No.

12/1
1

Student Personal
Marker Code Identification Number (SPIN)

Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
2011
QUESTION and ANSWER BOOKLET
Time allowed: 3 hours

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL questions in this paper.

2. The paper contains eight questions, 1 - 8. You should allocate your time as follows:
• Reading through the paper 10 minutes
• Question 1 10 minutes
• Question 2 10 minutes
• Question 3 - 8: 6 x 25 minutes each 150 minutes

Total time 180 minutes

3. You are encouraged to illustrate your answers with relevant maps and diagrams.

4. You will need an accurate ruler.

5. You may use a calculator and a circular protractor.

6. Write your Student Personal Identification Number (SPIN) in the spaces provided at
the top of this page and on the fold-out flap inside the back page of this booklet.

7. Answers must be written in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional sheets of
paper can be obtained from your supervisor if necessary. Write your SPIN on the top
right hand corner of each additional sheet used and tie securely at the appropriate place
in this booklet.

Check that this booklet contains pages 2 - 26 in the correct order and that none of these
pages are blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE
EXAMINATION.

TOTAL MARKS 100

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Fig. 1: Outline map of the world

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QUESTION 1: WORLD MAP

Five countries are marked 1 to 5 on the world map in Fig. 1 (page 2). Write the code number
and name next to each of the correct descriptions given below.

Code no. Name

a) A former colony of Spain ______ ___________________

b) One country where women are not allowed to

drive vehicles nor to vote ______ ___________________

c) The most industrialised country in Africa ______ ___________________

d) High percentage of people are in tertiary and

quaternary employment ______ ___________________

e) World leader in the production of energy from

wind power ______ ___________________

(5 marks)

Q1 5
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QUESTION 2: CARTOON INTERPRETATION

Study the cartoon given below then answer questions a) to d).

Fig. 2

Cartoon by Polyp in Big Bad World, 2002

a) Give a general name for the group of countries represented by the three people on the right.

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(1 mark)

b) Explain why the cartoonist has shown the bowls as having different sizes.

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(1 mark)
c) How does this cartoon illustrate the problem of inequality?

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(2 marks)

d) Suggest ONE way in which this problem might be overcome.

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(1 mark)

Q2 5
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QUESTION 3: WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?

Study the statistical table below then answer questions a) to h).

Fig. 3: Recent statistical indicators for six countries

A B C D E F
Total Under 5 GDP per Life % of Adult literacy
Indicator population mortality capita expectancy government rate
rate at birth budget spent (%)
(millions) (per 1000 (US $) (years) on education
Country people)
2010 2007 2007 2007 2006 2007
Singapore 4 3 29,320 80 6 94
Mexico 111 35 7,870 76 25 92
Bangladesh 164 61 480 64 17 54
Liberia 4 133 140 45 11 56
Germany 82 4 36,620 79 1 98
PNG 6 65 770 57 22 58
2010 World Population Data Sheet, Population Reference Bureau; One World Almanac 2010, New Internationalist

a) Name the TWO countries that have the best health care.

_______________________________ and ____________________________________

(1 mark)
b) Explain ONE reason for your answer in a), giving statistical evidence to support your reasoning.

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(2 marks)
c) In the box below, give the formula for calculating indicator C.

(1 mark)

d) The Human Development Index combines three of the above indicators to give an overall
measure of well-being. Give the code letters of these three indicators.

__________________, _____________________, and _____________________________

(1 mark)
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e) Using Fig. 3 and your own knowledge, classify the 6 countries in the table according to their
level of economic development. Write the name of each country in the appropriate box.

Most economically Newly industrialising Least economically

developed countries countries developed countries
(MEDCs) (NICs) (LEDCs)

(2 marks)

f) Do you think that ‘total population’ (indicator A) measures the level of development in a
country?
YES / NO (circle one)
Give ONE reason for your answer, using one or more statistics from the table as evidence.

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(1 mark)

g) Suggest why literacy rates in Germany and Singapore are very high, even though the percentage
of their government budget spent on education is very low.
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(1 mark)

h) In the space below, construct an appropriate graph to show the data on life expectancy
(indicator D). Label your graph fully and provide a suitable title. (3 marks)
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i) Describe ONE way in which countries in the developing world were affected by colonialism.
Give a specific example to illustrate your answer.
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(2 marks)

j) Give your own definition of the word development.

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(1 mark)

Q3 15
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QUESTION 4: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - PRIMARY PRODUCTION

a) In the box below (Fig. 4), draw a flow chart to show an actual example of a subsistence
agricultural system from your own country. Specify the main inputs, processes and outputs.

Fig. 4

Village and island where this example is located:

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(4 marks)
b) Define extractive primary industry. Then select ONE type of extractive primary industry in the
Pacific and complete the table below to show some of its features.

Definition: _________________________________________________________________

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(1 mark)

Type of extractive primary

industry
Actual example from the
Pacific region

ONE method of extraction

ONE drawback

(3 marks)
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Study photographs A, B and C below (Fig. 5), then answer questions c) to f).

A Fig. 5

Photos A, B, C: Fellmann, J. et al,

Human Geography, 2010

c) Which photograph shows intensive sedentary cultivation? ___________________________

(1 mark)

d) State the main output of the agricultural system in A. ___________________________

(1 mark)

e) Give ONE disadvantage of the type of farming shown in B to people living in developing
countries.

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(1 mark)
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f) State ONE way in which the type of agriculture shown in A is different to that in B and C.

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(1 mark)

Study the graphs of world food production (Fig. 6), then answer question g).
Fig. 6

Food and Agricultural Organisation

g) Name the continent that faces the greatest problems of food security. How can you tell this
from the graph?

Continent: __________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

Evidence from the graph: ______________________________________________________

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(1 mark)

h) Suggest ONE practical way of overcoming problems of food security in Pacific island countries.

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(1 mark)

Q4
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QUESTION 5: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - SECONDARY, TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY

PRODUCTION

a) Match the definitions in List A with the correct terms in List B. Write the correct code letters
of the terms in List B in the boxes provided.
List A List B
1 Manufacturing large quantities of the same A. MICROFINANCE
product at the same time, using assembly-
line techniques and a division of labour. B. STRUCTURAL
2 When a country stops buying a particular ADJUSTMENT
product from overseas and starts
manufacturing it inside the country itself. C. IMPORT SUBSTITUTION
3 Money that a country has borrowed from D. INTERNATIONAL
another country or international organisation MONETARY FUND
and must pay back.
4 Small-scale loans that enable people, E. MASS PRODUCTION
especially women, to establish their own
small enterprises. F. INTERNATIONAL DEBT
(2 marks)

Study Fig. 7, which shows the changing employment structure in China then answer b) to d).

Fig. 7:
Changing
employment structure
in China, 1962-2007

Agriculture

Industry

Services

1962 1986 2007

New Internationalist # 441, April 2011
b) Explain the term employment structure.
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(1 mark)

c) Make ONE generalisation about the change in China’s employment structure from 1962 to
2007.
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(1 mark)
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d) Suggest ONE reason for this change.

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(1 mark)

Study Fig. 8, then answer questions e) to g).

Fig. 8
The Toyota Tsusho South Pacific Network

e) Name the multinational/transnational company shown in this advertisement.

____________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

f) Explain why we can say that this company is multinational/transnational.

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(1 mark)

g) Suggest ONE disadvantage of this company for people in the South Pacific.

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(1 mark)
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h) Write a few paragraphs to answer both parts (i) and (ii).

(i) Define the term neo-colonialism and explain THREE ways in which it is different to
colonialism. Illustrate your answer with some specific examples.

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(ii) Discuss THREE reasons for the exploitation of women and children in the work
force, giving one or more specific examples.

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(7 marks)

Q5
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QUESTION 6: INTERNATIONAL AID

Study Fig. 9 below, then answer questions a) to c).

Fig. 9:

Asia America Europe Africa Oceania

$10 $16 $37 $47 $184

a) On the graph, show the figure for Africa using the appropriate shading. (1 mark)

b) Define the term ODA.

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(1 mark)
c) What does this graph tell you about Oceania?
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(1 mark)
Study Fig. 10, then answer questions d) to h).
Fig. 10: Foreign aid to selected Pacific island nations
Population Foreign aid Foreign aid Major bilateral aid donors
Country mid-2009 inflow, 2004 as % of GDP In 2004
estimate $ million
Fiji 844,000 63 3 Australia, Japan
Kiribati 99,000 17 22 UK, Japan
Micronesia 111,000 86 37 USA
Samoa 183,000 30 8 Japan, Australia
Solomon Is. 550,000 122 42 Australia, NZ, Japan
Tonga 103,000 19 8 Australia, NZ
Vanuatu 239,000 38 11 Australia, NZ, France, China

d) From the table (Fig. 10), which country is most dependent on foreign aid?

___________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)
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e) Define bilateral aid donor.

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(1 mark)
f) From the table (Fig. 10), estimate which country receives the most foreign aid per person.

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g) If Fig. 10 was updated to show the major aid donors in 2011, suggest ONE change that you
would notice.

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(1 mark)

h) Explain ONE reason why an international aid donor gives aid and give a specific example of
this from your own knowledge.

Reason: ___________________________________________________________________

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Specific example: ____________________________________________________________

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(2 marks)

Answer question i) from your own knowledge.

i) In the box below, name ONE non-government organisation that is operating in your own
country and summarise its importance to the people at grassroots level in your country.
Name of your Name of one NGO Why it is important to people at grassroots level
country

(2 marks)
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Study the article below then answer questions j) and k).

Fig. 11 In Indonesia, 4,000 tonnes of donated drugs arrived after the tsunami, well beyond local
needs. Most of those drugs weren't required, were labelled in foreign languages or were
close to expiry. They overwhelmed the capacity of local incinerators to dispose of them.
Tu Thanh Ha, "The Globe and Mail, March 18, 2011

j) What problem about overseas aid is illustrated by this article?

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(1 mark)

k) Which TWO of the following describe the form of aid being given in Fig. 11? (Encircle two
only)

GRANT LOAN MANPOWER EQUIPMENT

EMERGENCY AID MILITARY AID

(1 mark)

Study the summary of an aid project given below then answer question l).
Fig. 12
In the Solomon Islands, the Australian Government is giving AUD 5.3 million to the Cocoa
Livelihoods Improvement Project (CLIP) over a 4-year period starting in 2009. The aims are to
increase the production and export of cocoa, help cocoa farmers to gain more income and help
bolster the national economy. Of the AUD 5.3 million, 3.5 million goes directly to the cocoa
farmers in the form of field-based trainings, materials and equipment, and the strengthening of
extension services. The other funding component goes to setting up the CLIP project office and
providing for support staff, and recruitment of national and international Technical Advisers.
Adapted from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/41/47081143.pdf

l) Do you think this is a good strategy for rural development? YES / NO (Circle one)

Give a reason for your answer.

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(2 marks)

Q6
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QUESTION 7: ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY

Study the photograph below then answer questions a) and b).

Fig. 13:
Environmental
degradation in
Mauritius

a) Define the term environmental degradation.

_____________________________________________________________________________

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(1 mark)

b) Name the type of degradation shown in the photograph. Explain ONE factor that causes it and in
the box, draw a simple diagram to illustrate your explanation.

Type of degradation: ___________________________________________________________

One factor that causes it: ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Diagram to illustrate the cause of the degradation:

(3 marks)
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Study Fig. 14 then answer questions c) and d)

Fig. 14: Flow chart to show the principal causes and consequences of global warming

Burning of fossil fuels in Increased numbers of

vehicles and industries cattle and garbage dumps

GLOBAL WARMING

Climate change Diseases such as malaria

spread into temperate areas

c) Complete the three empty boxes in the flow chart (3 marks)

d) Using Fig. 14 and your own knowledge, explain ONE reason why coral reefs in the Pacific are
likely to suffer from degradation in the future.

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(1 mark)
Use Fig. 15 to answer questions e) and f).

Fig. 15: Capturing wave energy in Portugal

e) e) Why can we say that this source of

) Why cae sayenergy
that this source of energy is
is renewable?
renewable?
f) ______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________
(1 mark)

Guardian Weekly, 12/10/07

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f) Evaluate the usefulness of wave energy as a source of power for Pacific islanders.

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(1 mark)

g) Give ONE reason why Pacific island nations should be moving towards the use of renewable
sources of energy.

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(1 mark)

Study Fig. 16 then answer questions h) and i).

Fig. 16: In the village of Kamikatsu, Japan, household waste is separated into 34 categories
before being taken to a recycling centre

Guardian Weekly, 15/08/08

h) Using the photograph to guide you, suggest any FOUR of the categories into which your own
household waste might be separated.

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(2 marks)
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i) Explain the relationship between recycling and sustainable development.

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(1 mark)
j) Give a specific example of a sustainable development project in your own country.

Name of your country: ______________________________________________________

Specific example of sustainable development:

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(1 mark)

Q7 15
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QUESTION 8: SOCIAL ISSUES

Study the data on world illiteracy then answer questions a) to d).

Fig. 17

Illiteracy in the world, 2008

Males aged 15 286 million 36%

and over
Females aged 510 million 64%
15 and over
Total adults 786 million 100%
aged 15 and
over
UNESCO

a) On the incomplete pie chart in Fig. 17, sketch the percentages of the world’s illiterate
population by gender. Label your pie chart.
(2 marks)

b) Define illiteracy.
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(1 mark)
c) Suggest ONE reason why there are more illiterate women than men in the world.

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(1 mark)
d) Explain ONE difference between formal and informal education.

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(1 mark)
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e) Why do you think everyone should be given the opportunity to receive an education?

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(1 mark)

Study Fig. 18, which gives statistics on the four leading causes of death for two groups of countries
in 2004.

Fig. 18
Low-income countries High-income countries
Cause of death Deaths in millions Cause of death Deaths in millions
Lower respiratory 2.94 Coronary heart disease 1.33
infections
Coronary heart disease 2.47 Stroke/other 0.76
cerebrovascular
diseases
Diarrhoeal diseases 1.81 Trachea, bronchus and 0.48
lung cancers
HIV/AIDS 1.51 Lower respiratory 0.31
infections

f) From the table and your own knowledge: Write the code letter of the
correct answer in this box:
A. More people die in high-income countries than in
low-income countries.
B. HIV/ AIDS kills more people in low-income
countries than in high-income countries.
C. Lifestyle diseases include cancer, heart disease and
diarrhoea.
D. Lung cancers are caused by a diet that is poor in (1 mark)
nutrients.

g) From the table, make a generalisation about the relative importance of communicable diseases
in the two groups of countries.

_____________________________________________________________________________

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(1 mark)
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h) Write a few paragraphs to answer both parts (i) and (ii).

(i) Describe THREE factors that determine good health in your country. Use specific
examples in your response.
.
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(ii) Explain the meaning of primary health care and evaluate its importance to the island nations
of the Pacific.

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(7 marks)

Q8 15
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Student Personal
Identification Number
(SPIN)

DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES

2011
(For Markers Only)

Question Exam Check

Number Marks Marker

1 5

2 5

3 15

4 15

5
15

6
15

7 15

8 15

TOTAL 100