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Steel Beam (version 69) — Floor Bearer Created with ClearCalcs.

com

Client: My Client Date: Sep 18, 2019

Author: Brooks Smith Job #: 1

Project: Webinar Subject: B1

References: AS4100-1998

  Summary
∗ = 18.6 kNm
Moment Demand Mgov ​

33% Moment Capacity ϕMgov = 56.2 kNm


∗ = 1.2G, 1.5Q 
Governing Load Case for Moment MLC ​

Shear Demand V ∗ = 14.9 kN


9% Shear Capacity ϕVv = 165 kN

∗ = 1.2G, 1.5Q 
Governing Load Case for Shear VLC ​

9% Shear and Moment Interaction intM V = 0.0904 


∗ = 14.9 kN
Bearing Demand Rgov ​

9% Bearing Capacity ϕRgov = 170 kN


∗ = 1.2G, 1.5Q 
Governing Load Case for Bearing RLC ​

0% Bending and Bearing Interaction intM R = 0 


88% Max Short-Term Deflection δs = −8.82 mm


Governing Load Case for Short-Term δs,LC = G, Q_st 


Deflection
64% Max Long-Term Deflection δl = −6.43 mm

Governing Load Case for Long-Term δl,LC = G, Q_lt 


Deflection
80% Max Imposed Load Deflection δQ = −7.98 mm

Graphed Load Case (Q) Unfactored Load

Load Case: Q
Envelope
15
10
Shear (kN)

5
0
-5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-10
-15

Load Case: Q
Envelope
Moment (kNm)

15
10
5
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

1
Short-Term LC: Q
Envelope
0

Deflection (mm)
-2 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
-4
-6
-8

3 3 kN/m
0 Floor Load 5m

7.5 kN 7.5 kN

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0


Distance from Left of Beam (m)

  Key Properties
Member Type 180 UB 22.2 - Gr.300PLUS
Beam Orientation / Loading Direction Major Axis / Loaded from Top
Total Beam Length L = 5000 mm
Deflection Limit Span Criterion Dlim =
Span Type (Interior or Cantilever) Short-Term Service (L/) Long-Term Service ( L/) Imposed Load Q ( L/)

Interior Spans 300 300 300

Deflection Limit Absolute Criterion Δmax = 10 mm​

Maximum Spacing of Lateral Restraints LL = 600 mm


Position of Supports from Left r=


Support Type Position (mm) Length of Bearing (mm) Restraint Type

Pinned 0 150 P: Partial (Lateral at Non-critical Flange + Partial Torsional)

Pinned 5000 150 P: Partial (Lateral at Non-critical Flange + Partial Torsional)

Maximum Interior Span Lmaxspan = 5000 mm


Maximum Cantilever Lmaxcant = 0 mm​

  Permanent & Imposed Loads (AS1170.1)


Distributed Loads w=
Label Load Width (mm) Permanent Load (kPa) Imposed Load (kPa) Start Location (mm) End Location ( mm)

Floor Load 2000 0.5 1.5 0 5000

Height of Loads Application Top Flange


Include Self Weight Yes
Self Weight SW = 0.218 kN/m
Character of Imposed Load Floors: Offices

  Wind and Other Loads (AS1170.x)


Wind Class N1
Ultimate Free Stream Dynamic Pressure qu = 0.69 kPa

Serviceability Free Stream Dynamic qs = 0.41 kPa


Pressure
Net Downward Pressure Coefficient Cpt,down↓ = 0  ​

Net Uplift Pressure Coefficient Cpt,up↑ = 0  ​

2
Wind Tributary/Load Width LWwind = 450 mm ​

Other Distributed Loads wother = ​

Label Load Type Start Magnitude (kN/m) End Magnitude (kN/m) Start Location ( mm) End Location ( mm)

Downward Wind Wu,dn 0 0 0 5000

Uplift Wind Wu,up 0 0 0 5000

Service Wind Ws 0 0 0 5000

  Member Properties
Overall Breadth b = 90 mm
Maximum Beam Depth dmax = 500 mm​

Overall Depth d = 179 mm


Number of Webs n w = 1 

Depth Between Flanges dl = 159 mm


Thickness of Web tw = 6 mm


Web Slenderness Factor dl /tw = 26.5 


​ ​

Web Yield Stress fy,w = 320 MPa


Breadth of Flange bf = 90 mm

Thickness of Flange tf = 10 mm


Flange Slenderness Factor bf 1 /tf = 4.2 


​ ​

Flange Yield Stress fy,f = 320 MPa


Ultimate Stress fu = 440 MPa


Gross Second Moment of Area I = 15300000 mm3


Gross Second Moment of Area Iperp = 1220000 mm3

Gross Elastic Section Modulus Z = 171000 mm3


Gross Plastic Section Modulus S = 195000 mm3
Effective Section Modulus (per Ze = 195000 mm3

manufacturer)
Modulus of Elasticity E = 200000 MPa
Gross Axial Stiffness EA = 564000 kN ∗ mm/mm
Gross Member Stiffness EI = 3060 kNm2
Shear Modulus of Elasticity GS = 80000 MPa

  Load Case Analysis (AS1170.0)


Character of Imposed Load Factors CharQ =
Imposed Load Type Short-Term Factor Long-Term Factor Combination Factor Earthquake Factor

Distributed 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3

Concentrated 1 0.6 0.4 0.3

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Strength Load Cases
Load Case Total Load (kN) Shear (kN) Moment (kNm) Max Reaction (kN)
1.35G 8.22 -4.11 5.14 4.11
1.2G, 1.5Q 29.8 14.9 18.6 14.9
1.2G, 1.5Q_lt 16.3 8.15 10.2 8.15
1.2G, Wu_down, Q_comb 13.3 -6.65 8.32 6.65
0.9G, Wu_up 5.48 -2.74 3.42 2.74
G, Eu, Q_E 10.6 -5.29 6.62 5.29
1.2G, Su, Q_comb 13.3 -6.65 8.32 6.65

Short-term Service Load Cases


Load Case Total Load (kN) Deflection (mm)
G, Ws 6.09 -3.24
G, Q_st 16.6 -8.82
G, Ws, Q_lt 12.1 -6.43
G, Es, Q_lt 12.1 -6.43
G, Ss, Q_lt 12.1 -6.43

Long-term Service Load Cases


Load Case Total Load (kN) Deflection (mm)
G 6.09 -3.24
G, Q_lt 12.1 -6.43
G, Ss, Q_lt 12.1 -6.43

  Unfactored Load Analysis (AS1170.0)


Unfactored Load
Load Type Total Load (kN) Shear (kN) Moment (kNm) Max Reaction (kN) Short-Term Deflection ( mm)
G 6.09 -3.04 3.81 3.04 -3.24
Q_dist 15 7.5 9.37 7.5 -7.98

  Shear Capacity (AS4100-1998, Section 5.11)


Shear Capacity Factor ϕ = 0.9 
Nominal Shear Yield Capacity Vw = 183 kN

Shear Buckling Coefficient αv = 7.48 


Nominal Shear Buckling Capacity Vb = 183 kN


Nominal Shear Capacity in Uniform Vu = 183 kN


Stress Distribution
Nominal Shear Capacity Vv = 183 kN

  Moment Section Capacity (AS4100-1998, Cl 5.3)


Capacity Factor ϕ = 0.9 
Flange Element Slenderness λe,f = 4.75 

Flange Element Yield Slenderness Limit λey,f = 14 


Flange Element Plastic Slenderness Limit λep,f = 8 


Section Compactness in Bending compactf = Compact 


Effective Section Modulus Ze = 195000 kNm


Section Moment Capacity Ms = 62.4 kNm


Maximum Flange Area Reduction By Af ,holes = 14.4 %


Holes

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  Moment Capacity (AS4100-1998, Cl 5.1 & 5.6.1-2)
Moment Modification Factor Calculation αm = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Maximum Moment (kNm) Q1 Moment (kNm) Q2 Moment ( kNm) Q3 Moment ( kNm) M Mod. Factor
5000 Int 18.6 13.9 18.6 13.9 1.17

Slenderness Reduction Factor αs =


Span Length Span Twist Restraint Lateral Rotation Load Height Effective Reference Buckling Slenderness
 (mm) Type Factor Restraint Factor Factor Length (mm) Moment (kNm) Reduction Factor
5000 PP 1.15 1 1.4 969 252 0.901

Nominal Moment Utilisation Mtable = ​

Span Length Span Moment Demand Member Moment Capacity Factored Moment Capacity Moment
 (mm) Type  (kNm)  (kNm)  (kNm) Utilisation
5000 PP 18.6 65.7 56.2 0.332

  Shear - Bending Moment Interaction (AS4100, Cl 5.12)


Consider Proportioning Method? P Mf lag = Yes ​

Flange Element Slenderness λe = 4.75 


Flange Element Yield Slenderness Limit λey = 14 


Compression Flange Effective Width bf e ∣de = 90 mm


​ ​

Compression Flange Effective Area Af c = 8100 mm2


Flange Gross Area Af g = 900 mm2


Minimum Flange Net Area Af n,min = 770 mm2


Tension Flange Effective Area Af t = 900 mm2


Minimum Flange Effective Area Af m = 900 mm2


Distance Between Flange Centroids df = 169 mm


Moment Capacity of Flanges Alone Mf = 48.7 kNm


Factored Moment Capacity of Flanges ϕMf = 43.8 kNm


Alone
Bending & Shear Capacity Per Support r=
Position Moment Demand Factored Section Moment Shear Demand Shear Capacity Given Moment Shear Capacity Given
 (mm)  (kNm) Capacity (kNm)  (kN) Interaction (kN) Moment Utilisation
0 0 56.2 14.9 165 0.0904
5000 0 56.2 -14.9 165 0.0904

  Bearing Capacity (AS4100, Cl 5.13)


Capacity Factor ϕ = 0.9 
Interior Bearing Criteria Bd = 105 mm

Flange Lateral Restraint One Flange Only


Member Section Constant for Web αb = 0.5 

Buckling
Form Factor for Web Buckling kf = 1 mm

Member Slenderness Reduction Factor αc,table = ​

for Web
Position (mm) Geometric Slenderness Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Slenderness Reduction
0 133 150 12.9 156 0.466 0.743 0.273
5 133 150 12.9 156 0.466 0.743 0.273

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Bearing Capacity Per Support Rtable = ​

Position Interior Location? Reaction Bearing Yield Bearing Buckling Factored Bearing Bearing Utilisation
 (mm)  (kN)  (kN) Capacity (kN) Capacity (kN) Capacity (kN)  (kN)
0 1 14.9 480 188 170 0.0879
5000 1 14.9 480 188 170 0.0879

  Bending & Bearing Capacity (AS4100, Cl 5.13.5)


Bending & Bearing Capacity Per Support r=
Position Reaction Factored Bearing Governing Moment Demand Factored Moment Capacity Bending & Bearing
 (mm)  (kN) Capacity (kN)  (kNm)  (kNm) Utilisation
0 14.9 170 0 56.2 0
5000 14.9 170 0 56.2 0

  Deflection Analysis
Short-Term Deflection Per Span DST = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Short-Term Deflection (mm) Short-term Deflection Limit ( mm) Deflection Utilisation
5000 Int -8.82 10 0.882

Long-Term Deflection Per Span DLT = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Long-Term Deflection (mm) Long-term Deflection Limit ( mm) Deflection Utilisation
5000 Int -6.43 10 0.643

Imposed Load Deflection Per Span DQ = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Imposed Load Deflection (mm) Imposed Load Deflection Limit ( mm) Deflection Utilisation
5000 Int -7.98 10 0.798

  Comments
Comments

  Assumptions
Steel Beam Analysis and Design to AS4100-1998 (R2016). Assumes: (1) Beam is of uniform cross-section along its full
length, (2) Detailing requirements are checked separately, (3) Net areas are equal to the gross area with maximum
allowed holes.

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Steel Beam (version 69) — Floor Bearer Created with ClearCalcs.com

Client: My Client Date: Sep 18, 2019

Author: Brooks Smith Job #: 1

Project: Webinar Subject: B2

References: AS4100-1998

  Summary
∗ = −79.1 kNm
Moment Demand Mgov ​

26% Moment Capacity ϕMgov = 300 kNm


∗ = 1.2G, 1.5Q 
Governing Load Case for Moment MLC ​

Shear Demand V ∗ = −38 kN


8% Shear Capacity ϕVv = 500 kN

∗ = 1.2G, 1.5Q 
Governing Load Case for Shear VLC ​

8% Shear and Moment Interaction intM V = 0.0759 


∗ = 69.6 kN
Bearing Demand Rgov ​

61% Bearing Capacity ϕRgov = 115 kN


∗ = 1.2G, 1.5Q 
Governing Load Case for Bearing RLC ​

0% Bending and Bearing Interaction intM R = 0 


91% Max Short-Term Deflection δs = −9.12 mm


Governing Load Case for Short-Term δs,LC = G, Q_st 


Deflection
69% Max Long-Term Deflection δl = −6.86 mm

Governing Load Case for Long-Term δl,LC = G, Q_lt 


Deflection
75% Max Imposed Load Deflection δQ = −7.54 mm

Graphed Load Case (Q) Unfactored Load

Load Case: Q
Envelope

20
Shear (kN)

0
5 10 15 20
-20
-40

Load Case: Q
Envelope
40
Moment (kNm)

20
0
-20 5 10 15 20
-40
-60
-80

7
Short-Term LC: Q
Envelope
0

Deflection (mm)
-2 5 10 15 20
-4
-6
-8

3 3 kN/m
0 Floor Load 20 m

0.719 kN 26.3 kN 33 kN

0 5 10 15 20
Distance from Left of Beam (m)

  Key Properties
Member Type 410 UB 53.7 - Gr.300PLUS
Beam Orientation / Loading Direction Major Axis / Loaded from Top
Total Beam Length L = 20000 mm
Deflection Limit Span Criterion Dlim =
Span Type (Interior or Cantilever) Short-Term Service (L/) Long-Term Service ( L/) Imposed Load Q ( L/)

Interior Spans 300 300 300

Cantilevers 150 150 150

Deflection Limit Absolute Criterion Δmax = 10 mm


Maximum Spacing of Lateral Restraints LL = 600 mm


Position of Supports from Left r=


Support Type Position (mm) Length of Bearing (mm) Restraint Type

Pinned 0 150 P: Partial (Lateral at Non-critical Flange + Partial Torsional)

Pinned 4000 150 L: Lateral at Critical Flange Only

Pinned 15000 150 P: Partial (Lateral at Non-critical Flange + Partial Torsional)

Maximum Interior Span Lmaxspan = 11000 mm


Maximum Cantilever Lmaxcant = 5000 mm


  Permanent & Imposed Loads (AS1170.1)


Distributed Loads w=
Label Load Width (mm) Permanent Load (kPa) Imposed Load (kPa) Start Location (mm) End Location ( mm)

Floor Load 2000 0.5 1.5 0 20000

Height of Loads Application Top Flange


Include Self Weight Yes
Self Weight SW = 0.527 kN/m
Character of Imposed Load Floors: Offices

  Wind and Other Loads (AS1170.x)


Wind Class N1
Ultimate Free Stream Dynamic Pressure qu = 0.69 kPa

Serviceability Free Stream Dynamic qs = 0.41 kPa


Pressure

8
Net Downward Pressure Coefficient Cpt,down↓ = 0  ​

Net Uplift Pressure Coefficient Cpt,up↑ = 0  ​

Wind Tributary/Load Width LWwind = 450 mm ​

Other Distributed Loads wother = ​

Label Load Type Start Magnitude (kN/m) End Magnitude (kN/m) Start Location ( mm) End Location ( mm)

Downward Wind Wu,dn 0 0 0 20000

Uplift Wind Wu,up 0 0 0 20000

Service Wind Ws 0 0 0 20000

  Member Properties
Overall Breadth b = 178 mm
Maximum Beam Depth dmax = 500 mm​

Overall Depth d = 403 mm


Number of Webs n w = 1 

Depth Between Flanges dl = 381 mm


Thickness of Web tw = 7.6 mm


Web Slenderness Factor dl /tw = 50.1 
​ ​

Web Yield Stress fy,w = 320 MPa


Breadth of Flange bf = 178 mm


Thickness of Flange tf = 10.9 mm


Flange Slenderness Factor bf 1 /tf = 7.82 


​ ​

Flange Yield Stress fy,f = 320 MPa


Ultimate Stress fu = 440 MPa


Gross Second Moment of Area I = 188000000 mm3


Gross Second Moment of Area Iperp = 10300000 mm3

Gross Elastic Section Modulus Z = 933000 mm3


Gross Plastic Section Modulus S = 1060000 mm3
Effective Section Modulus (per Ze = 1060000 mm3

manufacturer)
Modulus of Elasticity E = 200000 MPa
Gross Axial Stiffness EA = 1380000 kN ∗ mm/mm
Gross Member Stiffness EI = 37600 kNm2
Shear Modulus of Elasticity GS = 80000 MPa

  Load Case Analysis (AS1170.0)


Character of Imposed Load Factors CharQ =
Imposed Load Type Short-Term Factor Long-Term Factor Combination Factor Earthquake Factor

Distributed 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3

Concentrated 1 0.6 0.4 0.3

9
Strength Load Cases
Load Case Total Load (kN) Shear (kN) Moment (kNm) Max Reaction (kN)
1.35G 41.2 -12.4 -25.8 22.7
1.2G, 1.5Q 127 -38 -79.1 69.6
1.2G, 1.5Q_lt 72.6 -21.8 -45.4 39.9
1.2G, Wu_down, Q_comb 60.6 -18.2 -37.9 33.3
0.9G, Wu_up 27.5 -8.24 -17.2 15.1
G, Eu, Q_E 48.5 -14.6 -30.3 26.7
1.2G, Su, Q_comb 60.6 -18.2 -37.9 33.3

Short-term Service Load Cases


Load Case Total Load (kN) Deflection (mm)
G, Ws 30.5 -3.84
G, Q_st 72.5 -9.12
G, Ws, Q_lt 54.5 -6.86
G, Es, Q_lt 54.5 -6.86
G, Ss, Q_lt 54.5 -6.86

Long-term Service Load Cases


Load Case Total Load (kN) Deflection (mm)
G 30.5 -3.84
G, Q_lt 54.5 -6.86
G, Ss, Q_lt 54.5 -6.86

  Unfactored Load Analysis (AS1170.0)


Unfactored Load
Load Type Total Load (kN) Shear (kN) Moment (kNm) Max Reaction (kN) Short-Term Deflection ( mm)
G 30.5 -9.15 -19.1 16.8 -3.84
Q_dist 60 -18 -37.5 33 -7.54

  Shear Capacity (AS4100-1998, Section 5.11)


Shear Capacity Factor ϕ = 0.9 
Nominal Shear Yield Capacity Vw = 556 kN

Shear Buckling Coefficient αv = 2.09 


Nominal Shear Buckling Capacity Vb = 556 kN


Nominal Shear Capacity in Uniform Vu = 556 kN


Stress Distribution
Nominal Shear Capacity Vv = 556 kN

  Moment Section Capacity (AS4100-1998, Cl 5.3)


Capacity Factor ϕ = 0.9 
Flange Element Slenderness λe,f = 8.85 

Flange Element Yield Slenderness Limit λey,f = 14 


Flange Element Plastic Slenderness Limit λep,f = 8 


Section Compactness in Bending compactf = Non-compact 


Effective Section Modulus Ze = 1040000 kNm


Section Moment Capacity Ms = 333 kNm


Maximum Flange Area Reduction By Af ,holes = 14.4 %


Holes

10
  Moment Capacity (AS4100-1998, Cl 5.1 & 5.6.1-2)
Moment Modification Factor Calculation αm = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Maximum Moment (kNm) Q1 Moment (kNm) Q2 Moment ( kNm) Q3 Moment ( kNm) M Mod. Factor
4000 Int -44.6 -1.63 -9.72 -24 2.5
11000 Int -79.1 17.8 34.1 2 2.5
5000 Cant -79.1 -45.6 -20.6 -5.23 1.25

Slenderness Reduction Factor αs =


Span Length Span Twist Restraint Lateral Rotation Load Height Effective Reference Buckling Slenderness
 (mm) Type Factor Restraint Factor Factor Length (mm) Moment (kNm) Reduction Factor
4000 PL 1.47 1 1.4 1230 2660 0.967
11000 PL 1.47 1 1.4 1230 2660 0.967
5000 PP 1.23 1 1.4 1040 3750 0.987

Nominal Moment Utilisation Mtable = ​

Span Length Span Moment Demand Member Moment Capacity Factored Moment Capacity Moment
 (mm) Type  (kNm)  (kNm)  (kNm) Utilisation
4000 PL -44.6 806 300 0.149
11000 PL -79.1 806 300 0.264
5000 PP -79.1 411 300 0.264

  Shear - Bending Moment Interaction (AS4100, Cl 5.12)


Consider Proportioning Method? P Mf lag = Yes ​

Flange Element Slenderness λe = 8.85 


Flange Element Yield Slenderness Limit λey = 14 


Compression Flange Effective Width bf e ∣de = 178 mm


​ ​

Compression Flange Effective Area Af c = 31700 mm2


Flange Gross Area Af g = 1940 mm2


Minimum Flange Net Area Af n,min = 1660 mm2


Tension Flange Effective Area Af t = 1940 mm2


Minimum Flange Effective Area Af m = 1940 mm2


Distance Between Flange Centroids df = 392 mm


Moment Capacity of Flanges Alone Mf = 243 kNm


Factored Moment Capacity of Flanges ϕMf = 219 kNm


Alone
Bending & Shear Capacity Per Support r=
Position Moment Demand Factored Section Moment Shear Demand Shear Capacity Given Moment Shear Capacity Given
 (mm)  (kNm) Capacity (kNm)  (kN) Interaction (kN) Moment Utilisation
0 0 300 1.52 500 0.00303
4000 -44.6 300 31.7 500 0.0633
15000 -79.1 300 -38 500 0.0759

  Bearing Capacity (AS4100, Cl 5.13)


Capacity Factor ϕ = 0.9 
Interior Bearing Criteria Bd = 218 mm

Flange Lateral Restraint One Flange Only


Member Section Constant for Web αb = 0.5 

Buckling
Form Factor for Web Buckling kf = 1 mm

11
Member Slenderness Reduction Factor αc,table =

for Web
Position (mm) Geometric Slenderness Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Slenderness Reduction
0 251 284 7.26 287 0.892 0.593 0.0896
4 251 284 7.26 287 0.892 0.593 0.0896
15 251 284 7.26 287 0.892 0.593 0.0896

Bearing Capacity Per Support Rtable =​

Position Interior Location? Reaction Bearing Yield Bearing Buckling Factored Bearing Bearing Utilisation
 (mm)  (kN)  (kN) Capacity (kN) Capacity (kN) Capacity (kN)  (kN)
0 1 1.52 622 128 115 0.0132
4000 1 55.5 622 128 115 0.483
15000 1 69.6 622 128 115 0.607

  Bending & Bearing Capacity (AS4100, Cl 5.13.5)


Bending & Bearing Capacity Per Support r=
Position Reaction Factored Bearing Governing Moment Demand Factored Moment Capacity Bending & Bearing
 (mm)  (kN) Capacity (kN)  (kNm)  (kNm) Utilisation
0 1.52 115 0 300 0
4000 55.5 115 -44.6 300 0
15000 69.6 115 -79.1 300 0

  Deflection Analysis
Short-Term Deflection Per Span DST = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Short-Term Deflection (mm) Short-term Deflection Limit ( mm) Deflection Utilisation
4000 Int 0.358 10 0.0358
11000 Int -4.13 10 0.413
5000 Cant -9.12 10 0.912

Long-Term Deflection Per Span DLT = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Long-Term Deflection (mm) Long-term Deflection Limit ( mm) Deflection Utilisation
4000 Int 0.269 10 0.0269
11000 Int -3.11 10 0.311
5000 Cant -6.86 10 0.686

Imposed Load Deflection Per Span DQ = ​

Span Length (mm) Span Type Imposed Load Deflection (mm) Imposed Load Deflection Limit ( mm) Deflection Utilisation
4000 Int 0.296 10 0.0296
11000 Int -3.42 10 0.342
5000 Cant -7.54 10 0.754

  Comments
Comments

  Assumptions
Steel Beam Analysis and Design to AS4100-1998 (R2016). Assumes: (1) Beam is of uniform cross-section along its full
length, (2) Detailing requirements are checked separately, (3) Net areas are equal to the gross area with maximum
allowed holes.

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