No.

6/1
1

Marker Code Student Personal

Identification Number (SPIN)

Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate

GEOGRAPHY
2011
QUESTION and ANSWER BOOKLET
Time allowed: Three hours

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Answer ALL questions using the space provided in the booklet.

2. This paper contains FIVE questions. Each question is worth 20 marks.

Question 1: Living with Natural Hazards 35 minutes

Question 2: Use and Management of Water Resources 35 minutes
Question 3: Consequences of Population Growth 40 minutes
Question 4: The Challenges of Urbanisation and Urban Environment 35 minutes
Question 5: Geographic Perspectives on Tourism 35 minutes

3. Illustrate your answers with relevant maps and diagrams. You will need an accurate ruler and
you may use a calculator if you wish.
4. Write your Student Personal Identification Number (SPIN) in the space provided above
and on the fold-out flap at the back.
5. Additional sheets of paper can be obtained from your supervisor if necessary. Write your
student Personal Identification Number (SPIN) on each additional sheet, number the questions
clearly and insert them in the appropriate part of your booklet and tie securely.
6. Check that this booklet contains pages 2-26 in the correct order and that none of these pages is
blank.
YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE
EXAMINATION

TOTAL MARKS 100

 2

QUESTION 1: LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS (20 marks)

Spend about 35 minutes answering this question.

PART A: PLATE TECTONICS AND THE HAZARDS PRODUCED (5 marks)

Study Fig. 1 and answer questions 1-3.

Fig. 1: Active volcanoes, plate tectonics and the ‘Ring of Fire’

KEY:
• Active volcanoes, earthquakes & tsunami sites

Plate Boundary

Direction of plate movements

1. On the map, draw a line around the area called ‘Ring of Fire’. (1 mark)

2. Describe why plates move apart in Mid-ocean ridge.

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(1 mark)
 3

3. Construct a simple diagram to show TWO processes at a convergent plate boundary. Use ALL
drawing skills and use the correct terms when labelling your sketch.

(3 marks)

PART B: FEATURES OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE (4 marks)

Study Fig. 2 and answer questions 4 and 5.

Fig. 2: Origins of tropical cyclones: November 1969 – April 1979

(Source: Peat. J. & Lockyer. J., Geography on the Edge, 2009)

4. State TWO places of origin for tropical cyclones shown in Fig. 2.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
5. Describe TWO processes that summer sea temperature of 27 °C form to start off tropical cyclones.

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(2 marks)

P 2-3 9
 4

PART C: NATURAL HAZARDS (4 marks)

Study Fig. 3 and answer questions 6-9.

Fig. 3: Reported hazards 1970s – 1990s for selected extreme natural events

(Source: Peat. J. & Lockyer. J., Geography on the Edge, 2009)

6. Give the number of landslides and earthquakes that occurred in the 1980s.

Landslides ____________________________________________________________________________

Earthquakes ___________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

7. Explain ONE generalisation about the number of hazards reported during 1970s – 1990s.

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(1 mark)

8. Describe how the trend of reported natural hazards assists government planning.

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(1 mark)

9. Suggest ONE reason why more hazards were reported in 1990s than in 1970s.

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(1 mark)

P4 4
 5

PART D: PLANNING FOR AN EARTHQUAKE HAZARD (7 marks)

10. With reference to a named example or examples,

a) describe the strategies that can be used to reduce the negative impacts of earthquakes, and

b) evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing damage to life and property in the
Pacific Islands.

a) Description of strategies
 6

b) Effectiveness of these strategies

7 Q1 20
P 5-6
 7

QUESTION 2: USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCS (20 marks)

Spend about 35 minutes answering this question.

PART A: HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE (3 marks)

Study Fig. 4 and answer questions 1 and 2.

Fig. 4: Hydrological cycle and quantities involved

(Source: J. Harte at el, 1994: “Study Mate”)

1. Name the TWO missing processes labelled A and B.

A. _____________________________________

B. _____________________________________
(2 marks)

2. Describe the distribution pattern of water shown.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

P7 3
 8

PART B: CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WATER SCARCITY (7 marks)

Study Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 and answer questions 3-6.

Fig. 5: Causes of water scarcity

(Source: Waugh. D. & Bushell. T., Connections, 2006)

3. State TWO sources of water supply for the people.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

4. Identify ONE natural and ONE cultural cause of water scarcity.

Natural: __________________________________________________________________________

Cultural: __________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

Fig. 6: Effects of water scarcity

(Source: Waugh. D. & Bushell. T., Connections, 2006)

 9

5. Describe TWO effects of water scarcity on the environment shown by Fig. 6.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
6. Suggest ONE reason why water scarcity is a major problem for many women in developing
countries.

________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

PART C: ACCESSIBILITY TO SAFE WATER (3 marks)

Study Fig. 7 and use the information to answer questions 7-9.

Fig. 7: Accessibility to safe water and sanitation in developing countries 1980 & 1990

(Source: World Health Organisation Data in World Development Report, 1992)

7. State the year that there was a change in accessibility to water in rural areas.

__________________________________ (1 mark)

8. Compare water accessibility between urban and rural areas in 1980.

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(1 mark)

9. Describe the relationship between accessibility to water and sanitation.

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(1 mark)

P 8-9 10
 10

PART D: WATER RESOURCE USE AND MANAGEMENT (7 marks)

10. With reference to named examples or case studies,

a) describe FOUR ways water resources are being managed in areas of water scarcity, and

b) evaluate the effectiveness of the different strategies for managing fresh water resources in areas
of water scarcity.

a) Ways water resources are being managed in areas of water scarcity

(i) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(iii) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(iv) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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b) Effectiveness of the strategies

P 10-11 7 Q2 20
 12

QUESTION 3: CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION GROWTH (20 marks)

Spend about 40 minutes answering this question.

PART A: GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION (4 marks)

Study Fig. 8 and answer questions 1 and 2.

Fig. 8: Processes that affect total population

inputs processes outputs

natural change
births deaths

total

population

immigrants emigrants
migration

(Source: Waugh, D., Geography an Integrated Approach, 2009)

1. Define the term emigrants.

________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

2. Explain TWO ways the two processes shown would affect the Total Population.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

3. Write the term that best suits the following definition: When there are more births than deaths.

___________________________________ (1 mark)
 13

PART B: POPULATION DENSITY (3 marks)

Study Fig. 9 and answer questions 4-6.

Fig.9: World Map

4. Name the country labelled A with a low population density.________________________________

(1 mark)

5. Name the country labelled B with the largest population in the world. ________________________
(1 mark)

6. Identify ONE reason why the people of the South Pacific migrate to the United States of America
(C).
________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

PART C: WORLD POPULATION GROWTH (2 marks)

Study Fig. 10 and answer questions 7 and 8.

Fig.10: World population growth (in millions)

REGION Annual Growth Rate (%) 2025 2100

Africa 3.0 1646 2873

Latin America 2.1 748 944
Southern Asia 2.0 3125 4328
Oceania 1.5 34 40
Eastern Asia 1.3 1679 1731
Former USSR 0.8 347 373
North America 0.8 315 323
Europe 0.2 560 583
(Source: R. Hall. Update. World Population Trends. 1989)

P 12-13 7
 14

7. Make ONE generalisation about Annual Growth Rate by region shown in Fig. 10.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

8. Describe the future prediction for Population Growth.

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(1 mark)

PART D: EFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH (4 marks)

Study Fig. 11 and answer questions 9 and 10.
Fig. 11: Pictogram of health

(Source : Bushell. T., Key Geography Skills, 2003)

9. State the relationship between the number of patients per doctor in the two countries shown.

________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
10. Suggest a reason for your answer in Question 9.

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(2 marks)

P 14 6
 15

PART E: POPULATION MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPLICATION (7 marks)

11. Choose TWO countries. With reference to specific examples,

a) describe their Population Control policies and

b) evaluate the effectiveness of these policies in managing Population Growth.

a) Population Control policies

Country 1: _________________________________________________________________________

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Country 2: _________________________________________________________________________

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b) Effectiveness in managing Population Growth

Country 1: _________________________________________________________________________

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Country 2: _________________________________________________________________________

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P 15-16 7 Q3 20
 17

QUESTION 4: THE CHALLENGE OF URBANISATION AND URBAN

ENVIRONMENTS (20 marks)
Spend about 35 minutes answering these questions.
PART A: GLOBAL PATTERNS OF URBANISATION (5 marks)

Study Fig. 12 and answer questions 1 and 2.

Fig. 12: Urban population explosion

By 2015, 22 megacities across the globe

are projected to surpass 10 million
people, according to the United Nations.

1. Name the megacity predicted to have the smallest population in 2015.

______________________________ (1 mark)

2. Give TWO reasons for the explosion of population in third world cities.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
Study Fig.13 and answer questions 3 and 4.
Fig. 13: World’s largest metropolitan areas 2003

P 17 3
 18

3. Name the continent with the most World’s Largest Metropolitan Areas in 2003.

____________________________________ (1 mark)

4. Make the calculations and name the continent with the largest number of people living in its
agglomerations.

_________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

PART B: URBAN GROWTH AND ITS CONSEQUENCES (5 marks)

Study the extract below and answer questions 5 and 6.

The United Nations estimates that more than 40% of India’s population will be living in
urban areas by 2030, making it the fastest urbanising country in the world. As cities
encroach upon the countryside, rural areas are facing a dearth of talent and labour.
The people who migrate to urban
Source: centres,
Madhu meanwhile,
Kishmar/forbes Indialead a miserable existence on
(07/06/2011
the margins.
Source: Madhu Kishmar/forbes India (07/06/2011)

5. Write the letter of the correct answer in the box provided.

‘Cities encroach upon the countryside’ is best defined as:

A. Urban renewal

B. Urban sprawl

C. Urban blight

D. Urban decay (1 mark)

6. Describe TWO hardships faced by people who migrate to urban centres.

(i) ________________________________________________________________________________

(ii)________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

7. Explain why rural areas face a dearth of talent and labour.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
 19

PART C: THE PROBLEM OF URBAN HOUSING (3 marks)

Study Fig. 14 and answer questions 8 and 9.

Fig. 14: Some urban housing

8. Identify the settlement type in the circled area of the picture.

_____________________________________ (1 mark)

9. Describe TWO features of this type of settlement.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

10. Suggest ONE reason why such homes are found close to urban centres.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

P 18-19 10
 20

PART D: URBANISATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS (7 marks)

11. With reference to cities you have studied,

a) identify and explain FOUR common problems that the cities experience, and

b) discuss how the city planners manage the problems to reduce their negative implications.

a) Problems that cities experience

(i) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(iii) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(iv) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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b) How city planners manage the problems to reduce their negative implications

(i) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(ii) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(iii) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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(iv) _______________________________________________________________________________________

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P 20-21 7 Q4 20
 22

QUESTION 5: GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES ON TOURISM (20 marks)

Spend about 35 minutes answering this question.

PART A: NATURE OF TOURSIM (5 marks)

Study Fig. 15 and answer questions 1and 2.

Fig. 15: Principles of Ecotourism

1) Minimize impact.
2) Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.
3) Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.
4) Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.
5) Provide financial benefits and empowerment for
local people.
6) Raise sensitivity to host countries’
political, environmental and social
climate.

1. Define the term Ecotourism.

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

2. Suggest TWO reasons why poorer countries prefer Ecotourism.

(i) __________________________________________________________________________

(ii) __________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
 23

Study Fig.16 and answer question 3.

Fig. 16: Types of accommodation for visitors
Exclusive Resorts Apartment Home Stay

Inns
INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRY
Five Star Hotel ATOLL COUNTRY IN THE
IN THE PACIFIC RIM
SOUTH PACIFIC

4 Star Hotels Back packers Motels

Motel

3. Compare and contrast the types of accommodation offered to visitors in the two countries.

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(2 marks)
PART B: FACTORS OF TOURISIM GROWTH (2 marks)
Study Fig 17 and answer questions 4 and 5.

Fig. 17: Tourism factors

-Political

-Economic

DECREASE -Social INCREASE

- Physical

4. Give ONE example of a political factor that has caused a decline in tourism in the South Pacific.

________________________________________________________________________________

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(1 mark)

5. Explain ONE way tourism can drive social growth in a country.

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(1 mark)

P 22-23 7
 24

PART C: TOURISM VIEWPOINTS (6 marks)

Study Fig. 18 and answer question 6.

Fig. 18: Tourism in Samoa

Our isolation is our strength, without it we would lose our uniqueness.

We need to be careful to manage development. Tourism may result in
us losing our identity and traditional ways – our Fa’a Samoa. We must
not let this happen.

Five thousand more people are coming to my resort today compared to

five years ago. We’ve had to build three new hotels to accommodate
the increasing number of tourists and this has led to more jobs and
more income for Samoans. That has to be good for everyone!

Tourism gives us a chance to show off our culture to the world. It’s
great to have people paying to see our traditional ways. This way they
will stay alive in the future.

Our beaches and reefs are being ruined. One of our biggest problems is
getting rid of rubbish. We now produce 20% more waste than we did
eight years ago and this sudden increase has got to be because of rising
tourist numbers. Something has to be done about it.

Samoa is one of our favourite places to go on holiday. The beaches are

gorgeous and we love the fact that Samoa is not as developed as some
other Pacific island destinations. As tourists we like to get off the
beaten track and enjoy a place for its natural beauty. We love to snorkel
around the reef and walk in the jungle. It’s a real paradise.

We used to have a little fale next to the beach, but now land prices have
increased so much that we can no longer afford to live there. Fancy
hotels and resorts have pushed up the rates and this has pushed out the
locals. This isn’t right!

My job is to try to balance the needs of my people with what is good

for the economy and the environment. Tourism is certainly valuable to
us – it generates the bulk of our foreign revenue, which can be spent on
improving the local infrastructure as well as enhancing local
attractions. This benefits everyone. However, numbers may need to be
restricted in the future.

6. Identify the views of each speaker by writing their name in the appropriate space in the table below.

Reason Mostly negative about Tourism Mostly positive about Tourism

Because of its social and

cultural impact
Because of its economic
impact
Because of its environmental
impact
(6 marks)

P 24 6
 25

PART D: MANAGING TOURISM (7 marks)

7. With reference to an example or examples,

a) discuss ways in which tourism can be encouraged in the South Pacific, and

b) explain possible drawbacks that may discourage tourism.

a) Ways tourism can be encouraged in the South Pacific

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b) Possible drawbacks that may discourage tourism

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P 25-26 7 Q5 20
27

Student Personal
Identification Number (SPIN)

GEOGRAPHY

2011

(Marker Use Only)

Exam Check
Section Mark Mark

1
20

2
20

3
20

4
20

5 20

TOTAL 100