ARJUNA

25 EXAM
FOR JEE 2024

Basic Maths And Log

Lecture No. - 01
By- KRITI MISHRA
 Topic 1 Topic 3 Topic 5
Surds and
Number system Intervals
exponents

Topic 4
Topic 2
Identities Ratio and
proportion

Topic 6 Topic 7 Topic 8 Topic 9

Solving Logarithm Properties of Base change
inequalities definition logarithm theorem
Logarithm
identities
Topic 10 Topic 12 Topic 14
Common and
Graph of Log Inequality
natural
And logarithm involving
Equations in modulus
Logarithm
Topic 11 Topic 13
Equations
Inequality
involving
involving
modulus
logarithm
Topic 1

Histrorical
Development of
Number System

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I. Natural Number’s
Number's used for counting are called as Natural number’s.
{1,2,3,4, … … … }
II. Whole number’s
Including zero (0)| cypher| शन्
ू य | duck |love| knot along with natural
numbers called as whole numbers.
w = {0,1,2,3 … … … … }
i.e. N ⊂ W
0 is neither positive nor negative

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III Integer’s
Integer's given by
I = {… … … − 2, −1,0,1,2,3 … … }
i.e. N ⊂ W ⊂ I
Type of Integer’s
(a) None negative integers {0,1,2,3, … … … }
(b) Negative integers I − {… … … … − 3, −2, −1}
(c) Non positive integers {… … … … − 3, −2 − 1,0}
(d) Positive integers I + {1,2,3 … … … }

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IV. Rational Number's
Number's which are of the form p/q where p, q, ∈ I&q ≠ 0 called as rational
number's.
Rational numbers are also represented by recurring & terminating or
repeating decimal's
e.g. 1. 3ത = 1.333……… x = 1.3333 …
10x = 13.33 …
9x = 12
4
x=
3
Every rational is either a terminating or a recurring decimal

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V. Irrational number's
The number's which cannot be expressed in the form p/q(p, q ∈ I) are
called as irrational numbers. The decimal representation of these number
is non-terminating and non repeating.
2 = 1.414
π is an irrational number

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VI Real Number's
Set of real number's is union of the set of rational number's and the set of
irrational numbers.
Real → Rational + Irrational
N⊂W⊂I⊂Q⊂R⊂Z

VII Prime Number's

Number's which are devisible by 1 or itself
e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13 … … …

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VIII Composite Number's
Number's which are multiples of prime are called composite number's
{4,6,8,9 … … … }

IX. Coprime or relatively prime number's

The number's having heighest common factor 1 are called relatively prime.
e.g. (2,9), 16,25 … …

X Twin primes:
The prime number's which having the diffrence of 2
e.g. (5,3), (7,5), (13,11) … … … … .
1 is niether a prime nor a composite number.

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Remainder Theorem

Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree geater than or equal to one and 'a' be any
real numl. If p(x) is divided by (x − a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).

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Factor Theorem

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and 'a' be a real
number such 1 p(a) = 0, then (x − a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x − a) is a
factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

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Factor Theorem

Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one. If leading
coefficient of p(x)i then p(x) is called monic. (Leading coefficient means coefficient
of highest power.)

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Topic 2

Identities

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 SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES

(1) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2 + 4ab

(2) (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab
(3) a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
(4) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(5) (a − b)3 = a3 − b3 − 3ab(a − b)
(6) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b) = (a + b) a2 + b2 − ab
(7) a3 − b3 = (a − b)3 + 3ab(a − b) = (a − b) a2 + b2 + ab
1 1 1
(8) 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2(ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c + 2abc2
+ +
a b c
1
(9) 2 2 2
a + b + c − ab − bc − ca = (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2
2

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 SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES

10 a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca
1
= (a + b + c) (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2
2

If (a + b + c) = 0, then a3 + b3 + c 2 = 3abc.
(11) a4 − b4 = a2 + b2 a2 − b2 = a2 + b2 (a − b)(a + b)
(12) If a, b ≥ 0 then (a − b) = ( a + b)( a − b)
2
(13) a4 + a2 +1= a4 + 2a2 +1 − a2 = a2 +1 − a2 = a2 + a + 1 a2 − a + 1

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 Question …………….
Factorize following expressions
(i) a2 − 4a + 3 + 2b − b2 (ii) x 4 + 324
(iii) x 4 − y 2 + 2x 2 + 1 (iv) 4a4 − 5a2 + 1
(v) 4x 4 + 81

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 Question …………….
Factorize following expressions
(i) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) − 15
(ii) 4x(2x + 3)(2x − 1)(x + 1) − 54
(iii) (x − 3)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 8) + 56

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 Law of Indices

(1) am+n = am ⋅ an , where m and n are rational numbers.

1
(2) a −m = m, provided a ≠ 0.
a
(3) a = 1, provided a ≠ 0.
0
am
(4) am−n = n , where m and n are rational numbers, a ≠ 0.
a
(5) a m n = amn
p
q
(6) a = ap
q

(7) (ab)n = an bn .

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Topic

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Topic 3

Surds and exponents

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 SURDS

❖ If a is a positive rational number, which is not the nth power (n is any

natural number) of any rational number, then the irrational number ± n a
are called simple surds or monomial surds.
❖ Every surd is an irrational number (but every irrational number is not a
surd). So, the representation of monomial surd on a number line is same
as that of irrational numbers.

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 Examples:

1. 3 is a surd and 3 is an irrational number.

3 3
2. 5 is a surd and 5 is an irrational number.
3. π is an irrational number, but it is not a surd.
3
4. 3 + 2 is an irrational number. It is not a surd, because 3 + 2 is not a
rational number.

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 Question

Which of the following conditions imply that the real number x is rational?
I x1/2 is rational II x 2 and x 5 are rational III x 2 and x 4 are rational

A I and II only

B I and III only

C II and III only

D I, II and III

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Question

6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ⋯ … ∞ times = ____________.

A 3

B 2

C 1

D ±3

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 Question

1 2
If x = 8 − 60, then x+ =.
2 x
A 5

B 3

C 2 5

D 2 3

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 Question

The square root of 11 + 112 is −

A 7+2

B 7+ 2

C 2− 7

D None

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 Question

The square root 5 + 2 6 is −

A 3+2

B 3− 2

C 2− 3

D 3+ 2

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Question

21 − 4 5 + 8 3 − 4 15 = ________.

A 5−2+2 3

B − 5 − 4 − 12

C − 5 + 4 + 12

D − 5 − 4 + 12

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 Question

x2 −3 x2 −3
If (5 + 2 6) + (5 − 2 6) = 10, then x =

A 2, 2

B 2, − 2

C 2, + 2

D 2, −2, 2, − 2

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 Question

n
If am n = am , then express ′ m ′ in the terms of n is (a > 0, a ≠ 0, m > 1, n > 1)
1
A n−1
n
1
B n+1
n
1
C n
n

D None

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Topic 4

Ratio and Proportion

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Proportion

When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing then are said
to be proportional.
a c
If = , then it is written as a: b = c: d or a: b: c: d.
b d
Note:
(1) a and d are known as extremes while b and c are known as means.
(2) Product of extremes = product of means.
a c b d
(3) If = ⇒ = (Invertando)
b d a c
a c a b
(4) If = ⇒ = (Alternando)
b d c d
a c a c a+b c+d
(5) If = ⇒ + 1 = + 1 ⇒ = (Componendo)
b d b d b d

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Proportion

a c a c a−b c−d
(6) If = ⇒ − 1 = − 1 ⇒ = (Dividendo).
b d b d b d
a c a+b c+d
(7) If = ⇒ = (Componendo and dividendo)
b d a−b c−d
a b
(8) If = then b2 = ac. Here b is called mean proportional of a and c.
b c

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 Question

If x ∶ y = 3 ∶ 4, find the ratio of 7x − 4y ∶ 3x + y.

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 Question

If 15 2x 2 − y 2 = 7xy, find the ratio of x ∶ y.

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 Question

y y+x x
If = = , find the ratios of x ∶ y ∶ z.
x−z z y

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 Question

2x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 1 3x 3 − x 2 + 5x − 13
3 2
= 3 2
.
2x − 3x − x − 1 3x − x − 5x + 13

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Question

(m + n)x − (a − b) (m + n)x + a + c
= .
(m − n)x − (a + b) (m − n)x + a − c

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Topic 5

Intervals

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 Intervals
Intervals are basically subsets of R (the set of all real numbers) and are commonly
used in solving inequaltities. If a, b ∈ R such that a < b, then we can defined four
types of intervals as follows :
Represe
Name Discription.
ntation
Open interval (a, b) {x: a < x < b} i.e., end points are not included.
{x: a ≤ x ≤ b} i.e., end points are also included.
Close interval [a, b]
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
Open-closed interval (a, b] {x: a < x ≤ b} i.e., a is excluded and b is included.
Closed-open interval [a, b) {x: a ≤ x < b} i.e. a is included and b is excluded.
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 Intervals

Note:
(1) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ∞) = {x: x > a}
(ii) [a, ∞) = {x ∣ x ≥ a}
(iii) (−∞, b) = {x: x < b}
(iv) (−∞, b] = {x: x ≤ b}
(v) (−∞, ∞) = {x: x ∈ R}
(2) x ∈ {1,2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e., x = 1,2.
(3) If their is no value of x, then we say x ∈ ϕ (i.e., null set or void set or empty set).

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Topic

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• Lecture’s Name
Topic 6

Solving quadratic and

rational inequalities
(wavy curve method)

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 Solving quadratic and rational inequalities (wavy curve method)

While solving such inequations following steps to be taken.

(i) Factorise given-expression into linear factors
(ii) Make the coefficient of x positive in all factors
(iii) Plot the points where given expression vanishes or undefined
(denominator becomes zero) on number line in increasing order
(iv) Start the number line from right to left taking positive or negative value.

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Solving quadratic and rational inequalities (wavy curve method)

Type-1 : Inequalities involving non-repeated linear factors.

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Solving quadratic and rational inequalities (wavy curve method)

Type-2 : Quadratic inequality involving Repeated linear factors.

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Solving quadratic and rational inequalities (wavy curve method)

f(x)
Type-3 : Quadratic/algebraic inequality of the type of .
g(x)

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Solving quadratic and rational inequalities (wavy curve method)

Type-4: Double inequality and biquadratic inequality.

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 Question …………….
Solve following Inequalities over the set of real numbers -
x 2 + 2x − 3 (x − 1)(x + 2)2
(i) 2
<0 (ii) <0
x +1 −1 − x
x+1
(iii) x − 2x − 63 ≤ 0 (iv)
4 2
2
<1
(x − 1)
x 2 − 7x + 12 x 2 + 6x − 7
(v) 2
>0 (vi) 2
≤2
2x + 4x + 5 x +1
x4 + x2 + 1 x + 7 3x + 1
(vii) 2 <0 (viii) + ≥0
x − 4x − 5 x−5 2

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Topic

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• Lecture’s Name
Topic 7

Logarithm Definition
And
Logarithm Identities

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 Logarithm

Definition: Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as

N = ax e.g. 49 = 72
where 'a' is also a positive real different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is
called the exponent.
We can write the relation (1) in logarithmic form as log a N = x
Hence the two relations
ax =N
and ቉are identical where N > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
log a N = x
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be
raised in orc get that number. Logarithm of zero does not exist and logarithm of (−)
ve reals are not defined is system of real numbers.
e a is raised what power to get N

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Identities of logarithm

Note that :
(a) Unity has been excluded from the base of the logarithm as in this case
log1 N will not be possible and if N = 1
then log1 1 will have infinitely many solutions and will not be unique
which is necessary in the functional notation.
(b) aloga N = N is an identify for all N > 0 and a > 0, a ≠ 1 e.g. 2log2 5 = 5
(c) The number N in (2) is called the antilog of ' x ' to the base ' a '. Hence
If log 2 512 is 9 then antilog 9 is equal to 29 = 512.

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Identities of logarithm

(d) Using the basic definition of log we have 3 important deductions :

(i) log N N = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1 .
(ii) log 1 N = −1 i.e. logarithm of a number to its reciprocal is -1 .
ൢ
N
(iii) log a 1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(basic constraints on number and base must be observed.)

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Identities of logarithm

(e) Whenever the number and base are on the same side of unity then
logarithm of that number to the base is (+ve), however if the number
and base are located an diffrent side of unity then logarithm of that
number to the base is (-ve)
e.g. (i) log10 100 = 2
(ii) log 1 100 = −2
10
(f) For a non negative number ' a ' & n ≥ 2, n ∈ N n a = a1/n

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Topic

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• Lecture’s Name
Topic 8

PRINCIPAL
PROPERTISE OF
LOGARITHM

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PRINCIPAL PROPERTISE OF LOGARITHM

If m, n are arbitrary positive real numbers where a > 0; a ≠ 1

(1) log a m + log a n = log a mn (m > 0, n > 0)
Proof: Let x1 = log a m ; m = ax
x2 = log a n ; n = a x2
Now mn = ax ; ax2
mn = ax1 +x2
x1 + x2 = log a mn
log a m + log a n = log a mn

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PRINCIPAL PROPERTISE OF LOGARITHM
m
(2) log a = log a m − log a n
n
m
= ax1 −x2
n
m
x1 − x2 = log a
n
m
log a m − log a n = log a
n
(3) x
log a m = x log a m
log a m = p; m = ap
mx = apx
taking log both the side with base a
log a mx = log a apx = px = xlog a m
1
(4) log a m = log a m
x
x

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 Question

Find value of
(i) log 𝑠1 27 (ii) log10 100 (iii) log1/3 9 3

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 Question

Find value of
(i) log sin 30∘ cos 60∘ = 1
(ii) log 3/4 1 ⋅ 3ത = −1
(iii) log 2− 3 2 + 3 = −1

(iv) log 5 5 5 5 … … … ∞ = 1
(v) log tan 1∘ log tan 2∘ log tan 3∘ … … log tan 89∘

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Question

Find x?
(i) 7log 7𝑥 + 2x + 9 = 0
(ii) 2log2(x−3) + 2(x − 3) − 12 = 0
(iii) log 2 (x − 3) = 4

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Question
1
Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base
3
(i) 81
3
(ii) 3
1
(iii) 7
3
(iv) 9 3
1
(v) 4
9 3

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 Question

Find all values of x for which the following equalities hold true?
(i) log 2 x 2 = 1
(ii) log 3 x = log 3 (2 − x)
(iii) log 4 x 2 = log 4 x
(iv) log1/2 (2x + 1) = log1/2 (x + 1)
(v) log1/3 x 2 + 8 = −2

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 Question

If log 2 log 3 log 4 log 5 A = x, then the value of A is.

A 120x B 260x

5x 2x
C 2 34 D 5 4 3

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 Question

Suppose log a 2 = m, log a 3 = r, log a 5 = s and log a 11 = t.

The value of log a 990, is.

A 2mrst B m + 2r + s + t

C m+r+s+t D m + 2r + 5 + t

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Topic 9

BASE CHANGING
THEOREM

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BASE CHANGING THEOREM

1
Case-I: log b a =
loga b

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Question

1 1 1
Prove that + + = 1.
log a abc log b abc log c abc

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BASE CHANGING THEOREM

Case-II: log b a ⋅ log c b ⋅ log d c = log d a

Case-III: Very imp form alogb c = c logb a

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Question

−log1 7
Prove that 2 2 .

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Question

−1
Prove that 8log3 2 .

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Question

1 2 3
Prove that + − = 0.
log 3 2 log 9 4 log 27 8

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Question

Prove that log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 … log n (n + 1) = 10.

Find n = ?.

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Question

16 25 81
Prove that log 2 + 16 log + 12 log + 7 log .
15 24 80

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Question

Let a > 1 be a real number then solve a2log2 x = 5 + 4x log2 a .

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Topic

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Topic 10

Graph of Log
And
Equations in Logarithm

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LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

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 Question …………….
Prove that x 2 + 7log7 x − 2 = 0.

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 Question …………….
Find the value of x: (x + 1)log10 x+1 = 100 x + 1 .

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 Question …………….
2x
Find the value of x ∶ log
3 3 + x log3 x = 162.

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 Question …………….
1
Find the value of x ∶ log 5 51/x + 125 = log 5 (6) + 1 + .
2x

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Topic

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Topic 11

Inequality involving
logarithm

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 Inequality in log

If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater. i.e.
log 2 8 = 3, log 2 4 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1 then logarithm
of greater number is smaller. i.e. log1/2 8 = −3, log1/2 4 = −2 etc.
x<y if a>1
log a x < log a y ⇔ ቈ
x>y if 0<a<1

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 Question

x log5 x > 5 implies −.

A x ∈ (0, ∞)

1
B x ∈ 0, ∪ (5, ∞)
5

C x ∈ (1, ∞)

D x ∈ (1, 2)

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 Question

The solution set of the inequation log1/3 x 2 + x + 1 + 1 > 0 is.

A (−∞, −2) ∪ (1, +∞)

B [−1,2]

C (−2, 1)

D (−∞, +∞)

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 Question
6x+10−x2
3 27
Number of integral values of x satisfying the inequality < is.
4 64
A 6

B 7

C 8

D Infinite

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Question

Which is the correct order for a given number α in increasing order:

A log 2 α, log 3 α, log e α, log10 α

B log10 α, log 3 α, log e α, log 2 α

C log10 α, log 2 α, log e α, log 3 α

D log 3 α, log e α, log 2 α, log10 α

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 Question

Which of the following are correct?

(i) log 2 3 > log12 5 (ii) log 7 11 > log 8 5
(iii) log 4 5 < log1/16 25 (iv) log 2 3 < log 3 11
1 1
(v) log1/3 > log1/2 (vi) log 3 5 < log17 25
2 3
A (i), (ii), (iv)

B (iii), (iv), (v)

C (i), (ii), (vi)

D (i), (ii), (iv)

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 Question

1
Solve the inequality x log10 x ⋅ log10 x < 1.

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 Question

Solve x log10 x 2 −log10 x3 +1 > 1000.

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Topic

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Topic 12

Common and
Natural Logarithm

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 Common and Natural Logarithm

log10 N is referred as a common logarithm and log e N is called as natural logarithm or

logarithm of N to the base Napierian and is popularly written as ln N. Note that e is an
irrational quantity lying between 2.7 to 2.8 which you will study later. Note that eln x = x

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Topic

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Topic 13

Equations involving moduls

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Characteristic and Mantissa

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 Question

Find the number of digits (2.5)200 .

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 Question

Find the number of zeros after decimal before a significant figure start in 3−50 .

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 Absolute value function

x if x ≥ 0
(a) y = |x| = ቈ
−x if x < 0
(b) x 2 = |x|
(c) log x 2n = 2nlog |x|, where n ∈ I

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 Question

Solve the following:

(i) |x| = 5 (ii) x 2 − |x| − 2 = 0

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 Question

Solve the following:

(i) |x − 2| = 1 (ii) 2|x + 1|2 − |x + 1| = 3

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 Question

Solve the following:

(i) |x − 2| = (x − 2)
(ii) |x + 3| = −x − 3
(iii) x 2 − x = x 2 − x
(iv) x 2 − x − 2 = 2 + x − x 2

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 Question

Solve |3x − 2| = x.

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 Question

Solve |x| = x 2 − 1.

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Question

Solve x + 3 − 4 x − 1 + x + 8 − 6 x − 1 = 1.

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 Question

For 2 < x < 4, find the values of |x|.

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 Question

For − 3 ≤ x ≤ −1, find the values of |x|.

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 Question

For − 3 ≤ x < 1, find the values of |x|.

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 Question

For − 5 < x < 7, find the values of |x − 2|.

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 Question

For 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, find the values of |2x − 7|.

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 Question

For x ∈ R, find all possible values of

(i) |x − 3| − 2 (ii) 4 − |2x + 3|

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 Question

Solve |x − 3| + |x − 2| = 1.

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Topic

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Topic 14

Inequalities Involving
Absolute Value

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 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

(i) |x| ≤ a( where a > 0)

(ii) |x| ≥ a (where a > 0 )
(iii) a ≤ |x| ≤ b (where a, b > 0 )
(iv) |x + y| < |x| + |y| if x and y have opposite signs.
|x − y| < |x| + |y| if x and y have same sign.
|x + y| = |x| + |y| if x and y have same sign or at least one of x and y is zero.
|x − y| = |x| + |y| if x and y have opposite signs or at least one of x and y is zero.

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 Question

Solve x 2 − 4|x| + 3 < 0.

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 Question

Solve x 2 + x − 4 = x 2 − 4 + |x|.

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 Question

Solve |x| + |x − 2| = 2.

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 Question

If the sum of the first 20 terms of the series

log 71/2 x + log 71/3൯ x + log 71/4 x + ⋯ is 460 , then x is equal to:

A 746/21

B 71/2

C e2

D 72

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 Question

If 3x = 4x−1 , then x = _______ .

2log 3 2
A
2log 3 2 − 1
2
B
2 − log 2 3
1
C
1 − log 4 3
2log 2 3
D
2log 2 3 − 1

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 Question
[JEE - Advance 2018]
1 1
The value of log 2 9 2 log2 log2 9
×( 7)log4 7 is.

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 Question

1 1 1 1
The value of 6 + log 3 4− 4− 4− … is.
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

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 Question

The no. of solution of log 4 (x − 1) = log 2 (x − 3) is.

A 3

B 1

C 2

D 0

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 Question

If log 0.3 (x − 1) < log 0.09 (x − 1), then x lies in the interval.

A (2, ∞)

B (1, 2)

C (−2, −1)

D None of these

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 Question

2 −10x+3
Solve for x: |x − 3|3x = 1.

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 Question

Find the value of x satisfying log10 2x + x − 41 = x 1 − log10 5 .

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 Question

If the product of the roots of the equation,

3 2 +log x− 5 1
log x
x 4 2 2 4 = 2 is b (where a, b ∈ N)
a
then the value of (a + b).

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