
question; so try subtraction.
2 The result of the first try (−3) is a little too small; so 5 − 3 − 4 + 1 = −1 ≠ −2
change the last sign to +.
3 The result of the second try (−1) is too big; so try 5−3−4×1
multiplying the last digit, which is 1, remembering to =5−3−4
use the order of operations. = −2
remember
remember
1. The order of operations for calculations is:
(a) brackets first, beginning with the innermost pair, then working through to
the outermost pair
(b) multiplication and division in order from left to right
(c) addition and subtraction in order from left to right.
2. When adding integers with the same sign, keep the sign and add.
3. When adding integers with different signs, find the difference and use the sign
of the number further from zero.
4. When subtracting integers, add the opposite; for example 5 – –7 = 12.
5. When multiplying and dividing integers, like signs give positive answers,
unlike signs give negative answers.

Order of operations using
1A integers 1.1 SkillS
HEET
WORKED 1 Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. Addition and
Example
1
a 3 + 12 − 5 + 6 b 7 + 5 − 11 + 2 − 3 c 10 − 2 − 3 + 4 subtraction of
d 18 − 11 + 4 + 12 − 14 e 25 + 5 − 10 + 2 − 10 f 32 − 8 + 6 − 7 − 5 integers
g 10 × 6 × 4 × 2 h 18 × 4 × 3 × 0 i 80 ÷ 4 ÷ 5 1.2 SkillS
j 25 ÷ 5 × 6 k 8×2÷4×3 l 72 ÷ 2 ÷ 6 × 3
HEET
m 16 + 2 × 5 n 80 ÷ 2 + 28 o 12 − 14 × 0 Multiplication
p (4 + 6) × 8 q (35 − 11) ÷ 6 r (7 + 2 − 3) × 8 and division
s 12 ÷ (9 − 3) t 75 ÷ (12 + 13) of integers
Math
2 multiple choice
cad
Order of
a What is 12 × (4 + 2) ÷ 8 equal to? operations
A 10 B 12 C9 D8 E none of these
b What is 36 ÷ 3 ÷ 4 + 2 equal to? Math
A2 B 72 C 50 D5 E 6
cad
c What is 8 × 5 + 3 × (8 − 5) equal to? Adding
A 49 B 192 C 59 D 129 E 46 integers
(DIY)
3 Evaluate each of the following.
a 8 × 9 − 10 × 6 b 14 × (3 + 2) ÷ 7 c 72 ÷ (2 + 7 × 1) Math
cad
d 80 ÷ 5 − 60 ÷ 6 e 35 × (8 + 4 − 6 × 2) f (13 − 3) × 2 + 4 × 6
Subtracting
g (17 − 12) ÷ 5 × 2 h (14 + 7 − 8) × 6 i [14 + (2 × 6 − 3)] × 4 integers
j [(2 + 1) × 7 − 3 × 5] − 6 ÷ 3 k {[(3 + 9) ÷ 12] + 4 × 4} − 17 (DIY)
l {40 − [(8 + 2) × 3 − 5]} ÷ 5 m 16 ÷ 4 + 24 ÷ 6 + 5 × 5 − 19 Math
n 108 ÷ 4 × (4 − 4) × 4 o {11 + (4 + 3) × 2 + 5 × 6 + (8 – 2) × 5} × 4
cad
p [16 × 3 ÷ 2 + 40 ÷ 4 × 2 − 3 × 11 + 14] ÷ 5 + (6 × 2 + 4) × 2 − (7 × 5 + 2) Multiplying
WORKED 4 Takiko has brought 3 packs of nut biscuits to share with the 20 members of her class. If integers (DIY)
Example
2
each pack contains 12 nut biscuits and 3 girls and 5 boys are allergic to nuts, or don’t eat
biscuits so don’t have any, how many nut biscuits will each of the other class members Math
receive?
cad
5 Fiona earns $1150 per fortnight. She allows $140 per fortnight for her bills, $250 per Dividingintegers
fortnight for groceries, $70 per fortnight for car running costs and $80 per fortnight (DIY)
for entertainment. Fiona also has a mortgage for which the payment is $375 per
fortnight. Calculate the amount of money Fiona can save each fortnight.
6 Alvin’s bank statement for the month
of July shows an opening balance of
$860. If he made 3 withdrawals of
the following amounts, $160, $230,
$420, and 2 deposits of $90 and
$105, what was the closing balance
for the month of July?
7 The Wimbletons wanted to buy a tennis racquet

for each of their 3 children. The normal price
of a racquet is $100 but the shop is offering
a special deal. If two racquets are bought at
the same time, the price is reduced by $25
for each one. If the Wimbletons buy one
at the normal price and two on the special
deal, how much do they pay altogether? Write an
equation to show how you could have found the answer.
WORKED 8 Calculate each of the following without the use of a
Example
3a
calculator and using the correct order of operations.
a −7 + 12 b −14 + 7 c −18 − 8 d 25 − 24 − 2
e −2 − 3 − 6 f −7 − 11 + 5 g 14 − 15 + 11 h 13 − 19 − 6 + 9
i 10 × 2 ÷ 5 j 6 × −3 × −2 k −4 × −3 × −5 l 64 ÷ −16 ÷ 4
m −12 × 4 ÷ 16 n −120 ÷ −10 × 2 o 36 ÷ −6 × −5 p −6 × −1 × −10 ÷ 4
WORKED 9 Calculate each of the following without the use of a calculator and using the correct
Example
3b
order of operations.
a 8 + −7 + −3 b 15 − 18 + −8 c 6 + −7 + −10 d 6 − −7
e −5 − −2 f 7 − −2 − 7 g 4 + −8 − −5 h −7 − −13
i −9 + −9 − −9 j 4 + −6 + −2 − −1 k −3 − 6 − −10 + −5
d
hca 10 multiple choice
Mat
Order of a −7 − 8 + 2 − 3 is equal to:

operations
with integers A −2 B −16 C −14 D −20 E −4
b −12 × −8 ÷ −4 × 2 is equal to:
reads
L Sp he A 12 B −12 C 48 D −96 E −48
et
EXCE
c 9 + −5 − −4 + 2 − −1 is equal to:
Arithmetic
timer A9 B 1 C 11 D −1 E 19
WORKED 11 Calculate each of the following without the use of a calculator and using the correct
Example
3c
order of operations.
a −3 + 3 × 3 b −9 − 2 × 6 c 15 ÷ 5 − 5 d 7×0−5
e 6 × (0 − 6) f −14 × 2 − 2 × 10 g 2−6×3 h 8 + 2 × −5
i 3×8−5×7 j 12 × −3 − 4 k 0 × 3 × −6 + 6 l −90 ÷ −5 − 26
m 5 × (−3 + 5) + 7 n 128 ÷ −16 + 3 × −5 o (3 + 7) ÷ −2 + −4
p −60 ÷ −4 × 3 − 43 q 28 ÷ −2 × (2 − 5) r 56 ÷ 7 + 70 ÷ −10
s 94 ÷ 2 + 3 × −3 t 14 − 4 × (5 + −6)
12 multiple choice
a What does 5 × −4 − 10 × −6 equal?
A −40 B 40 C 80 D 180 E 420
b What does 5 × (−4 − 10) × −6 equal?
A 80 B −420 C 180 D −180 E 420
c (–2 – –4) × (8 × 5 − 4) is equal to:
A −216 B 16 C −48 D 72 E −16
d –64 ÷ 8 – –8 is equal to:
A4 B 0 C −16 D 16 E −8
e The correct operation signs to make 2 K −5 K −2 K −5 = −3 a true statement are:
A ×, −, − B ×, +, + C −, +, × D −, ×, + E +, −, ×

WORKED 13 Insert operation signs to make these equations true:
Example
a 5 K 6 = 11 b 7 K −4 = −28
4
c −18 K −2 = 9 d −7 K −3 = −4
e 3K4K5=2 f 7 K 2 K 3 = 17
g −5 K −4 K 10 = 2 h 6 K 3K 3 = 0
i 8 K 5 K 2 = −2 j 2 K 3 K 5 K 4 = 26
k 16 K 8 K 8 = −6 l 12 K 18 K 2 = 21
m 12 K 18 K −2 = 21 n −8 K 4 K −2 = 0
o 10 K 3 K 4 K 2 = 0 p 5 K 2 K −3 K −3 = 2
14 Thanh stands on a cliff top 68 m above sea level and drops a stone into the water. It
stops on the bottom 27 m below sea level. How far has the stone fallen?
15 The temperature range in Sydney on a particular day was 7°C. If the minimum
temperature was 15°C, what was the maximum temperature?
16 The temperature range in Melbourne on a particular day was 15°C. If the maximum
temperature was 31°C, what was the minimum temperature?
17 The minimum temperature in Darwin on a particular day was 3°C and the maximum
was 33°C. What was the temperature range on this particular day?
18 multiple choice GAME

time
Note: There may be more than one correct answer.

Number
a Which of the following is equal to 40? skills
A 8 × (2 + 3) B 4 × 9 + 22 C 11 + 9 × 2 D 80 ÷ 4 × 2 E 10 × 4 ÷ 2 — 001
b Which of the following is equal to 100?
A 400 ÷ 2 × 2 B (40 − 30) × 7 + 3 C 23 + 15 × 9 − 58
D 120 − 70 × 5 − 3 E (50 − 20) × 3 + 30 − 40
c Which of the following does not equal 60?
A 3 × 4 × 10 ÷ 2 B 25 + 7 × 5 C3+7×6
D 80 ÷ 4 × 8 − 5 E 20 + 80 ÷ 2
COMMUNICATION Golf scores

In golf, par is the number of strokes
considered necessary to complete a hole in
expert play. A birdie is a score of one stroke
under par and a bogey is one stroke over
par. An eagle is a score of 2 strokes under
par while 3 strokes under par is called an
albatross. A double bogey is 2 strokes over
par and a triple bogey is 3 strokes over par.
1 Use integers to represent:
a par
b a birdie
c a bogey
d an eagle
e an albatross
f a double bogey
g a triple bogey.
2 Which score for a hole would be the most difficult to achieve?
3 Leon and Dion have finished a round of 18 holes with the following information
shown on their scorecards.
Leon Dion
pars 4 pars 6
birdies 3 birdies 2
bogeys 6 bogeys 4
eagles 1 eagles 0
double bogeys 2 double bogeys 2
albatrosses 0 albatrosses 1
triple bogeys 2 triple bogeys 3
Final score Final score
What integer represents each person’s final score as a number of strokes over,
under or at par?
4 Who wins this round of golf?
5 Two professional golfers achieve overall final scores for 18 holes of −8 and −6.
a What does this mean?
b Who achieved a better score for this round of golf?
c How many strokes did each player make for the 18 holes if the course is
considered to be a par 71 course?

Estimation and rounding
Rounding to a given number of decimal places
Ms Shopper’s bill at the supermarket comes to $94.68 and she pays $94.70. Mr
Shopper’s bill is $83.72 and he pays $83.70. The bills have been rounded to the nearest
5 cents because the 5-cent is the smallest coin used. Ms Shopper’s bill has been
rounded up because 68 cents is closer to 70 cents than to 65 cents. Mr Shopper’s bill
has been rounded down because 72 cents is closer to 70 cents than to 75 cents.
Measuring distances is another one of the many practical situations where it is nec-
essary to round an answer to a given number of decimal places. For example, the dis-
tance between two towns is given to the nearest kilometre. It is not practical or useful
to the average motorist that the distance between Melbourne and Sydney by a certain
route is 1024.352 km. We give the distance simply as 1024 km.
The accuracy of measurement is limited by what is practical and by the accuracy of
the instrument being used. For example, with your ruler it would not be possible to
measure anything more accurately than to the nearest millimetre.
The measurement 5.6713 cm ≈ 5.7 cm because 5.6713 is closer to 5.7 than it is to
5.6. The rounded answer, 5.7, is the closest approximation to the actual answer.
To round an answer to a given number of decimal places, consider only the first
digit after the required number of decimal places.
If that digit is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, then leave it and all following digits out of the
answer.
If that digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, then the last digit to be written is increased by 1
and all else is left out.
Many calculators are able to round an answer using
the FIX function.
On some scientific calculators, you need to press
MODE first.
On a TI graphics calculator, press MODE , arrow
down to the second row, then arrow across to highlight
O
the number that corresponds to the required number of
CASI
decimal places. Press ENTER to set this rounding con- Rounding
dition. To undo this operation, press MODE , arrow down to highlight FLOAT and
press ENTER .
Any rounded answer is not an exact answer but a close approximation.
WORKED Example 5
Round 15.439 657 to: a 1 decimal place b 3 decimal places.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the number. a 15.439 657
2 Look at the second decimal place to determine whether to ≈ 15.4
leave it or to round it up. The digit is 3; so rewrite the number
without all digits after the first decimal place.
Continued over page
THINK WRITE
b 1 Write the number. b 15.439 657
2 Look at the fourth decimal place to determine whether to ≈ 15.440
leave it or to round it up. The digit is 6; so increase the third
decimal place by 1. Note: Adding 1 to 9 gives 10, thus 439
becomes 440 and the zero must be included.
Note: The more decimal places, the closer the approximation is to the actual answer.
Rounding to a given number of significant figures
There were 70 000 people at the cricket for a

one-day match between Australia and the West Indies.
Although the caption describes a crowd of 70 000, in reality there may have been
70 246 people. The number has been rounded to 1 significant figure because the rest of
the number, 246, has no impact on our image of the size of the crowd. When using very
large or very small numbers, rounding to a given number of significant figures is often
used.
To round to 1 significant figure means having only 1 non-zero digit beginning from
the left with the other digits being zeros. The number 367 rounded to 1 significant
figure is 400 because 367 is closer to 400 than to 300.

To write 452 correct to 2 significant figures, we need to consider whether 452 is
closer to 450 or 460. It is closer to 450, so 4 and 5 are the 2 significant figures.
The method of deciding whether to leave or round up is the same as rounding to a
number of decimal places.
WORKED Example 6
Round 347 629 to: a 1 significant figure b 3 significant figures.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the number. a 347 629
2 Look at the second significant figure to determine whether ≈ 300 000
to leave it or to round it up. The digit is 4, so rewrite the
number, replacing all digits after the first significant figure
with zeros.
b 1 Write the number. b 347 629

2 Look at the fourth significant figure to determine whether to ≈ 348 000
leave it or to round it up. The digit is 6 so write the answer
by adding 1 to the third digit and replace all other digits with
zeros.
Note: The more significant figures taken, the closer the approximation is to the actual
answer.
When the first non-zero significant figure appears after the decimal point, any zeros
before that figure are not significant.
WORKED Example 7
Round 0.004 502 6 to 3 significant figures.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the number. 0.004 502 6

2 The first significant figure is the 4. Round to 3 ≈ 0.004 50
significant figures beginning with the 4. The last zero
must be included in the answer because it is one of the
significant figures.
Estimation
Rounding is also used when making an estimation or mental approximation of an
answer. Estimation is a method of checking the reasonableness of an answer or a cal-
culator computation. We can estimate an answer by rounding the numbers in the ques-
tion to simple numbers that can be calculated mentally.
WORKED Example 8
Estimate answers to the following without calculating the exact answer.
a 31 × 58 b 46 679 + 2351 × 65
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the calculation. a 31 × 58
2 Round each number to 1 significant figure. ≈ 30 × 60
3 Perform the mental calculation. = 1800
b 1 Write the calculation. b 46 679 + 2351 × 65

2 Round each number to 1 significant figure. ≈ 50 000 + 2000 × 70
3 Perform the mental calculation. = 50 000 + 140 000
= 190 000
remember
remember
1. When rounding to a given number of decimal places, count only those places
after the decimal point.
2. When rounding to a given number of significant figures, begin counting from
the first non-zero digit.
3. A quick mental estimation can be used to check the accuracy of calculations.
4. Rounding is often used to convey a concept of size rather than an exact number.
1B Estimation and rounding

WORKED 1 Round the following to: i 1 decimal place ii 2 decimal places iii 3 decimal places.
Example
5 a 5.893 27 b 67.805 629 c 712.137 84 d 81.053 72 e 504.896 352
2 Round the following to 0 decimal places. (To 0 decimal places means to the nearest
whole number.)
a 25.68 b 317.19 c 1027.8 d 19.53
3 Round the following to 1 decimal place.
a 3047.2735 b 24.7392 c 8.2615 d 19.9804
reads
L Sp he
4 Rounding the following to: i 1 ii 2 iii 3 iv 4 decimal places.
et
EXCE
Rounding a 5.742 48 b 4.309 68 c 0.286 15 d 1.067 328 e 4.586 10

and
significant WORKED 5 Round the following to: i 1 ii 2 iii 3 iv 4 significant figures.
figures Example
(DIY) 6 a 574 248 b 430 968 c 28 615 d 1 067 328 e 458 610
hca
d 6 Round the numbers in question 2 to 2 significant figures.
Mat
Rounding WORKED 7 Round the following correct to 3 significant figures.

Example
7 a 0.085 246 b 0.000 580 4 c 0.000 008 067 3
d 0.006 765 73 e 0.000 026 973 f 0.000 352 1

WORKED 8 Estimate answers to the following without calculating the exact answer. Math
Example
a 183 ÷ 58 b 78 × 11 c 632 + 169 d 1010 ÷ 98
cad
8
e 17 × 19 f 476 ÷ 8 + 52 g (51 + 68) × 12 h 68 + 19 × 9 Estimation
i 5 × (78 − 59) j 42 × 8 + 18 × 5 k 176 ÷ 18 + 689 ÷ 7
l 397 m 473 × 248 n 657 − 239 ÷ 49
o 12 345 + 549 × 146
9 multiple choice
a The number 49.954 correct to 1 decimal place is:
A 49.9 B 49.0 C 50 D 50.0 E 50.05
b The number 3 056 084 correct to 3 significant figures is:
A 3 050 000 B 3 056 000 C 3 057 000 D 3 060 000 E 356 000
c The number 0.008 065 3 correct to 3 significant figures is:
A 0.008 B 0.008 605 C 0.008 06 D 0.008 07 E 0.008 070
d A number rounded to 2 decimal places is 6.83. The original number could have been:
A 6.835 B 6.831 C 6.8372 D 6.8 E 6.836
10 Each of the 178 students who attend the Year 9 Social must pay $54. If the cost of SHEE
T 1.1
Work
hiring the band is $1000, estimate how much money would be available to pay for the
venue, supper and the security staff.
1
1 Evaluate 9 − 13 − 14.
2 Evaluate 8 − 8 ÷ 4.
3 Evaluate (13 + 5 × 7) ÷ 12.
4 Evaluate −25 + −10 − −50.
5 Evaluate −84 ÷ 12 × 3.
6 Evaluate −18 + (−9 + 11) × 14.
7 Insert signs to make the following equation true. 5 K 21 K 7 K 5 = 20
8 Round 1.746 582 to 4 decimal places.
9 Round 0.006 059 9 to 4 significant figures.
10 Give an estimate for 78 + 43 + 55 − 86.
QUEST
S
M AT H
1 In 1832, a young runner named Mensen Ehrnot reportedly ran nearly

NG
8950 km over a 59-day period. On each of those days he ran 16 hours

E
CH LL and rested for 8 hours. Estimate how many kilometres he ran, on

A
average, per hour.
2 In the hundred consecutive whole numbers from 1 to 100, how many
times does each of the ten digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 occur?
Decimals
Decimals play such a big part of everyday life that we need to be able to use them, put
them in order and convert them to simple fractions and percentages.
When using either your graphics calculator or a scientific calculator, enter the calcu-
lation as written and the calculator will perform the calculation using the correct order
of operations. There are, however, many things that we need to be able to do ourselves
with decimals without the aid of a calculator.
Ordering decimals
Ascending order means from lowest to highest and descending order means from
highest to lowest. This is done by first writing each number with the same number of
decimal places, adding zeros where necessary. We then look at the left-most digit. The
greater this digit, the greater the decimal number. If the left-most digits are the same,
we move to the next digit, and so on.
WORKED Example 9
Write the following decimals in ascending order:
0.66, 0.606, 0.6.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the numbers. 0.66, 0.606, 0.6
2 Write all numbers with the largest number of decimal 0.660, 0.606, 0.600
places, in this case 3, then compare.
3 Write the original numbers in ascending order after 0.6, 0.606, 0.66
looking at the second and third decimal places.
Terminating decimals
Terminating decimals have a fixed or finite number of decimal places and can be writ-
ten as a fraction with a denominator that is a power of 10. If the decimal has 1 deci-
mal place, the denominator of the fraction is 10; if there are 2 decimal places, the
denominator is 100; if there are 3 decimal places, the denominator is 1000 and so on.
In each case the numerator is the decimal without the decimal point. These fractions are
simplified where possible.
WORKED Example 10
Convert each of the following to fractions in simplest form:
a 0.65 b 1.2 c 0.6275.
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the decimal. a 0.65
2 There are 2 decimal places, so write as a fraction 13
65
with a denominator of 100 and simplify by = ------------
20
-
cancelling. (You may use a calculator to simplify.) 100
13
3 Write the answer. = ------
20
THINK WRITE
b 1 Write the decimal. b 1.2
2 There is 1 decimal place, so write as a fraction with a 6
12
denominator of 10 and simplify by cancelling. (You = -------5-
may use a calculator to simplify.) 10
6
= ---
5
1
3 Write the answer as a mixed number. = 1 ---
5
c 1 Write the decimal. c 0.6275

2 There are 4 decimal places, so write the fraction with 251
6275
a denominator of 10 000 and simplify. (You may use = ---------------------
400
-
a calculator to simplify.) 10 000
3 Write the answer. 251
= ---------
400
Converting decimals to percentages

To convert a decimal to a percentage, we multiply the decimal by 100 and include
the % sign.
WORKED Example 11
Convert 0.357 to a percentage.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the decimal. 0.357

2 Multiply the decimal by 100 by moving the decimal point 2 = 0.357 × 100%
places to the right. Remember to include the percentage = 35.7%
sign.
remember
remember
1. To order decimals, write each with the same number of decimal places and
compare.
2. To write terminating decimals as fractions, make the denominator an
appropriate power of 10 and simplify where possible. The number of zeros in
the denominator should be the same as the number of digits after the decimal
point.
3. To convert a decimal to a percentage, multiply by 100 and include the
percentage sign.
1.3
1C Decimals
HEET
SkillS
Adding and 1 Calculate each of the following.

subtracting a 6.56 + 3.214 b 4.87 − 2.493 c 5.6 × 7.04
decimals
d 5.75 ÷ 0.25 e (4.5 + 2.1) × 3.5 f (8.6 − 4.4) ÷ 7
hca
d
g 4.8 − 2.16 ÷ 0.18 h 3.2 × (6.4 + 0.78) i 7.2 ÷ 0.12 × 6
Mat
Operations
j 7.2 ÷ (0.12 × 6) k 5.8 × (3.1 ÷ 0.4) l 6.2 + 3.5 × 2
with decimals
2 Calculate each of the following, rounding your answers to 2 decimal places.
1.4 a 6.46 × 2.356 b 8.12 × 5.4 ÷ 9.6 c 8 ÷ 0.35 + 2.1
HEET
d (6.509 + 4.804) ÷ 0.341 e 3.2 × 4.057 − 13.91 ÷ 2.43
SkillS
Multiplying
decimals WORKED 3 Write each of the following sets of decimals in ascending order.
Example
9 a 0.66, 0.4, 0.71 b 2.3, 0.23, 23 c 0.7, 1.32, 1.04
HEET
1.5 d 1.02, 1.1, 1.22 e 0.5, 0.56, 0.06 f 0.323, 0.4, 0.35
SkillS
Dividing 4 Write each of the following sets of decimals in descending order.

decimals
a 0.24, 0.204, 0.2004 b 0.062, 0.081, 0.11 c 0.7, 0.77, 0.707
d 0.082, 0.09, 0.0802 e 1.2304, 1.23, 1.204 f 0.359, 0.39, 0.3592
5 multiple choice
a The expression 6.43 × 2.356 ÷ (2.1 − 0.365) correct to 2 decimal places is equal to:
A 6.85 B 87.31 C 8.73 D 6.84 E 8.37
b The false statement is:
A 0.67 < 0.7 B 0.506 < 0.51 C 0.735 > 0.73
D 0.085 < 0.85 E 0.621 < 0.6201
c The expression −0.9 + 6.5 × 0.004 − 1.2 ÷ 0.6 is equal to:
1.6 A −1.074 B −2.874 C −2.64 D −20.874 E −20.784
HEET
d A good estimate for 5.2 × 0.2 + 1.18 ÷ 0.012 is:
SkillS
Simplifying A 101 B 11 C 99.373 D 1010 E 1100

fractions
WORKED 6 Convert each of the following to fractions in simplest form.
HEET
1.7 Example
a 0.9 b 0.6 c 0.16 d 0.27 e 0.78
10
SkillS
f 0.15 g 0.08 h 1.5 i 2.84 j 0.125

Multiplying
decimals k 0.484 l 0.963 m 0.775 n 0.0625 o 0.8875
by 100
reads
L Sp he
WORKED 7 Convert each of the following to percentages.
Example
et
EXCE
11 a 0.72 b 0.31 c 0.89 d 0.57 e 0.9

Converting
decimals to f 0.06 g 0.782 h 0.6175 i 0.0094 j 1.35
percentages k 1.602 l 11 m 2.3 n 5.75 o 2.485
reads
L Sp he 8 multiple choice
et
EXCE
Converting In simplest form and as a fraction 0.3125 is equal to:

decimals
3125 5
to fractions A ---------------- B ------ C 31 1--- D 13
------ E 125
---------
10 000 16 4 40 400

9 multiple choice
As a percentage 0.0875 is equal to:
7
A 0.875% B 8.75% C 87.5% D ------ % E 875%
80
10 multiple choice
In simplest form and as a fraction 0.656 25 is equal to:
A 13
------ B 53
------ C 11
------ D 21
------ E 210
---------
20 80 16 32 320
11 Francis is paid $11.50 an hour for babysitting. If he works for 7 hours over the
weekend, how much does he earn altogether?
12 Yvette babysits for 5 hours after school each Friday. She is paid $10 an hour.
a How much does she
earn each week?
b If she banks $3.25 of
the money each week,
how much does she
have left to spend?
QUEST
S
M AT H
1 Allison, Bhiba, Chris and Dinesh ordered one box of apples to share
NG
equally between them. However, no one was present when the box was
E
CH LL
A delivered. Allison arrived and took 1--4- of the apples. Later, Bhiba came
and took 1--3- of the apples left in the box. Then Chris came and did the
same. Finally Dinesh arrived and took his rightful share of the
remaining apples. If 9 apples remained in the box, how many apples
were in the box originally?
2 Mitchell has mown 0.6 of the lawn. He still has 50 m2 of lawn to mow.
What is the total area of the lawn?
3 A train 0.5 km long is travelling at a speed of 80 km/h. How long will it
take the train to go completely through a tunnel which is 1.5 km long?
What type of creatur

creaturee is a KATYDID
KATYDID
and where
where are
are its ears?
Answer the decimal questions to
find the puzzle’s code.
= 3
– as a decimal = 8.6 = 2.8 + 3.6
4 – 4.9
= =
= 0.3 + 0.4 = 10% as a decimal = 0.5 × 8.4

= = =
5 23
= 93% as a decimal = –
2 = ––
50
as a decimal
= = =
= 5 × 0.3 = 12.7 = 8.34

– 9.87 – 6.54
=
7
= 1.2 – 0.8 = ––
20
as a decimal = 6.3 ÷ 0.63
= = =
= 22% as a decimal = 0.67 = 60% as a decimal

+ 0.53
= =
= 12 ÷ 0.5 = 1.1 × 0.8 = 0.2 × 20

= = =
= 4
– as a decimal = 1.64 ÷ 0.4 = 0.87
5 + 1.33
= =
= 51% as a decimal = 1.6

= 5.26 + 1.87
– 0.95
= =
= 4.5 = 6 × 0.8 = 17
–– as a decimal
4
× 1.2 = =
= 2.374 = 7.63 = 3
– as a decimal
+ 3.926 – 3.23 8
=
5.4 2.5 4.0 3.7 1.8 0.46 2.2 0.375 4.8 0.22 24 0.4 0.8 6.3 6.4 4.4
4.1 0.93 0.75 7.13 0.88 0.6 0.1 0.51 4.2 1.5 0.65 10 0.7 1.2 4.25 2.83 0.35

Fractions
There are many essential skills that you will need with fractions. You can review them
in the exercise on pages 25–26 and by the matching SkillSHEET. You should be able to
simplify fractions and convert between improper fractions and mixed numbers. You
should also be able to use your calculator efficiently.
Graphics Calculator tip! Obtaining an answer

expressed as a fraction
As with any calculation involving fractions, if you
wish to have an answer expressed as a fraction then
each calculation needs to end by pressing MATH ,
selecting 1: Frac and pressing ENTER .
▲
For example, to simplify 28

------ on your graphics cal-
O
44
culator, enter 28 ÷ 44 then press MATH , choose
CASI
option 1: Frac, then press ENTER . This can be seen
▲
Obtaining
in the screen at right. an answer
expressed
Note: The graphics calculator gives all answers as improper fractions and will not give as a
answers as mixed numbers. fraction
It is important that we know how to perform calculations using fractions both with
and without a calculator.
Without a calculator, we would simplify 28 ------ by dividing both the numerator and the
44
denominator by the highest common factor (HCF) of both. The HCF of 28 and 44 is 4.
7
28 28
------ = ----------
44 11
44
7
= ------
11
WORKED Example 12
Evaluate the following.
a 3--- + 5--- b 3
--- × 5
--- c 2 1--- ÷ 3
---
4 6 4 6 4 5
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the fraction calculation. a 3
--- + 5
---
4 6
2 Write both fractions with the same denominator by using = 9

------ + 10
------
12 12
equivalent fractions.
3 Add the fractions and simplify the answer = 19
------
12
by writing it as a mixed number.
= 1 -----
7
-
12
Continued over page

THINK WRITE
b 31 5
1 Write the fraction calculation and cancel where applicable. b ----- × ----2-
4 6
2 Multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators. = 5
---
8
c 1 Write the fraction calculation. c 2 1--- ÷ 3

---
4 5
2 Change the mixed number to an improper fraction. = 9

--- ÷ 3
---
4 5
3 Change the division sign to a multiplication sign and tip the 93 5

= ----- × ----1-
second fraction (multiply and tip) and cancel. 4 3
------
4
5 Simplify the answer by writing the fraction as a mixed number. = 3 3---

4
Graphics Calculator tip! Fraction calculations

To perform the calculations in worked example 12 on a
O
CASI
graphics calculator, the following steps need to be

Fraction followed.
calculations (a) Enter 3 ÷ 4 + 5 ÷ 6, press MATH , choose 1: Frac
▲
then press ENTER . The result is given as 19

------ . The
12
graphics calculator gives all answers as improper
fractions.
(b) Enter 3 ÷ 4 × 5 ÷ 6, press MATH , choose 1: Frac
▲
then press ENTER .

(c) Enter (2 + 1 ÷ 4) ÷ (3 ÷ 5), press MATH , choose 1: Frac then press ENTER .
▲
WORKED Example 13
3
Find --- of 98.
7
THINK WRITE
3
1 Write the calculation. --- of 98
7
Change the ‘of’ to ×, write the whole number over 1 and cancel. 3 98 14
2 = ----1- × ----------
7 1
Writing fractions with the same denominator allows us to compare the size of
fractions.

WORKED Example 14
Write the fractions 2--- , 8--- , 5
--- in ascending order.
3 9 6
THINK WRITE
2 8 5
1 Write the fractions. --- , --- , ---
3 9 6
2 Write all fractions as equivalent fractions by = 12 16
------ , ------ , 15
------
18 18 18
finding the lowest common denominator, in this
case 18.
3 Rewrite the original fractions in the correct order. = 2--- , 5--- , 8
---
3 6 9
Converting fractions to decimals

Another way of writing fractions in order is to convert each fraction to a decimal before
comparing them. To convert a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator by the
denominator.
WORKED Example 15
7
Convert --- to a decimal and comment on the answer obtained.
8
THINK WRITE
7
1 Write the fraction. ---
8
0. 8 7 5
2 Divide the numerator by the denominator.
8 ) 7.706040
3 Write the fraction and the equivalent decimal. 7
= 0.875
---
8
4 Comment on the answer obtained. The answer obtained is a finite decimal.
Sometimes the conversion of a fraction to a decimal does not produce a decimal that
terminates. If this is the case, a recurring decimal results, and the division should be
continued until the recurring portion of the decimal is evident. Recurring decimals have
an infinite number of decimal places.
WORKED Example 16
4
Convert --- to a decimal and comment on the answer obtained.
7
THINK WRITE
4
1 Write the fraction. ---
7
2 Divide the numerator by the denominator. 0.57
7 ) 4.000
3 As this decimal does not terminate, continue 0.571 428 57
dividing until a recurring portion is evident. 7 ) 4.000 000 00
4 Write the fraction and the equivalent decimal. 4
--- = 0.571 428
Note: Make sure the recurring portion is 7
indicated.
5 Comment on the answer obtained. The answer obtained is an infinite
recurring decimal.
Converting fractions to percentages

To convert a fraction to a percentage, multiply the fraction by 100 and include the % sign.
WORKED Example 17
23
Convert ------ to a percentage.
40
THINK WRITE
23
1 Write the fraction. ------
40
100 5
2 Multiply by 100, include the percentage sign and = 23
-------- × ----------- %
40 2 1
cancel.
3 Multiply the numerators and then multiply the = 115
--------- %
2
denominators.
4 Simplify by writing as a mixed number. = 57 1--- %
2
remember
remember
1. To write fractions in simplest form, divide the numerator and the denominator
by the highest common factor (HCF) of both.
2. To change improper fractions to mixed numbers, divide the numerator by the
denominator and express the remainder as a fraction in simplest form.
3. To change a mixed number into an improper fraction, multiply the whole
number by the denominator, add the numerator and write the result over the
denominator.
4. To add or subtract fractions, form equivalent fractions with the same
denominator, then add or subtract the numerators.
5. To multiply fractions, cancel if possible, multiply the numerators, then
multiply the denominators and simplify if appropriate.
6. To divide fractions, multiply and tip, then simplify if possible.
7. To add, subtract, multiply or divide mixed numbers, change the mixed
numbers to improper fractions first.
8. To write fractions in order, express them as equivalent fractions and compare.
9. To find a fraction of an amount, multiply the fraction by the amount.
10. To convert a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator.
The answer can be either a terminating or recurring decimal.
11. Terminating decimals have a finite number of decimal places.
12. Recurring decimals have an infinite number of decimal places.
13. To convert a fraction to a percentage, multiply the fraction by 100 and include
the % sign.
1D Fractions
1 Write the following fractions in simplest form. Math
cad
a 8
------ b 24
------ c 14
------ d 72
------ e 45
------
12 30 28 81 50 Simplifying
fractions
f 35
------ g 24
------ h 14
------ i 21
------ j 36
---------
49 64 22 36 108
k 108
--------- l 75
--------- m 16
------ n 25
--------- o 33
------ 1.8 SkillS
144 500 20 100 99
HEET
2 Convert the following to mixed numbers in simplest form. Simplifying
a 22
------ b 31
------ c 49
------ d 37
------ e 21
------ fractions
5 7 4 6 9
f 68
------ g 55
------ h 80
------ i 98
------ j 94
------
1.9
16 20 15 10 12 SkillS
HEET
3 Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions.
Converting an
a 3 3--- b 4 4--- c 9 1--- d 5 5--- e 3 -----
9
- improper
4 5 3 6 10 fraction into a
mixed number
f 5 6--- g 9
2 -----
- h 1 5--- i 5 13
------ j 3 14
------
7 11 8 20 17
1.10 SkillS
WORKED 4 Evaluate the following.
HEET
Example
12 a 1
--- + 3
--- b 2
--- − 5
------ c 2
--- × 3
--- d 8
------ ÷ 5
--- Converting a
4 5 3 12 7 4 15 6
mixed number
e 5
--- + 2
--- f 9
------ − 5
------ g 7
------ × 11
------ h 5
--- ÷ 2
--- into an
7 5 10 12 10 14 8 5 improper
fraction
i 7
--- − 5
--- + 1
------ j 2 1--- + 3 1--- k 5 2--- − 4 -----
9
- l 3 7--- × 1 1---
8 9 10 4 3 5 10 8 6
1.11 SkillS
m 6 3--- ÷ 3 1--- n ⎛4 1
--- + 3 3--- ⎞⎠ × 4
--- o − 1--- − 2
--- + 5
--- p 1
--- × − 1--- ÷ − 1--- ÷ 1
---
HEET
4 2 ⎝ 4 5 5 6 3 6 2 3 4 5
Adding and
WORKED 5 Evaluate the following. subtracting
Example fractions
13 a 5
--- of 72 b 3
--- of 28 c 5
--- of 36 d 2
--- of 81 e 1
--- of 65
8 4 6 3 5
1.12 SkillS
f 4
of 117 g 7
of 150 h 1
of 98 i 11
of 192 j 3
of 480
HEET
--- ------ --- ------ ------
9 10 7 12 16
Multiplying
WORKED 6 Write each of the following sets of fractions in ascending order. and dividing
Example fractions
14 a 1 1 3
--- , --- , --- b 3 1 7
------ , --- , ------ c 1 3 1
--- , ------ , ---
4 2 8 10 3 20 6 20 5 program
GC
d 7 2
------ , --- , 13 1
e 2 7 11 19
f 1 1--- , 1 5--- , 7 11
–TI
------ , --- --- , ------ , ------ , ------ 1 -----

- , ------
10 3 20 2 5 20 25 50 4 6 12 16 Fractions
g 7 3 1 2
------ , ------ , --- , --- h 5- -----
----- , 5- , -----
5
- i − 1--- , − 1--- , 1
---
30 15 3 5 18 19 17 8 5 4
j − -----
19
- , − ------ , − ---------
31 79
k 1
------ , − --1- , --1- , − --1- l − --2- , 7 2
------ , --- , − --3- , 4
--- program
25 40 100 10 9 8 7 3 10 3 4 5 GC
–TI
WORKED 7 Convert each of the following fractions to a decimal and comment on the answers Converting
Example fractions
15
obtained. to decimals
a 3
--- b 4
--- c 9
------ d 14
------
am
progr –C
4 5 20 25
GC
asio
e 31
------ f 7
--------- g 5
------ h 3
------
40 100 16 80 Converting
fractions
i 3
------ j 141
--------- k 5
------ l 1 1--- to decimals
10 200 32 2
WORKED 8 Convert each of the following fractions to a decimal and comment on the answers
Example
reads obtained.
L Sp he 16
et
EXCE
a 1
--- b 2
------ c 2
--- d 5
---
Converting 3 11 9 6
fractions e 2
--- f 1
------ g 3
------ h 1
------
to decimals 7 12 13 15
reads
L Sp he WORKED 9 Convert each of the following fractions to a percentage.
et
EXCE
Example
Converting 17 a 1
--- b 1
--- c 3
--- d 7
------
4 5 8 16
fractions to
percentages e 79
--------- f 18
------ g 59
------ h 11
------
100 25 80 20
d
hca i 5
--- j 7
--- k 5
--- l 4
------
Mat
6 9 7 11
Converting
fractions to 10 multiple choice
decimals or
percentages a The fraction 112
--------- is equal to:
192
9 13 5 7 5
A ------ B ------ C --- D ------ E ------
16 24 8 12 12
b The expression ⎛⎝− -----

5
- − ------ ⎞
5
× ⎛5
--- − 5⎞
--- is equal to:
11 12 ⎠ ⎝8 9⎠
A − -----------
575
- B − -----------
25
- C −1 -----------
317
- D −1 -----------
857
- E − -----------
550
-
9504 9504 3168 3168 9504
c The false statement below is:
A 2
--- < 3
--- B 5
--- > 4
--- C 4
--- > 3
--- D 5
--- > 5
--- E 5
--- < 4
---
3 4 8 7 5 4 6 7 8 7
d The fraction 5
--- as a decimal is:
8
A 0.58 B 0.625 C 62 1--- D 5.8 E 6.25

2
e The fraction 2
--- as a percentage is:
3
A 0.6% B 66.67% C 66 2--- % D 67% E 0.7%

3
11 Easisell High had 100 boxes of lollies

to sell to raise money for the Chil-
dren’s Hospital. If Year 9 sold 1--- of
2
the boxes and Year 10 sold 1--- of what
5
was left:
a how many did each year level
sell?
b how many boxes were left for the
other year levels to sell?
c what fraction of the total was left
for the other year levels to sell?
12 Alexa made a fancy chocolate cake

for the family to share. As soon as it
was iced, Mum and Alexa each ate 1---
6
of it, Dad ate 1--- , and Freddi and Elliot
4
1
ate -----
- each. What fraction of the cake
12
was left for the next day?

Percentages
In this section, we will be converting percentages to decimals and to simple fractions.
We will be finding the percentage of an amount, expressing one amount as a percentage
of another, finding the full amount given some other amount as a percentage of it, and
increasing and decreasing amounts by a given percentage.
Converting percentages to decimals

To convert a percentage to a decimal, divide the percentage by 100.
% means ‘out of 100’.
WORKED Example 18
Convert 56.25% to a decimal.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the percentage. 56.25%
2 Divide the percentage by 100. The = 56.25 ÷ 100
number will be smaller so change the = 0.5625
position of the decimal point; that is,
move it 2 places to the left.
Converting percentages to fractions in simplest form

To convert a percentage to a fraction in simplest form, place the percentage over 100
and simplify where appropriate. If the percentage includes a fraction, change to an
improper fraction then divide the percentage by 100 and simplify where appropriate.
WORKED Example 19
Convert 22 2--9- % to a fraction in simplest form.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the percentage. 22 2--- %
9
2 Change the percentage to an improper = 200
--------- ÷ 100
9
fraction and divide by 100.
= 200
--------- × 1
---------
9 100
2
3 Simplify. = 200
----------- × 1
-----------
9 100 1
= 2
---
9
Finding a percentage of an amount

To find a percentage of an amount, change the percentage to a fraction, the ‘of’ to ×
and perform the operation.
WORKED Example 20
Find 34% of 950.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the calculation. 34% of 950
950 19
2 Change the percentage to a fraction, the ‘of’ to = 34
----------- × --------------
100 2 1
× and perform the operation.
17
3 Simplify. = 34
------ × 19
------
21 1
= 17 × 19
= 323
Expressing one amount as a percentage of another

To express one amount as a percentage of another is the same as to convert a fraction to
a percentage. Write a fraction with the first amount as the numerator and the second
amount as the denominator, then multiply the fraction by 100.
WORKED Example 21
Write 2.4 as a percentage of 12.8.
THINK WRITE
2.4
1 Write a fraction with the first amount as the ----------
12.8
numerator and the second amount as the
denominator.
2 Change the fraction to a percentage by = 2.4
---------- × 100
--------- %
12.8 1
multiplying by 100 and including the %.
3 Simplify. = 18.75%
Note: The answer could also be left as a fraction.
Finding the full amount, given a percentage of it

If Fred knows that his cheque for $50 000 was 25% of his uncle’s estate, can he work
out the value of the estate?
WORKED Example 22
Find the number, if 62% of the number is 186.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the given information. 62% of x = 186
Note: Let x represent the unknown number.
62
2 Change the percentage to a fraction and the --------- × x = 186
100
‘of’ to ×.
3 Express the fraction as a decimal. 0.62x = 186

THINK WRITE
0.62x 186
4 Divide both sides of the equation by 0.62, ------------- = ----------
and simplify. 0.62 0.62
x = 300
5 Write the answer in a sentence to show 62% of 300 is 186.
what is meant.
Increasing and decreasing by a given percentage

To increase an amount by a given percentage, add the increase to 100% to find a new
percentage and then find the new percentage of the original amount. Similarly, to
decrease an amount by a percentage, subtract the decrease from 100% and find the new
percentage of the original amount.
WORKED Example 23
Increase 300 by 17%.
THINK WRITE
1 Add the increase to 100% to find the (17 + 100)%
new percentage of 300. = 117%
2 Write the calculation using the new 117% of 300
percentage which is greater than 100%
because it is an increase.
117 300 3
3 Write the percentage as a fraction out = -----------1 × -----------
of 100, multiply by the amount and 100 1
cancel if appropriate.
4 Simplify. = 351
5 Write a sentence. If 300 is increased by 17%, it becomes 351.
Alternatively, the percentage increase could be found and added to the original amount.
To decrease an amount by a given percentage, subtract the decrease from 100% to
find a new percentage and then find the new percentage of the original amount. For
example, to decrease 300 by 17% is to find 83% of 300. The answer must be less than
the original amount because it has been decreased.
remember
remember
1. To convert a percentage to a decimal, divide by 100.
2. To convert a percentage to a fraction in simplest form, divide by 100 or write
the percentage as a fraction out of 100, then simplify.
3. To find a percentage of an amount, divide the percent by 100 and multiply by
the amount.
4. To express one amount as a percentage of another, divide the first amount by
the second and multiply by 100.
5. To increase an amount by a given percentage, add the percentage to 100% and
find the resulting percentage of the amount.
6. To decrease an amount by a given percentage, subtract the percentage from
100% and find the resulting percentage of the amount.
1E Percentages
WORKED 1 Convert each of the following percentages to a decimal.
HEET
1.13 Example
18 a 62% b 41% c 38% d 93%
SkillS
Converting e 10% f 2% g 36.7% h 21.25%

a percentage
into a decimal i 250% j 315.7% k 800% l 0.6%
WORKED 2 Convert each of the following percentages to a fraction in simplest form.

d Example
hca
19 a 97% b 42% c 40% d 70%
Mat
Percentages e 55% f 50% g 25% h 30%

i 62 1--- % j 33 1--- % k 47 1--- % l 8 1--- %
2 3 2 3
reads
L Sp he
m 81 -----
9
n 28 4--- % o 44 4--- % p 16 2--- %
et
EXCE
-%
11 7 9 3
Converting
percentages
to fractions WORKED 3 Find the following.
Example
and a 71% of 8 b 65% of 320 c 52% of 1700
decimals 20
d 13% of 54 e 83% of 27 f 24% of 175
HEET
1.14 g 12.5% of 104.48 h 42.5% of 55 i 58 1--- % of 15.6
SkillS
3
Finding a j 88 8--- % of 3.69 k 23 1--- % of 150 l 33 1--- % of 300
percentage of 9 2 3
a quantity
WORKED 4 Write each of the following as a percentage, giving your answer as an exact decimal
Example
reads where appropriate.
L Sp he 21
et
EXCE
a 45 out of 60 b 27 out of 100 c 6 out of 20

Finding the
percentage of d 32 out of 50 e 37.5 out of 60 f 0.3 out of 12
an amount g 21 out of 48 h 9.6 out of 15 i 18 out of 25
j 0.63 out of 1.25 k 15.5 out of 60 l 62.8 out of 80
reads 5 multiple choice

L Sp he
et
EXCE
a The percentage 123.5% as a decimal is:

One amount
as a A 1.235 B 0.1235 C 12 350 D 123.5 E 12.35
percentage
of another b As a fraction in simplest form 67 --1- % is:
4
27 11 53 269 135
A ------ B ------ C ------ D --------- E ---------
40 16 80 400 200
c Which of the following is largest?
29 49 37
A 0.6 B ------ C 61% D ------ E ------
50 80 60
d What is 23 --1- % of 45?

5
A 10.4625 B 10.575 C 10.44 D 10.5 E 1057.5
e What percentage of 60 is 35?
A 58 1--- % B 171 3--- % C 58.3% D 21% E 0.58
3 7

WORKED 6 Find the number in each of the following examples.
Example
22 a 12% of the number is 156 b 23% of the number is 368
c 15% of the number is 690 d 82% of the number is 328
e 16% of the number is 1.44 f 120% of the number is 5.4
g 13% of the number is 32.5 h 68% of the number is 138.72
i 2.5% of the number is 22.5 j 31 1--- % of the number is 37.5
4
WORKED 7 Increase each of the following numbers by the given percentage.

Example
23 a 45 by 15% b 5800 by 42% c 65 by 20%
d 72 by 70% e 106 by 53% f 670 by 3%
g 880 by 62 --- %
1
h 2.5 by 27% i 84 by 41 2--- %
2 3
8 Decrease each of the following numbers by the given percentage.

a 45 by 15% b 76 by 35% c 120 by 40%
d 2722 by 53% e 6530 by 30% f 104 by 7% L Spre
XCE ad
sheet
E
g 1.2 by 11% h 640 by 42 --- %
1
i 96 by 16 2--- % Increasing
2 3
or decreasing
by a
9 multiple choice percentage
a If 20% of a number is 80, what is the
number?
A 400 B 16 C 96
D 64 E 40
b If 480 is decreased by 27 1--- %, the result
2
is:
A 612 B 132 C 348
D 72.5 E 360
c If 60 is increased by 15%, by what per-
centage does the result have to be
decreased to obtain 54?
A 15% B 21 17
------ % C 25%
23
6
D 78 -----
-% E 75%
23
10 If Fred knows that his cheque for $50 000

was 25% of his uncle’s estate, what was the
value of his uncle’s estate?
11 The Sunflower Clothing Store was having a

15% off sale. If Sarah wanted to buy a new
pair of jeans, how much would they cost if
the original price was $75?
GAME
time
Number
skills
— 002
SHEE
T 1.2
Work
THINKING Interesting times

Candice has the choice of investing $1000 at 6 2--- % p.a. or at
3
6.65% p.a.
1 Write 6 2--- % as a decimal.
3
2 Write 6.65% as a decimal.
3 Which of the two interest rates is greater?
4 Using the greater interest rate, how much interest would
Candice earn in 1 year?
5 If she kept the money (including the interest) in the bank
for 3 years, how much would she have at the end of the
3 years? (Hint: It is not $1200.00.)
2
1 Evaluate −3 − 4 ÷ −2 × (6 − 9). 2 Evaluate 4
--- + 1
--- − 11
------ .
7 4 14
3 Evaluate 11
------ × 15
------ ÷ --5- . 4 Round 0.003 950 01 to 4 significant figures.
20 22 6
5 Convert 67% to a decimal. 6 Express 17

------ as a percentage.
20
7 Write 0.62 as a simple fraction. 8 Evaluate 49.312 − 183.8 + 701.6511.
9 Change 5 6--- to an improper fraction. 10 Decrease $349 by 83%.

7
Index notation, square roots and

higher order roots
Index notation
An index is a power to which a number is raised. It is the number of times that the base
number is multiplied together. In the case of 24,
2 is the base and 4 is the index.
On a scientific calculator this is calculated by
using the ^ function or the xy function.
The keys to press on a graphics calculator to
calculate 24 are 2^4 ENTER . This is displayed on
the screen at right. (The keys to press on a Casio
graphics calculator to calculate 24 are 2^4 EXE .)

WORKED Example 24
⎛4 3
Express ---⎞ as a fraction in simplest form.
⎝ 9⎠
THINK WRITE
⎛4 3
1 Write the calculation. ---⎞
⎝ 9⎠
43
2 Remove the brackets (optional). = -----
93
3 Simplify both numerator and denominator. = 64

---------
729
Graphics Calculator tip! Simplifying fractions

raised to a power
Fractions need to be entered using the ÷ key. However, O
CASI
to ensure that both the numerator and the denominator
are raised to the given power, enter the fraction with Simplifying
brackets. If you wish the answer to be expressed as a fractions
raised to
fraction, remember to press MATH and select a power
▲
1: Frac before pressing ENTER . The screen at right

shows the calculation for worked example 24.
Square roots
The square root of a number is a value which, when multiplied by itself, gives the
original number. For example 64 = 8 because 8 × 8 = 64.
Taking the square root of a number is the opposite
operation to squaring a number. That is, 82 = 64 and
64 = 8.
Generally, on a scientific calculator you would press
the key and then enter 64. On a graphics calcu-
lator, you would press 2nd [ ] then 64 and
ENTER .
WORKED Example 25
Evaluate 458 and write the answer, correct
to 2 decimal places.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the given square root. 458
2 Use a calculator to find the square root.
3 Round the answer as required. ≈ 21.40
Square roots that produce infinite non-recurring answers such as the one in
worked example 25 are elements of the set of irrational numbers.
Higher order roots

The cube root of a given number is a value, which when written 3 times and multi-
plied, is equal to the given number. For example, 3 27 = 3 because 3 × 3 × 3 = 27.
The fourth root of a given number is a value which, when written 4 times and multi-
plied, is equal to the given number. For example, 4 625 = 5 because 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625.
1
---
On a scientific calculator this is done by using the x or x y key.
Graphics Calculator tip! Finding cube roots

and higher order roots
To find the cube root of a number press MATH , 4: 3 (,
O
CASI
enter the number under the root sign and press ENTER .
Finding The screen to the right shows calculations for the
cube roots following cube roots: 3 27 , 3 2197 and 3 12.56 .
and higher
order Note: The 3 12.56 is an element of the set of irrational
roots numbers.
To find a higher order root, press the number of the

root required (4 for fourth root, 5 for fifth root and so
on) then MATH , select option 5: x , enter the number
under the root sign and press ENTER . (Note: This option
can also be used with square roots and cube roots.)
The screen at right shows the calculations for the
following higher order roots: 4 625 , 5 781 , 6 42 .
Note: The 5 781 and 6 42 are elements of the set of
irrational numbers.
WORKED Example 26
Calculate 5 649 correct to 3 decimal places.
THINK WRITE
Write the given root term. 5 649

1
2 Use a calculator to find the answer.

3 Write the answer correct to 3 decimal ≈ 3.651
places.
The square root of a fraction can be evaluated by finding the square root of both the
numerator and the denominator.
This is illustrated in worked example 27. Higher order roots can also be evaluated
in this way.

WORKED Example 27
36
Express ------ as a fraction.
49
THINK WRITE
36
1 Write the given square root. ------
49
2 Rewrite as the square root of both the numerator = 36

----------
49
and the denominator.
3 Evaluate, keeping the answer in fraction form. = 6

---
7
36
On the TI graphics calculator, ------ would be entered
49
as 2nd[ ] 36 ÷ 49). Press MATH and select 1: Frac
▲
(to express your answer as a fraction) then press
ENTER .
remember
remember
1. Use a calculator to evaluate numbers with indices and to find square roots and
higher order roots.
2. If the number is a fraction, calculate the numerator and denominator separately.
3. Square roots or higher order roots that produce infinite non-recurring answers
are examples of irrational numbers.
Index notation, square roots

1F and higher order roots
1 Calculate the following. 1.15 SkillS
a 27 b 35 c 106 d 44 e 53
HEET
f 1.7 2
g 2.54 h 3.13 i 3.052 j 0.83 Calculating
index
WORKED 2 Express the following as fractions in simplest form. notation
Example
⎛4 2 3 6 3 ⎞4 7 ⎞2
24 a ---⎞ b ⎛2---⎞ c ⎛1---⎞ d ⎛ -----
- e ⎛ -----
-
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 10⎠ ⎝ 12⎠
⎛8 5 7 3 4 5
f ---⎞ g ⎛1---⎞ h ⎛3---⎞ i ⎛6---⎞ j ⎛3---⎞
⎝ 9⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 7⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
L Spre
XCE ad
3 Evaluate the following.
sheet
E
Square
a 441 b 0.09 c 81 d 1.44 e 2116 roots (DIY)
f 0.0529 g 676 h 132.25 i 0.0576 j 7.29
d WORKED 4 Evaluate the following, correct to 2 decimal places.

hca Example
Mat
25 a 465 b 65.87 c 2354 d 0.986 e 19.9

Index
notation, square f 8624 g 1.75 h 56.78 i 21.45 j 5.6
roots and higher
order
roots WORKED 5 Calculate the following.
Example
(DIY)
26 a 3 13.824 b 5 5.378 24 c 4 70.7281 d 6 729
6 Calculate the following, correct to 3 decimal places.

a 8 46 b 3 869 c 5 149.0642 d 7 8975
WORKED 7 Express the following as fractions in simplest form.

Example
27 a 1
------ b 9
------ c 121
--------- d 4
---------
81 16 169 121
e 289
--------- f 0.36
---------- g 0.25
---------- h 0.49
----------
729 9.61 1.44 2.25
8 Calculate the following.

a 24 + 53 b 6.12 – 2.13 c 0.84 × 1.23 d 64 ÷ 43
9 Calculate the following and comment on whether the answers obtained are rational or
irrational.
a 8 b 1
---
4
c 25
---------
144
d 2
---
3
e 4 0.0256 f 6 1.26 g 3 27
------
64
h 1
3 -----
11
-
10 multiple choice
a To 3 significant figures, 3 4583 is:
A 67.7 B 16.611 C 67.698 D 16.6 E 16.610
b Rounded to 3 decimal places, (1.2)5 is equal to:
A 2.488 B 2.49 C 1.037 D6 E 2.50
reads 11 A large number can be

L Sp he
et
EXCE
expressed in the form

Scientific 3.56 × 104. What is
notation the number?
(DIY)
12 The planet Jupiter is
approximately
7.78 × 108 km
from the Sun. Write the
number of kilometres
as a whole number.

Further estimation and calculator use
A calculator can be used to compute more complicated examples. In such cases it is
useful to make an estimate of the calculation by rounding each number to 1 significant
figure. However, when we have to find a square or cube root, it may be more practical
to round to the nearest square or cubic number.
WORKED Example 28
Make an estimate then use a calculator to find the answer correct to 3 decimal places.
3.5 3 – 9.8 2
a 6.9 2 + 1.7 3 b -----------------------------
10.7 2 – 53
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the calculation. a 6.9 2 + 1.7 3
2 Round each number correct to one 3
significant figure. ≈ 72 + 2
3 Calculate what is under the root sign. = 49 + 8
= 57
4 Round 57 to the nearest square number ≈ 64
and calculate the estimate.
=8
2 3
5 Use your calculator to find the value 6.9 + 1.7 = 7.247
correct to 3 decimal places.
b 1 Write the calculation. b 3 2

3.5 – 9.8
-----------------------------
2
10.7 – 53
3 2
4 – 10
2 Round each number in the calculation ≈ ------------------------
2
correct to one significant figure. 10 – 50
64 – 100
3 Calculate both the numerator and under = -------------------------
the root sign in the denominator. 100 – 50
– 36
= ----------
50
– 36
4 Round 50 to the nearest square number = ----------
and complete the estimate correct to the 49
nearest whole number. – 36
= ---------
7
≈ −5
5 Use your calculator to evaluate correct 3 2
3.5 – 9.8
to 3 decimal places. ----------------------------- ≈ – 6.780
2
10.7 – 53
remember
remember
1. An estimate for calculations performed with a calculator can be found by
rounding all numbers in the calculation correct to 1 significant figure.
2. If the calculation involves a square root or a cube root, round the number
correct to the nearest square or cubic number.
Further estimation and

1G calculator use
d WORKED 1 In each of the following, make an estimate of the calculation, then use your calculator
hca Example
to find the answer correct to 3 decimal places.
Mat
28
Calculator
computations a 516 – 204 b 516 – 204 c 516 – 204
(DIY)
d 3 65 – 97 e 9.6 × 4.1 + 6.8 f 3
7.8 2
46.7 5.9 – 2.4 1 1
g ---------------------- h --------------------- i ------- + -------
21 – 18.6 3.7 9.7 3.4
–2.7 – 3.9 1
j −6.53 + 2.66 k --------------------------- l ----------------------
– 4.6 × – 3.2 59 + 75
65 + 35 75 + 9.2 416 – 324

m ------------------ n ------------------------ o ----------------------------
72 – 98 61 – 3.7 5.8 + 7.2
2 Calculate the following, correct to 4 significant figures, after first making an estimate.
1 56 + 99
a ------------------ b ------------------ c 5.32 − 4.43
47 – 29 28 + 11
12 2 + 8 2 – 7 2 4.6 4 – 2.1 5
d 1.28 2 + 3.15 e ------------------------------- f -------------------------
2 × 12 × 6 3.4 3 – 1.9 5
25.8 2 – 4.1 2 150 – 29.3 963 96.5 + 67.5
g --------------------------------
- - × -------------
h ------------------------ i -------------------------------
5.9 3 – 6.4 4 4.1 2 2.7 ( 5.1 – 2.8 ) 2
3 multiple choice
a What is 3 49.6 – 5.6 × – 3.1, correct to 4 significant figures, equal to?

A 24.40 B −5.026 C 21.03
D −13.69 E 25.00
b What is ( 5.1 – 2.78 ) ( 1.6 3 + 1.05 ) , correct to 2 decimal places, equal to?
A 17.66 B −0.68 C 7.84
D 5.15 E 6.82

DESIGN World population
At the start of the chapter we looked at estimates of the world population over a
100-year period.
Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

World 2 555 078 074 3 039 332 401 3 707 610 112 4 456 705 217 5 283 755 345 6 080 141 683
population
Year 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
World 6 823 634 553 7 518 010 600 8 140 344 240 8 668 391 454 9 104 205 830
population
1 Calculate the increase in population for each 10-year period.
2 Which 10-year period has the largest increase in population?
3 What is the predicted increase in population from 1950 to 2050?
4 Round each of the populations given in the table to 2 significant figures.
5 Use your answers to part 4 to calculate the percentage increase in population for
each 10-year period.
6 Which 10-year period has the highest percentage increase in population?
7 What is the predicted percentage increase in population from 1950 to 1960?
8 Write a few sentences describing your results. How does the increase in world
population affect the environment?
9 Parts 5, 6 and 7 used rounded results to calculate the percentage increase.
Design a spreadsheet to perform these calculations with the original population
figures.
Ratios
A ratio is a comparison of two or more quantities measured in the same units.
Generally the ratio a:b ⎛ -or --- ⎞ is in its simplest form if both a and b are whole
a a
⎝ b b⎠
numbers and it has been reduced to its lowest terms.
WORKED Example 29
Express each of the following ratios in simplest form.
a 24:8 b 3.6:8.4 c 1 4--- :1 2---
9 3
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the question. a 24:8
÷8 ÷8
2 Divide both terms by the highest common 23:1
factor of 8. Continued over page
THINK WRITE
b 1 Write the question. b 3.6:8.4
2 Multiply both terms by 10 to obtain whole ×10 ×10
numbers. 36:84
3 Divide both terms by the highest common ÷12 ÷12
factor of 12. 33:7
c 1 Write the question. c 1 --4- :1 --2-
9 3
13
2 Change both terms into improper fractions. ------ : 5---
9 3
3 Multiply both terms by the lowest common ×9 ×9
denominator of 9 to obtain whole numbers. 13:15
Finding the ratio of two quantities

As was stated above, a ratio compares quantities that are measured in the same units.
Therefore, to find the ratio of two quantities, we first have to make sure that their units
are the same. We then write the two numbers as a ratio and omit the units altogether, as
they are not relevant anymore.
Note that the order of the numbers in the ratio is important.
Always write the numbers in the same order as they were given to you in the ques-
tion when solving problems involving ratios.
WORKED Example 30
Find the ratio of 2 hours to 112 minutes. Write your answer in simplest form.
THINK WRITE
1 Convert 2 hours into minutes to make both units 2 hours = 2 × 60 minutes
the same. = 120 minutes
2 Omit the units and write the two quantities as a The ratio of 2 h to 112 min is 120:112.
ratio. (Keep the same order as in the question.) 120:112
3 Simplify by dividing both terms by 8. ÷8 ÷8
15:14
Dividing a quantity in a given ratio

Here is a recipe for Chilli prawns.
Ingredients
1
--- cup tomato sauce
4
1 red chilli, chopped
2 gloves garlic, crushed
1 teaspoon finely chopped ginger
6 shallots, chopped
500 g prawns
360 g cooked rice
This recipe poses a problem, as it does not tell us how many cups of uncooked rice to
use, but instead tells us the amount of the ready-made product, containing two
ingredients (rice and water). However, if the ratio is given we can easily determine the
amount of rice and water required.

WORKED Example 31
Divide 360 g in the ratio 1: 2; hence state the amount of rice and water (in grams) needed
to prepare 360 g of cooked rice. (Note: One gram of water occupies a volume of 1 mL, so
the number of grams of water needed would be the same as the number of millilitres
measured.)
THINK WRITE
1 Write the ingredients as a ratio. Rice:water
1: 2
2 Count the number of parts. Number of parts
=1+2
=3
3 Find the amount of rice needed. Amount of rice
= 1
--- × 360 g
3
= 120 g
4 Find the amount of water needed. Amount of water
= 2
--- × 360 g
3
= 240 g
remember
remember
1. A ratio compares two (or more) quantities in the same units.
2. A ratio itself does not contain any units.
3. The ratio a:b is in the simplest form if both of its terms (a and b) are whole
numbers and have been reduced to their lowest terms.
4. Order of numbers in the ratio is important.
5. To write the ratio of two quantities, convert them to the same units first, then
place them as a ratio in the same order as they were given to you in the
question and omit the units.
6. To divide a quantity in a given ratio, find the total number of parts. The size of
each share is given by the fraction this share represents out of the total number
of parts.
1H Ratios
WORKED 1 Express each of the following ratios in the simplest form. L Spre
XCE ad
Example
a 12:18 b 8:56 c 9:27 d 14:35 e 88:66
sheet
E
29a
f 16:60 g 200:155 h 144:44 i 32:100 j 800:264 Ratios
WORKED
Example 2 Express each of the following ratios in simplest form.
29b a 1.2:0.2 b 3.9:4.5 c 9.6:2.4 d 18:3.6
e 1.8:3.6 f 4.4:0.66 g 0.9:5.4 h 0.35:0.21
i 6:1.2 j 12.1:5.5 k 8.6:4 l 0.07:14
1.16 WORKED 3 Write each of the following ratios in the simplest form.
HEET Example
a 1 1--- :2 b 2:1 3--- c 1 1--- :2 d 1 2--- :1 1--- e 3: 2---
SkillS
29c 2 4 3 5 4 3
Ratios
involving f 4
--- :2 g 5:1 1--- h 2 3--- :1 1--- i 3 5--- :2 1--- j 1 3--- : 6 4---
7 2 4 3 6 2 5 8
fractions
4 multiple choice
The ratio not equivalent to 3:5 is:
A 18:30 B 0.6:1 C 2--- : 4--- D 1--- : 1--- E 0.3:0.5
5 6 3 5
1.17 WORKED 5 Find the ratio of each pair of quantities and write the answer in the simplest form.
HEET Example
a 5 cm to 20 cm b 12 mm to 1 cm c 2 m to 78 cm
SkillS
30
Conversion d 4.6 km to 400 m e 250 mL to 3 L f 504 kg to 1 tonne
of units g 20 kg to 1050 g h $12 to 60c i 4 months to 5 years
j 18 min to 100 s
6 multiple choice
The ratio of 36 seconds to 6 hours is:
A 6:1 B 1:6 C 1:60 D 1:600 E 36:6
7 Divide each of the following quantities into the ratio given in brackets.
a 270 kg (4:5) b 600 m (1:11) c 215 L (2:3)
d 5000 mm (3:5) e 420 g (4:3) f 3.6 tonnes (8:1)
g $4000 (2:3:3) h 250 km (2:3:5) i 700 mL (2:3:9)
j 48 h (11:3:2)
WORKED 8 Michelle is studying for her Maths and Science exams. She decides to divide the
Example
31
8 hours that she has for study in a ratio 1:3. How many hours will Michelle study for
each exam?
9 A brother and a sister are sharing a packet of chewing gum in the ratio 5:7. If a packet
contains 60 pieces of chewing gum, how much will each receive?
10 Three friends, Lena, Vicky and Margaret, always order household goods in bulk from
the home delivery service to save on costs to suit their families’ needs. They then
divide the goods in the ratio 1:2:3. On one occasion, their order contained a carton of
tissues (36 packets per carton) valued at $39.60 and a box of 240 garbage bags valued
at $18. Find:
a the number of packets of tissues each of the friends received
b the number of garbage bags that each received
c the total amount of money each has to contribute to pay for the order (the delivery
is free).
11 Leon and Igor invested $18 000 and $22 000 respectively in International Independent
shares. Calculate how they should divide a $3000 dividend if they agreed to share it in
the ratio of their investments.
12 The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio of 3:4:4:5. Find the size of each angle
and hence name this quadrilateral.
13 To make wholegrain bread with a bread-maker, I must use water, bread mix and yeast
(in that order) in the ratio 35:50:1. If the total weight of the mixture is 0.86 kg, find
the amount of each ingredient.
T 1.3 14 The estimated volume of the Earth’s salt water is about 1285 600 000 cubic kilometres.
SHEE
Work
The estimated volume of fresh water is about 35 000 000 cubic kilometres.
a What is the ratio of fresh water to salt water (in simplest form)?
b Find the value of x, to the nearest whole number, when the ratio found in a is
expressed in the form 1: x.

THINKING Euclidean division algorithm
It is a relatively simple task to find the greatest common divisor (highest common
factor) of two natural numbers if these numbers are quite small or common
numbers. One way of doing this is to find the prime factors and represent each
number as a product of powers of primes. Consider the task of finding the greatest
common divisor of 126 and 114.
Representing these two numbers as products of powers of primes we have:
126 = 2 × 32 × 7
114 = 2 × 3 × 19
From this it can be seen that the greatest common divisor or highest common
factor of these two numbers is 2 × 3; that is, 6.
It would be more difficult to use this method to find the greatest common divisor
of, say, 2 868 829 and 2 566 847. The Euclidean division algorithm would make
this task easier.
Let us illustrate this method by finding the greatest common divisor of our two
original numbers, 126 and 114.
Euclidean division algorithm

Step 1 Divide the larger number (the dividend) by quotient + remainder
the smaller number (the divisor), writing divisor ) dividend
down the quotient and the remainder.
Step 2 Divide the divisor by the remainder, 1r12
again writing down the quotient and the 114 ) 126
remainder.
Step 3 Continue dividing the new divisor by 9r6
the new remainder until the resulting 12 ) 114
remainder is zero.
Step 4 The greatest common divisor of the 2r0
two numbers is the last divisor. 6 ) 12
From this, it can be seen that the greatest common divisor of 126 and 114 is 6,
the same as found previously by the product of powers of primes method.
Before you tackle the problem posed previously, use this algorithm to determine
the greatest common divisor of each of the following.
1 150 and 90
2 255 and 204
3 580 and 310
4 1435 and 246
5 95 711 and 60 907
Now tackle the problem of finding the greatest common divisor of:
6 2 868 829 and 2 566 847
The power of the Euclidean division algorithm is not immediately obvious.
Very large numbers are frequently used in security codes. Breaking these codes
sometimes relies on factorising very large numbers, often with more than 200
digits. Traditional methods prove difficult, particularly when these numbers are
products of large prime numbers. The Euclidean division algorithm provides an
easy solution, even when computers find this task tedious.
Applications
The skills learnt in this chapter can now be applied to problems relating to real-life
situations. In this part the problems will be simplified to basic mathematical expres-
sions so we can use mathematical skills to determine the answers.
WORKED Example 32
The temperature at a ski resort drops
steadily at night by 1.8°C per hour.
The temperature at 6 pm is 4.5°C.
What is the temperature at 2 am?
THINK WRITE
1 Find the number of hours between 6 pm Hours between 6 pm and 2 am: 6 + 2 = 8
and 2 am.
2 Write a mathematical expression for the Temperature drop: 8 × 1.8
total drop in temperature.
3 Write a mathematical expression for the Temperature at 2 am: 4.5 − 8 × 1.8
temperature drop from 4.5°C.
4 Use the order of operations to solve the = 4.5 − 14.4
problem. = −9.9
5 Write the answer in a sentence. The temperature at 2 am is −9.9°C.
WORKED Example 33
In a school of 460 students, half buy their lunch
2
from the canteen, while --- bring lunch from
5
home. The rest do not eat lunch. How many
students do not eat lunch?
THINK WRITE
1 Find the number of students who buy lunch. Students who buy lunch: 1
--- × 460
--------- = 230
2 1
2 Find the number of students who bring Students who bring lunch: 2
--- × 460
--------- = 184
5 1
their lunch.
3 Find the number who eat lunch by adding Students who eat lunch: 230 + 184 = 414
these amounts.
4 Find the number who do not eat lunch by Students who don’t eat lunch: 460 – 414 = 46
subtracting these amounts from the total
number of students.
5 Write the answer in a sentence. The number of students who do not eat lunch
is 46.

WORKED Example 34
Tessa’s wage is increased by 3.2%. If her old wage is $675 per week, what is her
new wage?
THINK WRITE
1 Find the new percentage by adding the 100% + 3.2% = 103.2%
percentage increase to 100%, which is
the original wage.
2 Find the new wage. New wage = 103.2% of 675
103.2
= ------------- × 675
100
= 696.60
3 Answer the question in a sentence. The new wage is $696.60.
remember
remember
1. Read the question carefully.
2. Highlight or underline important information.
3. Write a mathematical expression or calculation for the given situation.
4. Use mathematical skills to evaluate the expression.
5. Write a sentence to answer the question.
1I Applications
WORKED 1 a The temperature in Young drops steadily by 1.7°C per hour. The temperature at 5 pm
Example
32
is 8°C. What is the temperature at 2 am?
b The temperature in Doblin at 4 am is −5°C. The temperature rises steadily by 2.6°C
per hour. What is the temperature at 10 am?
c The winter temperature at Dubbo drops from 13°C at 3 pm to −6°C at 4 am. How
many degrees does the temperature drop?
d If the minimum temperature in Canberra on Monday is −7°C and it rises by 16°C to
the maximum temperature, what is the maximum temperature that day?
e The temperature range on Tuesday in Milday was 24°C. If the maximum tempera-
ture was 10°C, what was the minimum temperature?
2 a Roger wins $150 on a poker machine but then loses $340 the rest of the night. How
much worse off is he than when he started?
b A bank statement shows a balance of −$53.76. Fran deposits $156.80 in the account.
What is the new balance?
3 a What is the cost of 36 litres of petrol at 71.9c per litre?
b Potatoes cost $1.80 per kilogram. How much will 8 kilograms of potatoes cost?
c Donna buys 5 exercise books at $1.35 each and 4 pens at 45c each. What is her
change from $10?
d Tony is paid $15.60 per hour. How long must Tony work in order to earn $140.40?
e Steve earns a salary of $41 000 per annum. What is his weekly salary if 1 year is
52.143 weeks?
f Janice pays for the following amounts of petrol on a trip from Sydney to Melbourne:
23 L at $1.10 per L, 36 L at $1.16 per L, 31 L at $1.07 per L. What was Janice’s
total petrol bill for the journey?
g A certain body is 68% fluid. The body’s volume is 5.8 L. How much of this body is
fluid? Give the answer in millilitres.
WORKED 4 A school has 570 students. For sport -----3 1

- of the students choose soccer, --- choose football
Example 10 3
33 and the rest play tennis. How many play tennis?
5 a Yan has a choice of 3--5- of $40 or
2
--- of $39. Which choice would
3
give him more money?
b Of the 1881 people who live in
Galaxy, 4--9- are women. How
many of the inhabitants are men?
c At a factory, 1 out of 150 light
bulbs are faulty. If the factory
makes 1200 light bulbs, how
many are faulty?
d Teri is paid $480 per week. Of
9 2
this, ------ goes to rent, --- to food,
1 20 5
------ to other essentials and the
10
rest is saved. How much per
week does Teri save?
e In a gingerbread mixture, 3--- is sugar. If there are 120 grams of sugar in the mixture,
8
how many grams of mixture is there?
WORKED 6 Jay earns $12.50 per hour and works a 35-hour week. He obtains a 4.5% pay increase.
Example
34
What is his new weekly wage?
7 a In a township, 68% of the people go to church. There are 5500 people in the town.
How many go to church?
b In an election, 43% vote Liberal, 41% Labor, 8% Democrat and the rest vote for
minor parties.
i What percentage of voters vote for minor parties?
ii If there are 15 500 registered voters, of which 95% vote at the election, how
many voters do not vote for either of the two major parties (Liberal or Labor)?
c Roald achieves 39 out of 60 for a test
while Serena achieves 25 out of 40.
Who performed better and by what
percent?
d A car is discounted by 15%. If the
customer pays $16 150, what was the
price of the car before it was discounted?
8 The distance from Earth to our closest

neighbouring galaxy, the Large
Magellanic Cloud, is approximately
1.608 × 1018 km. Write this distance as
a basic numeral.

9 multiple choice
a The temperature at Fresia is
4.8°C at midday. The tempera-
ture falls steadily by 1.3°C per
hour. What is the temperature in
Fresia at 1 am the following
morning?
A −12.2°C B –12.1°C
C −12°C D −9.5°C
E −15.5°C
b At a school, 3--- of Year 9 students
5
study history, 1--- study geography
4
and the rest study commerce. If
there are 180 students in the whole
of Year 9, how many students study
commerce?
A 80 B 27
C 21 D 45
E 62
c The Johnson family pay council rates at 1.008 12 cents in the dollar. If their land is
valued at $60 000, how much do they pay in rates?
A $60 487.20 B $604.87
C $604.90 D $60.50
E $60 001
d Jeans are discounted by 20%. The discounted price is
$30 less than the usual price. How much are the
discounted jeans?
A $24 B $45
C $120 D $150
E $60
10 The scale on a set of house plans is
given as 1: 50.
a A builder measures the width of the
house on the plans as being 250 mm.
What is the actual width of the house?
b If the main bedroom in this house is to
measure 4 m × 3.6 m, what will the dimen-
sions be shown as on the plans?
11 In purchasing a Lotto ticket, Jane, Annette
and Bernadette pay $4.20, $3.00 and $2.40 respec-
tively.
a What is the ratio of their investment in simplest
form?
b If the ticket wins $32 000, how much should each
partner receive if the winnings are divided in the ratio of
their investment?
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1 The order of operations is first, followed by multiplication or
division left to right, then finally addition or subtraction, left to right.
2 Rounding to a given number of decimal places begins with the first digit
after the decimal .
3 Rounding to a given number of figures begins with the first
non-zero digit of the complete number.
4 To convert a fraction to a decimal, divide the by the denomi-
nator. The decimal formed can either be or .
5 To convert a fraction or a to a percentage, multiply by 100.
6 To convert a percentage to a decimal, the percentage by 100.
To convert to a fraction, put the over 100 and simplify.
7 To find a percentage of an amount, divide the percentage by 100 and multi-
ply by the .
8 To express one amount as a percentage of another, divide the first
amount by the second amount and multiply by .
9 To increase (or decrease) an amount by a given percentage,
(or subtract) the percentage to (or from) 100% and find that percentage
of the amount.
10 A compares two (or more) quantities of the same units.
11 A ratio is simplified by dividing each number by the .
12 To divide a in a given ratio, find the total number of parts.
Each share is found by multiplying the fraction each share represents out
of the total, by the quantity being divided.
13 All of the numbers in this chapter form part of the set of
numbers.
14 A number such as 3
3 is an element of the set of numbers.
WORD LIST
add recurring brackets irrational
divide highest common quantity amount
ratio factor 100 terminating
point significant real
decimal numerator percentage
CHAPTER
review
a (16 + 12) ÷ 7 b 7 × 6 − 12 ÷ 3 c [3 × (7 − 5)] ÷ 2 d 12 + 8 × 5 ÷ 4 1A
a 5 × 9 + (60 − 6) ÷ 9 b −6 − 4 × −2 1A
c [(8 × −4 + 7) + 7] ÷ −3 d 36 ÷ −6 − 4 × −5 + 6
3 Insert operation signs to make the equation true: 6 K −5 K 3 K 2 = −12 1A
4 multiple choice
Which of the following expressions are equal to 80?
1A
Note: There may be more than one correct answer to this question.
A 5 + 3 × 10 B 22 × 13 + 7 C 20 + 15 × 4
D (60 + 5 × 20) ÷ 2 E (40 × 4) − (30 × 2)
5 Insert operation signs to make the equation true: 10 − 2 = 56.
23
1A
6 Round 5689.7143 to:
a 2 decimal places b 2 significant figures. 1B
7 Round 2156.586 to:
a the nearest ten b the nearest tenth. 1B
8 multiple choice
1B
Note: There may be more than one correct answer.
A rounded number is 13.50. The original number could have been:
A 13.505 B 13.504 C 13.495 D 13.4938 E 13.5899
9 A number when rounded correct to 2 decimal places is 15.40. Write what the original
number could have been. 1B
10 Write a decimal whose value lies between 3
and 2--- .
---
5 3 1B
11 Evaluate these expressions.
a 0.375 + 4 × 9.06 b 14.4 ÷ 1.2 − 0.65 × 23 1C
12 Convert each of the following decimals into a fraction in simplest form.
a 0.875 b 0.24 c 0.55 d 0.365 e 0.248 1C
f 0.13 g 0.75 h 0.575 i 0.372 j 0.4
13 Evaluate these expressions.
a 1--- + 3--- × 5--- b 2
--- × ⎛ -----
⎝ 12
7
- − 1⎞
--- ÷ 5
------
1D
4 5 8 3 4⎠ 18
14 Convert each of the following to a percentage.
a 0.71 b 2.4 c 15
------ d 1
---
1D
16 6
15 multiple choice
1D
Which of the following statements is false?
A 3
---
4
< 19
------
25
B 5
------
16
> 3
------
10
C 13
------
40
< 7
------
20
D 8
------
11
> 18
------
25
E 8
------
11
< 18
------
25
16 Convert each of the following to a decimal.

1D a 3--- b -----
1
- c 1
--- d 6
---
8 20 6 7
17 Use two of the digits 5, 6, 7, and 11 to make the proper fraction of greatest value.
1D
18 Evaluate the following.
1E a 3--- of 56 b 65% of 590 c 0.89 of 420
7
19 Convert each of the following to a decimal.
1E a 12% b 34.6% c 7
--- d 33
------
8 4
20 Convert each of these percentages to a fraction in simplest form.

1E a 52% b 130% c 28 4--- %
7
21 Decrease 240 by 24%.

1E
22 If 45 is 3% of a number, what is the number?
1E
23 Place the following in ascending order.
1E a 57%, 0.6, 29------ b 6
------ , 0.245, 23 1--- %
50 25 2
24 Place the following in descending order.

1E a 4--- , 82%, 0.83 b 5
------ , 41%, 0.416
5 12
25 At Year 9 at Kymerra High School there are 200 students. On sports afternoon 2--- of these
1E 5
students play golf while 3--- play tennis. How many students play neither golf nor tennis?
8
26 multiple choice
1E
Which of the following has the greatest value?
A 8--- B 87.5% C 0.88 D 17
------ E 0.7999
9 20
27 The price of a tram fare rose from $2 to $5. What is the percentage increase?
1E

28 Find 4.5% of 700.
1E
1F
a 1296 b 4.2025 c 3 1.331

a 2.52 × 3.53 b 2.5 × 102 × 3.5 × 103
1F
31 Calculate each of the following correct to:
i 3 decimal places ii 3 significant figures.
1G
87 + 54 3 789 – 614
a ------------------ b ----------------------------
87 – 54 654 – 437
46.3 + 89.1
32 Make an estimate of ------------------------------- .
28.9 + 23.2 1G
33 multiple choice
1H
a Which ratio is equivalent to 7:2?
7 1 7 2
A --- : --- B 17:5 C --- : --- D 20:6 E 1:3.5
4 4 8 8
b The ratio of 5 minutes to 5 hours is:

A 1:60 B 5:60 C 5:360 D 1:300 E 60:1
c Maya is sharing her collection of 60
fuchsia plants between three members of
the family in the ratio of 2:3:5. The
difference between the largest and
smallest share of fuchsias is:
A 12
B 18
C 36
D 42
E 30
34 The authors of a physics textbook are going to share royalties from sales of the book in the
ratio proportional to the number of chapters each has written. Miss Alan wrote 4 chapters, 1H
Mr Bradley wrote 3 chapters, Mrs Cato wrote 7 chapters and Ms Dawn wrote 6 chapters. If
the expected amount to be shared is $28 000, how much money will each author get?
35 multiple choice
1I
The temperature in Mungo National Park
at 7 pm is 3.5°C and at 3 am is −3.7°C.
What is the average drop in temperature
per hour between the two readings?
A 0.72°C
B 0.025°C
C 0.9°C
D 0.8°C
E −0.8°C
36 multiple choice
1I
In the first semester test Dominic scored 37 out of 50, while in the second semester test he
scored 59 out of 80. Which of the following statements correctly compares his second
semester result with his first semester result?
A increased by 1--- % B decreased by 1--- % C same result
4 4
D increased by 28.7% E increased by 3--- %

4
37 Rhonda pays $45.60 for petrol. If the price of petrol is $1.14 per litre, how many litres did
1I Rhonda put into her car?
38 A dam is 58% full. It presently holds 302 470 L. How many more litres of water will fill the
1I dam to 100% of capacity?
39 Simon visits his parents in a country town 1575 km away from his home. He drives 16
1I the way the first day and intends to reach the town the next day.
------
25
of
test
yourself
a How far does he need to drive on the second day?
CHAPTER
1 b Simon’s car averages 15 km per litre of petrol. What is his petrol cost for the trip if the
price of petrol is $1.10 per litre?

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Maths Quest 9/ Final Pages / 10/1/06

5_61_03282_MQV09 - 01_tb Page 1 Tuesday, January 10, 2006 9:49 PM

There are many factors

areyou 2 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Are you ready? READY?

1.1 Addition and subtraction of integers

Multiplication and division of integers

Adding and subtracting decimals

Converting an improper fraction into a mixed number

Converting a mixed number into an improper fraction

1.11 Adding and subtracting fractions

1.12 Multiplying and dividing fractions

Chapter 1 Number skills 3

4 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

The order of operations requires that:

To obtain the correct answer to the calculation 5 + 6 × 4, we must complete the

b 1 Write the calculation. b 6 + 21 ÷ 7

c 1 Write the calculation. c [4 × (5 + 8)] ÷ 2

Chapter 1 Number skills 5

The rules for using integers are:

6 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

c 1 Write the calculation. c 4 − 60 ÷ (−4 − 6)

Chapter 1 Number skills 7

8 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

7 The Wimbletons wanted to buy a tennis racquet

Order of a −7 − 8 + 2 − 3 is equal to:

Chapter 1 Number skills 9

18 multiple choice GAME

Note: There may be more than one correct answer.

10 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

COMMUNICATION Golf scores

2 Which score for a hole would be the most difficult to achieve?

4 Who wins this round of golf?

Chapter 1 Number skills 11

12 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

Rounding to a given number of significant figures

There were 70 000 people at the cricket for a

Chapter 1 Number skills 13

b 1 Write the number. b 347 629

1 Write the number. 0.004 502 6

14 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

b 1 Write the calculation. b 46 679 + 2351 × 65

1B Estimation and rounding

Rounding a 5.742 48 b 4.309 68 c 0.286 15 d 1.067 328 e 4.586 10

Rounding WORKED 7 Round the following correct to 3 significant figures.

Chapter 1 Number skills 15

1 In 1832, a young runner named Mensen Ehrnot reportedly ran nearly

8950 km over a 59-day period. On each of those days he ran 16 hours

CH LL and rested for 8 hours. Estimate how many kilometres he ran, on

16 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

Chapter 1 Number skills 17

c 1 Write the decimal. c 0.6275

Converting decimals to percentages

1 Write the decimal. 0.357

18 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria

Adding and 1 Calculate each of the following.

Dividing 4 Write each of the following sets of decimals in descending order.

Simplifying A 101 B 11 C 99.373 D 1010 E 1100

f 0.15 g 0.08 h 1.5 i 2.84 j 0.125

11 a 0.72 b 0.31 c 0.89 d 0.57 e 0.9

Converting In simplest form and as a fraction 0.3125 is equal to:

Chapter 1 Number skills 19

20 Maths Quest 9 for Victoria