CHAPTER 4 EXPONENTS AND POWERS

INTRODUCTION
Do you remember the power or exponent of integers?

In the same way, in

3 6 4
 4  − 3  6
    ,       and   
3 5 7

4 −3 6
,  and are the bases and 3, 6 and 4 are the exponents respectively. Let us study more
3 5 7
about numbers with the base as a rational number and the exponent as an integer.

EXPONENTS OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

We consider the following examples:

Example 1: Express the following in the exponential form and also write their respective
base and exponent.
3 3 3 3 3
(i) × × × ×
8 8 8 8 8
 2  2  2
(ii)  −  ×  −  ×  − 
 3  3  3

66
 5
3 3 3 3 3  3
Solution: (i) × × × × =  
8 8 8 8 8  8

3
Here, Base = , Exponent = 5
8
3
 2  2  2  2
(ii)  −  ×  −  ×  −  =  − 
 3  3  3  3

2
Here, Base = − , Exponent = 3
3
Example 2: Express the following as rational numbers.
3 4
 5  3
(i)   (ii)  − 
 7  4

3
 5 5 5 5 5 × 5 × 5 53 125
Solution: (i)   = × × = = =
 7 7 7 7 7 × 7 × 7 73 343
4
 3 ( − 3) × ( − 3) × ( − 3) × ( − 3)
(ii)  −  =
 4 4×4×4×4

( − 3)4 81
= 4
=
4 256
From the above examples, we conclude that:

p
If is a rational number and m is any positive integer, then
q
m
 p pm
 q  =
qm

Example 3: Express the following rational numbers in exponential form.

8 144
(i) (ii) −
125 169

Solution:
(i) Since 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 and 125 = 5 × 5 × 5,
(prime factorisation of 8 and 125)

3
8 2 × 2 × 2 23  2 
we have, = = = 
125 5 × 5 × 5 53  5 

67
 (ii) Since – 144 = – (12 × 12) and 169 = 13 × 13,

144 − (12 × 12)

we have, − =
169 13 × 13
2
− (12)2  12 
= =− 
13 2  13 

Worksheet 1

1. Write the base and exponent in each of the following:

3 6 5
 1  4  2
(i)  −  (ii)
 −  (iii)
 
 3  7 9
3
 15  2
(iv)   −
(v) (– 15)4 (vi)
 19  3

2. Express the following in exponential form.

5 5 9 9 9 9
(i) × (ii) × × ×
6 6 2 2 2 2

 7  7  7  1  1  1  1  1
(iii)  −  ×  −  ×  −  (iv)
 −  ×  −  ×  −  ×  −  ×  − 
 8  8  8 2 2 2 2 2

11 11 11 11 11 11
(v) 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 (vi) × × × × ×
12 12 12 12 12 12
p
3. Express the following as rational numbers in the form .
q
3 2 4
 5  12   4
(i)   (ii)
 −  (iii)
 
 6  13  9
5 4 3
 1  1  3
(iv)  −  (v)
  (vi)
 
 2 4 5

4. Express the following as powers of rational numbers.

81 8 343
(i) −
(ii) −
(iii)
625 125 512

32 1 729
(iv) −
(v) (vi)
243 216 1000

68
RECIPROCALS WITH POSITIVE INTEGRAL EXPONENTS
1 1
We know that reciprocal of 3 is , reciprocal of 32 is 2 . Let us do some examples to find the
3 3
reciprocals of the rational numbers with positive integral exponents.

Example 4: Find the reciprocal of:

2 5
 3  5
(i)   (ii)  − 
 4  7

2 5
 3  − 5
Solution: (i) Reciprocal of   (ii) Reciprocal of 
 4  7 

1 1 1
= 2 = 5
=
 3  − 5 (−5)5
   
4 7  (7)5
1 75
= =
32 ( − 5)5
42
2 5
42  4  7
= 2 =   =  − 
3  3  5

p q
In general, the reciprocal of a rational number where p ≠ 0 ; q ≠ 0 is .
q p
m m
 p q
The reciprocal of   is   , where m is a positive integer.
 q p

Worksheet 2

1. Find the reciprocals of each of the following:

3
5 4  2
(i) (12) (ii) (– 9) (iii)
 
7
7 8 99
 − 3  1  8
(iv)
  −  (vi)
 (v)  − 
7 15 13

69
 10 2
 1 2 9  1
(vii)   (viii)   × 4
× (ix)
 10  3 4 2
2
 7
(x) −  
 8

LAWS OF EXPONENTS
1. We know that

23 = 2 × 2 × 2 and 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

Now, let us find the value of 23 × 24.

23 × 24 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)

= 27

In other words 23 × 24 = 23 + 4 = 27

In the above example, we learn that when we multiply two numbers having the same base, we
simply add the two exponents.
2 3
 2  2
Example 5: Find the product of   ×   .
 5  5
2 3 2+3 5
 2  2  2  2
Solution:   ×   =   =  
 5
5 5 5

Law I: If x is any rational number (x ≠ 0), and m and n are positive integers then,
xm × xn = xm + n

For example,
2 3
 2  2  2
  ×   ×  
 3  3  3
2+3+1 6
 2  2
=   =  
 3  3

70
 2. (a) Simplify 35 ÷ 32

35
35 ÷ 32 =
32
3×3×3×3×3
=
3×3
= 3 × 3 × 3 = 33
35
or = 35 – 2
32

= 33

Here, the dividend and the divisor have the same base. Therefore, during the process of
division, the power of divisor is subtracted from the power of dividend.
6 4
 2  2
Example 6: Simplify   ÷   and express the result in exponential form.
 3  3
6
 2
6 4  
 2  2 3
Solution:   ÷   =
 3  3  2
4

 
3

2 2 2 2 2 2
× × × × ×
= 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
× × ×
3 3 3 3
2
2 2  2
= × =  
3 3  3
6 4 6−4 2
 2  2  2  2
or   ÷   =   =  
 3  3  3  3

Law II (a): If x be any rational number (x ≠ 0), m and n be positive integers such that
m > n then, xm ÷ xn = xm – n

Worksheet 3

1. Which of the following statements are true?

3 3 6 5 3 8
 3  3  3  4  4  4
 +  ×  −  =  −  (ii)
(i)   ×   =  
4 4 4 7 7 7

71
 4 3 6 0 0
 1  1  1  6  6  6
 −  ÷  −  =  −  (iv)
(iii)   ÷   =  
2 2 2 7 7 7

2. Fill in the blank in each of the following so as to make the statement true.
3 −−−− −−−− 9 11
 2  2  2  4  4  4
(i)  −  ×  −  =  −  (ii)
  ×   =  
 3  3  3 5  5  5
15 −−−− −−−− 8 8
 3  3  3  1  1  1
(iii)  −  ÷ −  =  −  (iv)
 −  ÷ −  = − 
 7  7  7  10   10   10 
6 0 −−−− 2 −−−− 5
 2  2  2  − 12   − 12   − 12 
(v)   ÷   =   (vi)  ×   = 
 9  9  9 
13 13   13 

3. Simplify and express the result in exponential form.

3 4 15 5 10
 3  3  11  11  11
(i)  −  ×  −   ×   ×  
 (ii)
 7 7 12 12 12
9 7 8 6
 9  9  1  1
(iii)  −  ÷  −  (iv)
  ÷ 
 11  11  4  4

4. Simplify and express the result as a rational number.

4 2 2 3 3 2
 5  5  2  2  3  3
(i)   ÷   (ii)   ×  
 −  ×  −  (iii)
7 7 3 3 4 4
6 3 4 2
 3  3  1  1
(iv)  −  ÷  −  (v)
 −  × − 
 5  5  10   10 

5. Evaluate:

 3
3
 2
2  1 6  1 5  1
(i)   ×   (ii)
  ÷    ÷
 4  3  3   3  3

2
4 5 42 − 32  ÷  1
(iii) (2 × 2 ) ÷ 2 (iv) 8
   7

2. (b) Simplify 22 ÷ 25

22
2 ÷ 2 = 5
2 5
2
2×2
=
2×2×2×2×2

72
 1
=
2×2×2

1
=
23
1
or 22 ÷ 25 = 5−2
2
4 6
 3  3
Example 7: Simplify   ÷   and express the result in exponential form.
 7  7
4
 3
4 6  
 3  3 7
Solution:   ÷   = 6
7 7  3
 
7

3 3 3 3
× × ×
= 7 7 7 7
3 3 3 3 3 3
× × × × ×
7 7 7 7 7 7

1 1
= =
3 3  3
2
×
7 7  
7

4 6
 3  3 1 1
or   ÷   = =
 7  7  3
6 − 4
 3
2

   
7 7

In this case, the power of dividend is less than the power of divisor. So, the answer has to be
written in reciprocal form.
The above examples suggest the following law:

Law II (b): If x be any rational number (x ≠ 0), m and n be positive

1
integers such that m < n then xm ÷ xn = n−m
x
3. Observe the following examples carefully:

2×2×2
(i) 23 ÷ 23 = =1
2×2×2

we have, 23 ÷ 23 = 23 – 3 = 20 = 1

73
 ( − 3) × ( − 3)

(ii) (– 3)2 ÷ (– 3)2 = = 1
( − 3) × ( − 3)

we have, (– 3)2 ÷ (– 3)2 = (– 3)2 – 2 = (– 3)0 = 1

 4  4  4  4
4 4  −  × −  × −  × − 
 4  4 9  9  9  9
(iii)
 −  ÷  −  =
9 9  4  4  4  4
 −  × −  × −  × − 
9  9  9  9
4−4 0
 4  4
=  −  = −  = 1
 9  9

The above examples suggest us the following law:

Law III: If x is non-zero rational number, then x° = 1

4. Simplify (23)2

(23)2 = 23 × 23

= (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2)

= 26

or (23)2 = 23 × 2

In the above example, we get the value of (23)2 as 26.

3
 1 2 
Example 8: Simplify  −   and express the results in exponential form.
 3  

 23 2 2 2
 1 1  1  1
Solution:  =  −  −   ×  −  ×  − 
   3 3 3 3
 1  1  1  1  1  1
=  −  × −  × −  × −  × −  × − 
 3  3  3  3  3  3
6 2×3
 1  1
=  −  = − 
 3  3

From the above examples, we conclude another law which states:

Law IV: If x be any rational number, x ≠ 0 and m, n be any integer,

then, (xm)n = xm × n = xmn

74
 2
 2  3   2
2x
Example 9: Find the value of x so that    =  
 5    5

2
 2  3   2
2x
Solution:    =  
 5    5

3×2 2x
 2  2
⇒   =  
 5  5
6 2x
 2  2
⇒   =  
5 5
Since bases are same, their exponents must be equal.
∴ 6 = 2x
6
⇒ x =
2
⇒ x = 3

Worksheet 4

1. Fill in the blanks.

−−−− 22
1  11  11 1
(i) 16 15
÷ 16 19
= (ii)
  ÷  =
16 −−−− 12  12   11
2

 
22
2
 1
−−−−
1   1 4   1
−−−−
(iii)  2 
3    −   =  − 
= 6 (iv)
3  2  2

7
 1  1
5
 1
5 −−−−  1 0   1
−−−−
(v)   ÷   =    −   =  −
(vi) 
 12   12   12   
 7   7

2. Simplify and express the result in exponential form.

5 3 4
 9  0   5  6   4  4 
 −   (iii)
(i)    (ii)   
 2    17    7  

4 5
 2  3  2  2   3
3
 3
8  12  0  12  
  ÷   (vi)
(iv)  −  ×  −   (v)   ×   
 5   5 
 5 5  5   5 


75
 3. Evaluate:
2
 3
3
 3
5
 1
2
1  5  2   5
2

 2  × (iii)
(i)  −  ÷  −  (ii)  −   ÷  − 
 4  4 5 5  6    6
5 6
 1  1
2   2 0
  
 2  2  2 2
(iv)   ÷    (v) − 5
 3  3    1
3
 1
   
2 2
4. Find the value of:
3×2−6
 5
(i)   (ii) (3° + 4°) × 5°
 7
9−3×2−3
 5
(iii) 1° × 2° + 3° × 4° + 5° × 6° (iv)  − 
 9
5. Find the value of x so that–
3
 3
2x + 1  3  3   2
3
 2
6
 2
3x
(i)  
 4   ×   =  
=    (ii)
 4   5 5 5

20 15 5x 2 3 ( x − 2)
 1  1  1 1  1  1
(iii)  −  ÷ −  = −  (iv) ×  = 
 5  5  5 16  2   2

6. Which of the following statements are true?

6 3 3
 12   12   12 
  ÷   =  
(i) (0.6) ÷ (0.6) = (0.6) (ii)
8 7 2
13 13 13
12 12
 7  5
(iii) The reciprocal of   is   (iv) (5 + 5)5 = 55 + 55
 5  7

 1 4  1 3   1 1 1 1 1
(v)   ÷    ÷   = (vi)
 × 2 ÷ 3 =1
 4   4   4 4

7 7  7

5. Simplify 23 ÷ 25
23
23 ÷ 25 = Or 23 ÷ 25 = 23 – 5
25 –2
= 2
2×2×2
=
2×2×2×2×2
1 1
= = 2
2×2 2
1 –2
2 = 2
2

76
 2 4
 2  2
Example 10: Simplify   ÷   and express the result in exponential form.
 3  3
2
 2
2 4   2 4 2−4
 2  2 3  2  2  2
Solution:   ÷   = 4 Or   ÷   =  
 3  3  3
3 3  2
 
3 −2
 2
=  
2 2  3
× 1
= 3 3 =
2 2 2 2 2 2
× × × ×
3 3 3 3 3 3
−2
 2 1
= = 
 2
2  3
 
3

From the above examples we conclude another law which states:

Law V: If x be any rational number (x ≠ 0) and m be positive integer, then,

1
x–m = , i.e. x – m is the reciprocal of xm
xm

Note:
1
In the above law, put m = 1. We get x –1 = .
x
⇒  x–1 is the reciprocal of x.

Put m = 2, we get
1
x–2 =
x2
⇒ x–2 is the reciprocal of x2 and so on.

Example 11: Convert negative exponents to positive exponents in the following:

−2 −6 − 11
 3  2  3
(i)  
 4  −  (iii)
(ii)  − 
5 7

−2 2
 3 1 1 42  4 
Solution: (i)   = = = = 
 4  3
2
32 32  3 
  42
4

77
 −6 6
 2 1 1 56  5
(ii)  −  = = = = − 
 5  2
6
( − 2) 6
( − 2)6  2
 −  6
5 5
− 11 11
 3 1 1 711  7
(iii)  −  = = = = − 
 7  3
11
( − 3)11
( − 3)11  3
 − 
7 711

The above example suggests the following result:

−m m
p  p  q
If be any non-zero rational number and m be any positive integer, then  q  = 
q  p

Example 12: Simplify:

−3 −2 −4 4 5 −5
 2  2  3  3  1  1
  ÷  
(i)   ×   +   ×  
(ii)
7 7 5 5 4 4
2
 1
−3
 1
−2
 1
−1
 − 4
−2
 − 4
3   − 4  − 1
  +  
(iii) +  (iv)
  ×   ×   
2 3  4 5  5   5  
−3 −2 3 2
 2  2  7  7
Solution: (i)   ÷  =   ÷ 
 7  7  2  2
3−2
 7
=  
 2
1
 7
=  
 2

7
=
2
−4 4 5 −5
 3  3  1  1
(ii)   ×  +  × 
 5  5  4  4
−4 + 4 5 + ( − 5)
 3  1
=   + 
 5  4
0 0
 3  1
=   +  
 5  4
= 1 + 1 = 2
78
 −3 −2 −1
 1  1  1
(iii)   +   +   = 23 + 32 + 41
 2  3  4
= 8 + 9 + 4
= 21
2
 4
−2
 4
3   4  − 1
(iv)  −  ×  −  ×  −  
 5  5  5  
−2+3 − 1× 2
 − 4  − 4
=  ×
 5   5 
1 −2
 4  4
=  −  ×  − 
 5  5
1 + ( − 2)
 4
=  − 
 5
−1
 4
=  − 
 5

5
= −
4

Example 13: By what number should (– 3)– 2 be multiplied so that the product may be equal
to 9?

Solution: Let (– 3)– 2 be multiplied by x to get 9. Then,

(– 3)– 2 × x = 9  ⇒  (– 3)– 2 × x = (– 3)2

x = (– 3)2 ÷ (– 3)– 2
1
= (– 3)2 ÷
( − 3)2
= (– 3)2 × (– 3)2
= (– 3)4 = 81.

Example 14: By what number should (– 12)– 1 be divided so that the quotient may be equal to
(– 4)– 1?

Solution: Let (– 12)– 1 be divided by x to get (– 4)– 1. Then,

(– 12)– 1 ÷ x = (– 4)– 1
1 1 1 1 1 − 12
⇒ × =   ⇒ = ×
− 12 x −4 x −4 1

79
 1 − 12
⇒ = =3
x −4
1 = 3x
1
x =
3
−3 0 −2
p  2  3  p
Example 15: If =   ÷   , find  
q  3  4  q
Solution: From the above statement,
p  3
3   3 0 
=   ÷ 1    = 1
q  2   4  
3
 3 33 27
=   = =
 2 23 8
−2 −2
 p  27 
Therefore,  q  =  
 8
2
 8 82 64
=   = 2 =
 27  27 729
−2
 p 64
Hence,  q  =
729

Worksheet 5

1. Simplify:
−1
 3
(i) (2 –1
–3 ) –1 –1
+ (6 –1 –1 –1
– 8 ) (ii) (2 –1
× 3 ) × −
–1 2
 (iii) (4–1 × 3–1) ÷ 12–1
 8
−2 −2 −2 −1 −2 −2
 1  1  1  − 5  3  4

(iv)
  +  +  (v) (2 –1
÷5 ) × 
–1 2
(vi) ÷ 
2  3  4  8   
7  7
−1
  2  − 1  3  − 1  4
−3
 4
2
 4
3
(vii)   ×    (viii) (4 ÷ 4 ) × 64
5 8
(ix)   ×  × 
 5   4 

 5  5  5
−3 −5
 1  1
 −   − 
2 2
(x) −4
− −6
 1  1
 −   − 
2 2

80
 2. By what number should we multiply (2–5) so that the product may be equal to (2–1)?

−1 −3
 1  1
3. By what number should  −  be multiplied so that the product may be equal to   ?
 5  5

4. By what number should (24)–1 be divided so that the quotient may be equal to (4)– 1?

3 −2
 2  9
5. By what number should  −  be divided so that the quotient may be equal to   ?
 3  4

6. Find the value of x so that—

−9 −7 4x −6 3 2x − 1
 3  3  3  2  2  2
(i)   ×  =    ×   =  
(ii)
 4  4  4 9 9 9
−1 −3
 − 6   − 6    − 6  2 
2 3x + 1 4 x −2
 5  5  5
(iii)   ÷  
 7  7  11  ÷  11  
=   (iv)
 7
=   
      11  

2 −4 −2
p  2  1  p
7. If =   ×   , find the value of   .
q  3  3  q

−2 0
 3  7
8. If a =   ÷   , find the value of a–3.
 5  5

9. Simplify:
3
 2  2   2
−4
−1 1
   ×   × 3 ×
 3    3 6

10. Find the reciprocals of:

−2 −3 3 2
 1  2  2  5
(i)   ÷    ×  
(ii)
 2  3 5 4

11. Express the following as a rational number with positive exponent.

−4
 3
(i)   (ii) (3 – 3) 2 (iii) 7 2 × 7 – 3
 2
3
  5 − 2  2
−3
 2
5
(iv)     (v)
  ×   (vi) (83 ÷ 85) × 8– 4
  8  5 5

81
 12. Express the following as a rational number with negative exponent.
5
 1
(i)   (ii) (32)9 (iii) 53 × 52
 7
2
  − 8 3  5
3
 5
2
(iv)     (v)
  ÷   (vi) (26 ÷ 25) × 22
 9   7 7

OTHER LAWS OF EXPONENTS

Following are two more laws of exponents, when the bases are different but the exponents are
same.
Law VI: If x and y are two rational numbers and m is any integer, then (x × y)m = xm × ym
Law VII: If x and y are two rational numbers y ≠ 0 and m is any integer, then
m
 x m m
 y  = x ÷ y

Let us verify the above laws.

(i) Find out if 23 × 33 is equal to (2 × 3)3
L.H.S. 23 × 33 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3 × 3)
= 8 × 27
= 216
R.H.S. (2 × 3)3 = 63
= 6 × 6 × 6
= 216
Thus, 23 × 33 = (2 × 3)3
4
 − 2
(ii) Find out if (– 2) ÷ (– 3) is equal to 
4 4
 − 3 
L.H.S. (– 2)4 ÷ (– 3)4 = [(– 2) × (– 2) × (– 2) × (– 2)] ÷ [(– 3) × (– 3) × (– 3) × (– 3)]
16
= 16 ÷ 81 =
81
4
 − 2  − 2   − 2   − 2   − 2  16
R.H.S.  − 3  =  − 3  ×  − 3  ×  − 3  ×  − 3  = 81

4 4
 − 2  2
Thus, (– 2) ÷ (– 3) = 
4 4
 =  .
 − 3  3
Let us apply these laws in some examples.

82
 Example 16: Find the value of:
4 4 2 2
 2  3  4  6
(i)   ×   (ii)
  ÷ 
 3  5  5  5
4 4 4
 2  3 2 3
Solution: (i)   ×   =  × 
 3  5 3 5
4
 2 16
=   =
 5 625
2 2 2
 4  6  4 6
(ii)   ÷   =  ÷ 
 5  5  5 5
2
 4 5
=  × 
 5 6
2 2
 4  2 4
=   =   =
 6  3 9

Worksheet 6
1. Simplify:
2 3 3
 1  2  3
4
(i) 4 × 5 –4 22 ×  −  (iii)
(ii)  −  ×  − 
 3 3 5
−2 −2 4 4 −5 −5
 1  2  − 5  − 7  − 2  − 3
(iv)   ×  (v)  ÷ (vi) ×
 2  5  6   6  
 3   2 

2. Find the value of x so that–

6 3 3x −2 −2
 − 3  4  1  4  − 4
2
(i) 3 × (– 4) = (– 12)2 2 x
(ii)   ×  =  (iii)
  ÷ = (1)3 x
 2   9  2 5  5 
3 3 3 3
 9  8 6x  15   5
(iv)   ×   = 2 (v)
  ÷   = 3x
 4  9  4  4

USE OF EXPONENTS IN EXPRESSING LARGE AND SMALL NUMBERS

Look at the numbers written below:

83
 All these numbers are too large. In order to make them managable, we can write these using
exponents.

5,000,000,000 can be written as

5 × 109
or 50 × 108
or 500 × 107, etc.

Thus, every large number can be expressed as k × 10n where k is some number and n is a
positive integer.

To write 5,000,000,000 in this form, we may take–

k = 5 and n = 9

or k = 50 and n = 8

or k = 500 and n = 7, etc.

But, the first form, where 1 ≤ k < 10 is called the standard form.

From the above example, we conclude that a given number can be written in the form k × 10n,
where n is some integer and k is a terminating decimal lying between 1 and 10, i.e. 1 ≤ k < 10.

The examples given above show that the exponential notation helps us in writing large
numbers. In the same way, we can write small numbers also with the help of exponential
notation.
Let us take an example to illustrate the point. To write 0.000021 in the form k × 10n, where
1 ≤ k < 10 we can write
21
0.000021 = = 21 × 10 – 6 = 2.1 × 10 – 5
1000000
Example 17: Write the following numbers in the form k × 10n where 1 ≤ k < 10 and n is an
integer.
(i) 92340000 (ii) 0.000255

Solution: (i) = 9.234 × 107.

[Decimal point has to be moved 7 places from right to left. When it moves
from right to left, the exponent of 10 is positive].

(ii) = 2.55 × 10–4.

[Decimal point has to be moved 4 places from left to right. When it moves
from left to right, the exponent of 10 is negative].

84
 Example 18: Express the product of 2.5 × 105 and 2.1 × 10– 3 in the form k × 10 n.

Solution: (2.5 × 105) × (2.1 × 10– 3) = (2.5 × 2.1) × (105 × 10– 3)

= 5.25 × 105 – 3
= 5.25 × 102.
Thus, the product of (2.5 × 105) and (2.1 × 10– 3) in the form k × 10n is 5.25 × 102.

Note that k = 5.25 is such that 1 ≤ k < 10.

1.2 × 103
Example 19: Express in the form k × 10n.
2.4 × 10 − 4

1.2 × 103 12 103

Solution: = ×
2.4 × 10 − 4 24 10 − 4

1
= × 103 – (– 4)
2
= 0.5 × 103 + 4

= 0.5 × 107 = 5 × 10 –1 × 107

= 5.0 × 106.

Example 20: Write the following numbers in usual form.

(i) 1.235 × 105 (ii) 7.2 × 10 – 4

Solution: (i) 1.235 × 105 = 1.235 × 100,000

= 123500

1
(ii) 7.2 × 10 –4 = 7.2 ×
104
7 .2
=
10000
= 0.00072

Worksheet 7

1. Write each of the following numbers in the form k × 10n where 1 ≤ k < 10 and n is an
integer.
 
(i) 1,384,000 (ii) 12.32005 (iii) 2157.957 (iv) 0.00002
(v) 0.00729 (vi) 0.000000000926 (vii) 520,000,000 (viii) 0.0000085

85
 2. Write the following numbers in the usual form.
(i) 52.5 × 104 (ii) 158.9 × 106 (iii) 9.545 × 1012 (iv) 1.72 × 10–5
(v) 8.5 × 10 – 7 (vi) 2.9 × 10 – 9 (vii) 6293.2 × 105 (viii) 1.925 × 10–6
3. Express each of the following in the form k × 10n; (1 ≤ k < 10)
(i) (1.25 × 107) ÷ (5 × 103) (ii) (2.5 × 1010) × (31.25 × 10–5)
(iii) (1.6 × 109) × (5.0 × 10– 3) (iv) [(3.4 × 104) × (5.0 × 10–3)] ÷ [2.0 × 105]
4. Express the numbers appearing in the following statements in the form k × 10n where
1 ≤ k < 10 and n is an integer.
(i) Sun’s diameter is 1,384,000 km.
(ii) The distance of the sun from the earth is approximately 150,000,000 km.
(iii) The speed of the light is about 27600 km/sec.
1
(iv) 1 Angstrom unit = m.
10, 000, 000, 000

 ALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Sneha wants to show gratitude towards her teacher by giving her a self-made card.
She chose a yellow coloured rectangular sheet of paper. The length of the sheet is
(25) cm and breadth is (24) cm.

(a) Find the area of the paper she has to work for making the card.
(b) What value of Sneha is depicted here?

2. Aditya wanted to donate some cloth material to some poor people in a locality. For this
his mother purchased (43) m cloth and donated (22) m to each person.

(a) How many poor people would have received the cloth material?
(b) What value of Aditya is depicted here?

BRAIN TEASERS
1. A. Tick () the correct option.
2

 2 3
(a) The exponential form of  2 
 
( ) is–

45 (ii)
(i) 212 (iii)
(12)2 (iv)
27

86
 (b) 2.7 × 10 – 3 is equal to–
(i)
0.000027 (ii) 0.00027 (iii) 0.0027 (iv)
2.007
9 × 42 is same as–
(c)
(12)2 (ii)
(i) (36)2 (iii)
(36)3 (iv)
(18)4
10 × 1011 is equal to–
(d)
(100)4
(i) (ii) (10)10 (iii)
(100)12 (iv) (10)12
2x
 3
(e) If   = 1, then x is equal to–
 5
1
(i) 2 (ii) 0 (iii)
1 (iv)
2
B. Answer the following questions.
5
 2 0 
  4  
(a) Simplify      .
  9   
  

Write (22)3 × 36 in simplified exponential form.

(b)
−2
 3  3   3
2x
(c) Find the value of x if    =  .
 7    7

−2
−2  3
(d) Simplify 6 +  .
 2

(e) Write in usual form 11.2 x (10)–7

2. Write the base and exponent of the following numbers.
−4  − 5   0 2
 1 7
(i)   (ii) 
(iii)  
 9 11  6  
3 0 4
 ac   − 1 1  − 11
(iv)   (v)
 ×  (vi)
 
 b  2 3 12 
3. Express the following as a rational number.
2
 − 1 − 3   1
−1
−2  16 
−1
 4
−3
(i)    (ii)  2  ×9   ÷  
(iii)
 2   3  25 5
7
 − 3
−1 −2  0 0 0  
 2  3  5  3  2 5 
(iv)   −   (v)   +    ÷   (vi)
 3  2  6   4   3  − 3
7

 
5 
87
 4. Express the following in the exponential form.

2
 1 
(i) (2.5) ÷  4
(ii) (52 × 55) ÷ 510
 2.5 

5. Find the reciprocals of:

2
 2
−2
 2
3
 3
−2
 3
3  7  − 3 
(i)     ×   (iii)
÷   (ii)   
 3  3 4 4  8  
−1 2
 3  2
−2  −  × 
 3 − 2  2  3
(iv)  ×  (v)
5 9   2
− 1
 3
  ÷  
3 2

6. Express (153)–16 as a single exponent of 15.

7. By what number should (7)– 2 be multiplied so that the product may be equal to (343)–1?
5
 − 3
8. By what number should  be multiplied so that the product may be equal to
 4 
−1
 − 64 
  ?
27 
9. By what number should (– 512)–1 be divided so that the quotient may be equal to (8)– 2?
−1
 144 
10. By what number should  be divided so that the quotient may be equal to
 225 
−4
 12 
  ?
15

11. Write the following numbers in usual form.

(i) 5.3 × 105 (ii) 2.9 × 10–10 (iii) 4.6 × 10–12

(iv) 1.08 × 107 (v) 3.09 × 1011 (vi) 6.00005 × 109.

12. Write the following numbers in the form k × 10n where 1 ≤ k < 10 and n is an integer.

(i) 762850 (ii) 2500000 (iii) 0.09

(iv) 0.0000076 (v) 0.00000008 (vi) 459200000000

315 × 105 4.4 × 10 −7

(vii) (viii) (ix) (7 × 102) × (8 × 103)
0.7 × 103 44 × 10 −5

88
 13. Simplify the following:

 3 2 2
  4 
−3 0 −1 −2
 7  9  1  4    1
(i)   ×   × 8− 2 ×   (ii)     ÷    ×   × 4
−1
 8  5  7   5    5   4

−6
 4
3
2  1  1
5 −3  2  2   2
2
 3
− 10
(iii)  −  × 5 ×  −  ×      ×   ×  
(iv)
 5  2  2  3    3  2

14. Express the numbers appearing in the following statements in the form k × 10n where
1 ≤ k < n and n is an integer.

(i) The mean distance of the moon from the earth is 384,400,000 metres.

(ii) The distance travelled by a ray of light in one year is 9,460,500,000,000,000 m.

(iii) The number of red blood cells per cubic mm of human blood is approximately 5.5 millions.

15. Find the value of x so that–

−1 −7
 − 7
−3
 − 7
5x  − 7  − 2  3 3
− 2x + 1 −1  3  − 1 
(i)  × =    (ii) ÷  =   
 11   11   11  
7
  7  7  

−2 0 −2
p  5  4  p
16. If =   ×   , find the value of   .
q  6  3  q

HOTS
1. Express in exponential form.

256 × 81

64 × 729

2. If 2 2x – 3 = (64)x, find the value of x.

ENRICHMENT QUESTION
Find the value of:
a a a
 x  y  z  x a   xb   x c 
 y  ×  z  ×  x 
(a) (b)  b  ×  c  ×  a 
x  x  x 

89
YOU MUST KNOW

p
1. If be any rational number and m be any positive integer then,
q
m
 p pm
 q  =
qm
2. If x be any non-zero rational number and m, n be any positive integers then,

xm × xn = xm + n (Law I)

3. If x be any non-zero rational number and m, n be any positive integers then,

xm ÷ xn = xm – n if m > n (Law IIa)

4. If x be any non-zero rational number and m, n be any positive integers then,

1
xm ÷ xn = n−m if m < n (Law IIb)
x
5. If x be any rational number other than zero then,

x° = 1 (Law III)

6. If x be any non-zero rational number and m, n be any any integer then,

(xm)n = xm × n (Law IV)

7. If x be any rational number other than zero, then x –1 denotes the reciprocal of x. (Law V)

8. If x be any rational number other than zero and m be a positive integer. Then,

1
x – m =
xm
9. If x and y are two rational numbers such that (x ≠ 0), (y ≠ 0) and m is any integer then,

(x × y)m = xm × ym (Law VI)

10. If x and y are two non-zero rational numbers y ≠ 0 and m is any integer then,
m
 x
 y  = x ÷ y
m m
(Law VII)

11. Every number, large or small can be expressed in the form k × 10n where k is a terminating
decimal satisfying 1 ≤ k < 10 and n an integer, (positive for large numbers and negative for
small numbers).

90
 CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION OF PERCENTAGE

INTRODUCTION
Do you remember percentage?

•  A fraction with denominator 100 is called per cent.

•  Symbol used for per cent is %

Examples of per cent are–

19 7
= 19%, = 7%
100 100

Let us do some problems to revive our memory.

1. Express the following per cents in lowest terms.

4 1
(i) 4% 4% = =
100 25
1
(ii) 5 %
4
(iii) 32%

91
 2. Express the following per cents as decimals.

33
(i) 33% 33% = = 0.33
100
(ii) 1.2%

(iii) 3.25%

3. Write the following fractions as per cents.

3 3 11
(i) 2 2 =
4 4 4
1 11  11 
(ii) 6 =  × 100 % = 275%
2 4 4 
1
(iii)
5

4. Convert the given ratios into per cents.

2 
(i) 2 : 5  × 100 % = 40%
5
(ii) 12 : 5
(iii) 13 : 50

5. Write the following decimals as per cents:

(i) 0.34 (0.34 × 100)% = 34%

(ii) 2.3
(iii) 0.2

6. Find the value of:

(i) 20% of 1 rupee 1 rupee = 100 paise

20
(ii) 35% of 500 gm × 100 = 20 paise
100
(iii) 40% of 120 km

SIMPLE APPLICATIONS OF PERCENTAGE

In Class-VI, you have studied how to solve problems on percentage. Here are some more
examples to learn the applications of percentage.

92
 Example 1: Radhika spends ` 350 every month. If this is 70% of her pocket money, find her
pocket money.

Solution: Let Radhika’s pocket money = ` x

Money spent = ` 350
Also money spent is = 70% of x
∴ 70% of x = 350
70
⇒ × x = 350
100
350 × 100
⇒ x =
70
⇒ x = 500
Hence, Radhika’s pocket money is ` 500.

Example 2: In a family of 25 persons, 72% read English newspaper, 16% read Hindi
newspaper and the rest do not read the newspaper. Find the number of persons
who read none of the newspapers.

Solution: Number of persons who read English newspaper = 72% of 25

72
= × 25
100
= 18
Number of persons who read Hindi newspaper = 16% of 25
16
= × 25
100
= 4
∴ Number of persons who do not read any of the two newspapers = 25 – (18 + 4)
= 3 persons
Three persons read none of the newspapers.

Example 3: During blood donation camp in a school, 60% of the total students donated
blood. If the number of students who did not donate blood was 480, find the total
number of students in the school.
Solution: Students who donated blood = 60% of the total students
∴ Students who did not donate blood = (100 – 60)%

= 40% of the total students

Also, number of students who did not donate blood = 480
∴ 40% of the total students = 480

93
 100
⇒ Total students = 480 ×
40
= 1200 students
There are 1200 students in the school.

Worksheet 1

1. A property dealer charges 2% commission from a buyer or a seller of property.

If Mr Ram Lal paid ` 20,000 as a commission for purchasing a flat, what was the value
of the flat?
2. A 3-star hotel in Delhi charges 10% sales tax on the price of the food taken. Mr Saxena
and his family had food for ` 685. Find the total money he had to pay.
3. A painter paints 240 sq. feet of a wall. If this is 48% of the total wall surface, what is the
area of the wall in sq. feet?
4. The salary of a person was increased by 15%. If his salary now is ` 9936, what was his
initial salary?
5. In a co-educational school, 45% of the total students are girls. If there are 440 boys in
the school, find the number of girls in the school.
6. A potato seller sells 70% of the total potatoes and still has 150 kg potatoes left with
him. Find the weight of potatoes he had originally.
7. In Rohan’s birthday party, 90% of his friends came and three friends did not come. Find
the total number of friends Rohan has.
8. In a quiz competition, Ravi gave answers of 70% of the questions. He failed to give
answers of six questions. Find the total number of questions asked in the quiz
competition.
9. Out of a class of 45 students, five were absent, 30% of the remaining had failed to do
homework. Find the number of students who did the homework.

PROFIT AND LOSS

Do you remember S.P. and C.P.?

If S.P. > C.P., then there is a gain or profit.

Profit = S.P. – C.P.

If S.P. < C.P., then there is a loss.

Loss = C.P. – S.P.

94
 If S.P. = C.P., then there is no profit no loss.
Profit
Also, Profit % = × 100
C.P.
Loss
Loss % = × 100
C.P.

Let us explain all these with the help of an example.

Example 4: A property dealer purchased a flat for ` 5,00,000 and spent ` 50,000 on repairing,
` 80,000 on wood work and white washing. He, then sold it for ` 7,00,000. Find
his profit or loss. What was his profit or loss per cent?
Solution: C.P. of flat = ` 5,00,000
Overhead expenses = ` 50,000 + ` 80,000
Actual C.P. of flat = ` (5,00,000 + 50,000 + 80,000) = ` 6,30,000
S.P. of flat = ` 7,00,000
∴ Profit = ` (7,00,000 – 6,30,000)
= ` 70,000
70, 000
Profit % = × 100
6, 30, 000
1
= 11 %.
9

Worksheet 2

1. A shopkeeper purchased a pair of shoes for ` 800 and spent ` 20 on its box. He sold
it at a profit of ` 80. Find—

(i) Actual C.P. of shoes

(ii) S.P. of shoes
(iii) Profit or Loss %

2. 400 mangoes were purchased at ` 125 per hundred and sold at a loss of ` 100. Find the
S.P. of one dozen mangoes.
95
 3. A man purchased a cell phone for ` 2000. By paying ` 200 more, he replaces its body
(case). If he sells the cell phone for ` 2500, find his profit or loss per cent.

4. A man buys 5 dozen eggs at ` 36 per dozen. Out of which 5% got broken. He sold the
remaining eggs for ` 48 per dozen. What was his total gain?

5. Rahul buys an almirah for ` 2000 and spends ` 400 as its transportation charges. If he
sells the almirah for ` 3000, determine his profit per cent.

We have learnt how to find profit (or loss) and profit % (or loss %) if C.P. and S.P. of an article
is known.

Note:
We can also find S.P. of an article if C.P. is known and vice-versa, provided profit %
or loss % is given.

Let us explain this with the help of examples.

Example 5: A shopkeeper purchased a clock for ` 300 and sells it at a gain of 20%. Find
S.P. of the clock.

Solution:
C.P. of the clock = ` 300
Gain % = 20%
Gain = 20% of 300
20
= × 300 = ` 60
100
S.P. of the clock = C.P. + Gain
= ` 300 + ` 60
= ` 360
Note: We can also calculate S.P. by using formula–
 100 + Gain% 
S.P. = C.P. ×  
 100 
 100 − Loss % 
S.P. = C.P. ×  
 100 
Example 6: By selling an article for ` 475, Rahul lost 5%. Find C.P. of the article.

Solution: Let C.P. of article = ` 100

Loss = 5% of ` 100

= ` 5

96
 S.P. of article = ` (100 – 5)
= ` 95
If S.P. of article is ` 95, then C.P. = ` 100
100
If S.P. of article is ` 1, then C.P. = `
95

 100 
∴ If S.P. of article is ` 475, then C.P. = `  × 475
 95 
= ` 500
Note: We can also calculate C.P. using formula–
 100 
C.P. = S.P. ×  
 100 − Loss % 

 100 
C.P. = S.P. ×  
 100 + Gain% 
Example 7: A man sold two bed sheets at ` 600 each. On one he gains 20% and on the
other he loses 25%. How much does he gain or lose in the whole transaction?
Solution: I Case II Case

S.P. of bed sheet = ` 600 S.P. of bed sheet = ` 600

Let C.P. of bed sheet = ` 100 Let C.P. of bed sheet = ` 100
25
Gain = 20% of 100 Loss = × 100
100
= ` 20 = ` 25
∴ S.P. = ` 120 ∴ S.P. = ` 75
If S.P. is ` 120, then C.P. = ` 100 If S.P. is ` 75, then C.P. = ` 100

 100   100 
If S.P. is ` 600, then C.P. = `  × 600 If S.P. is ` 600, then C.P. = `  × 600
 120   75 
= ` 500 = ` 800

Note: Now, solve the sum using formula—

Total C.P. = ` (500 + 800) = ` 1300

Total S.P. = ` (600 + 600) = ` 1200

Loss = ` 1300 – ` 1200 = ` 100

∴ Loss = ` 100
97
 Worksheet 3
1. I purchased a watch for ` 330 and sold it at a loss of 20%. Find S.P. of the watch.
2. By selling a T.V. for ` 8000, a shopkeeper loses 20% of his cost. If he sells it for ` 11000,
what profit or loss would be there for him?
3. A shopkeeper purchased a T.V. set for ` 9000 and sold it at a loss of 5%. Find the
selling price of the T.V. set.
4. Seeta sells a dining set to Neeta for ` 6000 and gains 20%. For how much should she
sell it to increase her profit by another 5%?
5. Ranjan bought a second hand scooter for ` 6000. He spent ` 300 on its repairs and sold
it to Vineet at a profit of 10%. Vineet sold the scooter to Mukesh at a loss of 10%. At
what price did Mukesh buy the scooter?
6. A man buys two pens at ` 20 each. He sells one at a gain of 5% and other at a loss of
5%. Find his gain or loss per cent.
7. Mr. Tandon purchased a computer for ` 32000 and a microwave oven for ` 6500. On
computer he lost 5% and on microwave he gained 15%. Find his total gain or loss per
cent.
8. Mr. A sells a bicylce to Mr. B at a profit of 20% and Mr. B sells it to Mr. C at a profit of
25%. If Mr. C pays ` 1500, what did Mr. A pay for it?

SIMPLE INTEREST
Do you remember the factors determining simple interest? Let us recall them.

1. Principal (P) → The money which we deposit in or borrow from a bank or

money lender is called the principal.

2. Rate of Interest (R) → The interest on ` 100 for one year is known as rate of
interest per year or rate of interest per annum.

3. Time (T) → The period of time for which the principal is kept in a bank
is called time.

Simple Interest is the additional money paid by the borrower to the lender for using
the money. Simple Interest is also the additional money paid by the bank for the money
deposited.

Simple Interest = Principal × Rate × Time

Now, let us understand how the above mentioned formula is formed.

98
 Example 8: Find the simple interest on ` 500 for five years at the rate of 2% per annum?

Solution:
Interest on ` 100 for one year = ` 2
2
Interest on ` 1 for one year = `
100
2
Interest on ` 500 for one year = ` × 500
100
2 × 500 × 5
Interest on ` 500 for five years = `
100
∴ Simple Interest = Principal × Rate of interest p.a. × Time in years
i.e. S.I. = P × R × T
Simple Interest when added to the principal gives amount.
Amount = S.I. + P

Worksheet 4

1. Find the unknown quantity in each of the following:

Principal Rate of Interest Time Period Simple Interest Amount

per annum

(i) ` 400 5% 3 years ____ ____

1
(ii) ` 450 4 % 3 years 4 months ____ ____
2

1
(iii) ` 500 15 % 146 days ____ ____
2

(iv) ` 1200 15% 8 April to 20 June ____ ____

99
 2. Find the amount from the investment of ` 4500 for two years at 5 paise per rupee
interest.

3. Ramesh took a loan of ` 80,000 from a bank at 12% per annum and paid it back after
seven months together with interest. Find the amount he paid to the bank.

1
4. Rahul deposited ` 7000 at 7% per annum for 4 years and Rohan deposited ` 7000 at
2
6% per annum for five years. Who will get more interest? What amount will each get?

5. Ramit deposited ` 80,000 in a bank which pays him 6% interest. After three years, he
withdraws the money and buys a car for ` 90,000. How much money is left with him?

We know for getting Simple Interest, we require Principal, Rate

of Interest and Time.

If out of above four, any three are given to us, we can find the
unknown by using the formula (S.I. = P × R × T)

r
where R = r % =
100

We solve some examples to illustrate.

1
Example 9: Mr Saxena lent a sum of money at 2 % per annum simple interest and
2
received an interest of ` 2400 in three years. Find the sum.

1 5
Solution: Here, Rate of interest = 2 % p.a. = % p.a.
2 2
Simple Interest = ` 2400
Time = 3 years
100 × S. I.
Principal =
5×3

100 × 2400 × 2
=
5×3
= ` 32000
∴   Mr Saxena lent ` 32000.

Example 10: A farmer, for purchasing seeds and fertilisers, borrowed a loan from a
co-operative bank. After two years he paid ` 5434 and settled the account. If the
1
rate of simple interest is 2 % per annum, what sum did he borrow?
4
100
 1 9
Solution: Here, Rate of interest = 2 % p.a. = % p.a.
4 4
Time = 2 years
Amount = ` 5434
∴ Principal + Simple Interest = ` 5434
P ×r × T 
⇒ P+  = 5434
 100 
 P × 9 × 2
⇒ P+ = 5434
 4 × 100 
9
⇒ P+ P = 5434
200
209
⇒ P = 5434
200
5434 × 200
⇒ P =
209
P = 5200
Therefore the farmer borrowed ` 5200 from bank.
4
Example 11: Simple interest on a sum of money at the end of five years is of the sum itself.
5
Find the rate per cent per annum.

Solution:
Let us take sum (Principal) as P
Here, Time = 5 years
4
Simple Interest = P
5
P×r × T 4
∴ = P
100 5
P×r ×5 4
⇒ = P
100 5
4 100
⇒ × Rate of interest =
5 5
⇒ = 16
Therefore, Rate of interest = 16% per annum.
Example 12: At what rate per cent will ` 1500 amount to ` 2400 in four years?
Solution: Here, Principal = ` 1500
Amount = ` 2400

101
 ∴ Simple Interest = 2400 – 1500 = ` 900
Time = 4 years
100 × S. I. 100 × 900
Rate of interest = = = 15
P×T 1500 × 4

∴ = 15%
Example 13: In what time will a sum of money double itself at 15% per annum?
Solution: Let Principal = ` P
∴ Amount = ` 2 P
∴ Simple Interest = Amount – Principal = ` P
Rate of interest = 15% p.a.

100 × S. I.
Time =
P × 15

100 × P 20
= = years
P × 15 3
∴ Time = 6 years 8 months

Worksheet 5

1. Find the unknown quantity in each of the following:

Principal Rate of Interest Time Period Simple Interest Amount

per annum
1
(i) 12% 2 years ` 1200
2
(ii) 3.5% 2 years ` 535

(iii) 4% 3 years ` 120

(iv) ` 450 1 ` 189

3 years
2
(v) ` 850 6% ` 178.50

(iv) ` 5400 3 years ` 6210

2. Find the sum of money that amounts to ` 5850 in six years at 5% per annum.
1
3. What sum will earn an interest of ` 480 in 2 years at the rate of 3% per annum simple
interest? 2

102
 4. Mr Mehta borrowed a sum of money at 8% per annum. If he paid ` 640 as interest after
1
5 years (5 years 4 months), find the sum borrowed by him.
3
9 1
5. Simple interest on a sum of money is of the sum. If the rate is 4 % per annum,
16 2
find the time.
6. At what rate per cent per annum will a sum of money double itself in eight years?
7. Rahul borrowed ` 50,000 from a Bank on 1 March 2014 and paid ` 53150 on 6 October
2014. Find the rate of interest charged by the Bank.
8. In what time will a sum of money double itself at 15% per annum?
9. In what time will the Simple Interest on ` 400 at 10% per annum be the same as the
Simple Interest on ` 1000 for four years at 4% per annum?
10. Mr Jane donates ` 1 lakh to a school and the interest on it is to be used for awarding
five scholarships of equal value. If the value of each scholarship is ` 1,500, find the rate
of interest.

 ALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. In a survey it was found that out of 125 people in a park, 12% jog, 16% do yoga and rest
prefer to walk.

(a) Find the number of people who prefer to walk.

(b) Discuss the importance of exercises like jogging, yoga, walking, etc.

2. The library teacher of a school keeps record of students of each class about their
reading habits. The results of Class-VII students for the month of April are as follows–

Books read Percentage

0 14
1–3 28
4–6 26
More than 6 32

(a) If total number of students of Class-VII is 500, how many students had read books in the
month of April?
(b) What is the importance of reading books?

103
BRAIN TEASERS
1. A. Tick () the correct option.

(a) 12% of 50 + 5% of 120 is equal to–

(i) 10 (ii) 15 (iii) 12 (iv) 20

(b) What is 50% of a number whose 200% is 20?

(i) 15 (ii) 5 (iii) 20 (iv) 10

(c) At what rate of Interest per annum should Rita invest if she wants to grow her ` 2500 to
` 4000 in five years?

(i) 10% (ii) 15% (iii) 12% (iv) 13%

(d) Rohan gave the pizza delivery person a tip of ` 30, which was 20% of his total bill for the
pizza ordered. How much did pizza cost him?

(i) ` 150 (ii) ` 180 (iii) ` 140 (iv) ` 200

(e) In a country, there are 215 highway accidents associated with drinking alcohol. Out of
these, 113 are caused by excessive speed. Approximately what per cent of accidents are
speed related?
(i) 47% (ii) 49% (iii) 51% (iv) 53%
B. Answer the following questions.

(a) What per cent of numbers from 1 to 20 are divisible by 4?

(b) A child had certain amount of chocolates. He ate 35% of the chocolates but still had
13 chocolates. What is the number of chocolates the child originally had?

(c) How many more squares must be shaded so that only 30% of the figure is left
unshaded?

104
 (d) A bucket of 20 litres is 35% full. How many litres of water must be put into it so that
it is 65% full?

(e) Mr. Sanjay deposited ` 15000 in the bank for his five-year old daughter as he wishes
to give his daughter the amount of ` 21000 on her thirteenth birthday. At what rate of
interest should the money be invested?

2. Rahul sold a watch to Sohan at a gain of 10% and Sohan sold it to Mohan at a loss of
10%. If Mohan paid ` 990 for it, find the price paid by Rahul.

3. In a school, there are 50 teachers; 30% of them are men and the rest are women. If 60%
of the male teachers are married, find the number of married male teachers.

4. Solve.

(i) If x% of y is 13x, then find the value of y.

1 1
(ii) Find 12 % of 3 % of ` 256.
2 2
5. In an exam, 14% students failed and 559 students passed. Determine the number of
students who failed.

6. A student needs to score at least 30% marks to pass a test. If a student gets 135 marks
and fails by 15 marks, find the maximum marks of the test.

7. A man bought cardboard sheet for ` 3600 and spent ` 100 on transport. Paying ` 300
for labour, he had 330 boxes made, which he sold at ` 14 each. Find the profit per cent.

8. The S.P. of an article is three-fourth of its C.P. What is the loss per cent?

9. In what time will the Simple Interest on a certain sum be three-fourth of the principal at 6% per
annum?
1
10. At what rate of interest per annum will a sum of ` 8000 amount to ` 9260 in 3 years?
2
11. If 40% of 70 is x more than 30% of 80, then find x.

12. A manufacturer sells three products A, B, C.

Product A costs ` 200 and is sold for ` 260.

Product B costs ` 150 and is sold for ` 180.

Product C costs ` 100 and is sold for ` 140.

Which product should be manufactured more in order to have maximum profit

percentage?

105
 13. Find x:

48% of 480 + 25% of 250 – x = 200.

HOTS
here are 40 papers of students of a class to be checked by two teachers. Mr. Ashok can
T
check five papers in an hour and Mrs. Meena can check four papers in an hour. If Mr. Ashok
spends three hours in checking the papers and Mrs. Meena works for two hours, what
percentage of the papers will be checked in all?

YOU MUST KNOW

1. If S.P. > C.P., then there is profit.

Profit = S.P. – C.P.

2. If C.P. > S.P., then there is loss.

Loss = C.P. – S.P.

3. Over head Expenses are included in the C.P.

4. Profit per cent or Loss per cent are always calculated on C.P. (i.e. price, over head expenses
included).
Profit
5. Profit % = × 100
C. P.

Loss
6. Loss % = × 100
C. P.

 100 + Gain % 
7. (a) S.P. = C. P. ×  
 100 
 100 − Loss % 
(b) S.P. = C. P. ×  
 100 

 100 
8. (a) C.P. = S. P. ×  
 100 + Gain % 

 100 
(b) C.P. = S. P. ×  
 100 − Loss % 

106
 9. Simple Interest (S.I.) = P × R × T

where P = Principal

R = Rate of interest per annum = r%

T = Time (in years).

10. Amount = Principal + Interest

S. I. × 100
11. P =
r×T
S. I. × 100
R =
P×T
S. I. × 100
T =
P×r

107
 CHAPTER 6 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

INTRODUCTION
You have studied algebraic expressions in Class-VI. Do you remember what an algebraic
expression is? An algebraic expression is a combination of constants and variables connected by
means of four fundamental operations (+, –, × and ÷). For instance, 2x + 3, 8a2 b + a3 b3 – 5a,
1 3
10y 4 , x − z are algebraic expressions. You may also recall that:
4 2

1. Parts of an algebraic expression separated by the symbols + or – are called terms of an

algebraic expression.

2. An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial.

3. An algebraic expression having two terms is called a binomial.

4. An algebraic expression having three terms is called a trinomial.

You know addition and subtraction of algebraic expressions.

Let us look at the following examples to brush up our memory.

Example 1: Add – 8x2 + 6y2 + 5 and 2x2 – 3y2.

Solution: Adding by column method:

(Observe that the like terms are
– 8x2 + 6y2 + 5
written below each other and then
+ 2x2 – 3y2 they are added)
– 6x2 + 3y2 + 5

Now, adding by horizontal method:

(– 8x2 + 6y2 + 5) + (2x2 – 3y2)

= (– 8x2 + 2x2) + (6y2 – 3y2) + 5 (Like terms are combined together)

= – 6x2 + 3y2 + 5

108
 Example 2: Subtract (6p2 – 13pq + r) from (– 12p2 + 5pq – 14r)

Solution: Subtracting by column method:

– 12p2 + 5pq – 14r

6p2 – 13pq + r  We change the signs of the 
 
– + –  subtrahend and add it to 
– 18p2 + 18pq – 15r  minuend 

Subtracting by horizontal method:

(– 12p2 + 5pq – 14r) – (6p2 – 13pq + r)

= – 12p2 + 5pq – 14r – 6p2 + 13pq – r

= (– 12p2 – 6p2) + (5pq + 13pq) + (– 14r – r)

2
{ Changing the signs of
the terms }
= – 18p + 18pq – 15r

Now, we will learn how to multiply the algebraic expressions.

MULTIPLICATION OF MONOMIALS
First of all, we will study multiplication of monomials. Let us understand it with the help of an
example.

Example 1: Multiply 5x2y by 4xy.

Solution: Constants involved here are 5 and 4.

Variables involved here are x2 and y (first monomial) and x and y (second
monomial).
Product of 5x2y and 4xy is written as

= (5 × 4) × (x2 × x) × (y × y)

= 20x3y2

So, the steps for finding the product of monomials are:

Step I: Form the groups of constants and variables occurring in the

monomials.

Step II: Multiply the constants involved.

Step III: Multiply the like variables.
Step IV: Write the product of constants and variables.
Let us illustrate the above steps with the help of an example.

109
 Example 2: Solve (– 3ab) × (7a2c).
Solution: Step I: (– 3) × 7 = – 21
Step II: a × a2 = a3

Step III: (– 21) × a3 × b × c = – 21a3bc

Thus, (– 3ab) × (7a2c) = – 21a3bc

Note:
For finding the product of more than two monomials, you will follow the same steps.

2 2 2
 3
(

2
Example 3: Find the product 6x y ×  xy  × − 5yz . ) ( )
2
Solution: Step I: 6× × – 5 = – 20
3
Step II: x2 × x = x3
Step III: y × y2 × y = y4
Step IV: (– 20) × x3 × y4 × z2 = – 20x3 y4 z2

So, ( 6x y ) ×  23 xy
2 2 

( 2
)
 × − 5yz = – 20x y z
3 4 2

Note:
Since the order in which numbers are added or multiplied does not affect the sum or
product of numbers, monomials can be arranged in any order while multiplying.

2  3 2 
 5 
( 2
)
Example 4: Find the product 5x y ×  − y z  × 2xz . Also verify the result for x = 1, ( )
y = – 1 and z = 2.

Solution: ( 5x y ) ×  − 35 y
2 2 

( 

3
5
) 
z  × 2xz 2 =  5 × − × 2  × x 2 × x × y × y 2 × z × z 2

( ) ( ) ( )
= – 6x3 y3 z3

Therefore, ( 5x y ) ×  − 35 y
2 2 
( )
z  × 2xz 2 = – 6x3 y3 z3

.... (I)

When x = 1, y = – 1, z = 2, let us verify the equation (I).

110
 ( 2
)
 3
 5
2 
(
L.H.S. = 5 × 1 × ( − 1) ×  − × ( − 1) × 2 2 × 1 × 2

2
)
 6
= – 5 ×  −  × 8 = 48
 5

R.H.S. = – 6 (1)3 (– 1)3 (2)3

= – 6 (1) (– 1) (8) = 48

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.

APPLICATION OF PRODUCT OF MONOMIALS

Consider a rectangle with length l and breadth b. You can make out that l and b are monomials.
What about the area of the rectangle? It is the product of the two monomials l and b, and is written
as lb. Now consider a rectangle whose breadth is x and length is twice the breadth, i.e. 2x. You can
see that area of the rectangle is the product of monomials x and 2x, ie. 2x2.

Example 5: Find the area of the rectangle whose length is y and breadth is half of its length.

Solution: Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth

y
= y × 2

 1
=  1 ×  × ( y × y )
 2
1 2
= y (square units)
2

Worksheet 1

1. Find the product:

(i) 9x3 × 2x4 (ii) – 6a2 × 5a7 (iii) – 8y9 × – 4y3

2. Multiply the monomials:

4 2 3 2 5 3 2 2
(i) 7 pq and p q (ii) 12a2 b6 c8 and – 3a7 b4 c3 (iii) x2 y and x y z
3 5 3
3. Multiply the monomials:
(i) 3x7, 4x2 and – 5x3 (ii) 1.2 a2 b2, 5ab4 c2 and 1.1a5 bc7
3 1 2
(iii) pq, qr , – 5p2r 3 and – 6r 5
4 2

111
 1 3 1 2
4. Find the product of  x  ( − 10x )  x  and verify the result for x = 1.
2  5 

4 2   27 2 
5. Find the product of ( − 3xyz )  x z   − 2 xy z  and verify the result for x = 2, y = 3
9   
and z = – 1.
1
6. Find the product of (a2 bc2) (9ab2c2) (– 4ab2 c4) and verify the result for a = , b = – 1,
2
c = 1.

7. Find the area of a rectangle whose sides are 2a and 3a.

8. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is thrice its breadth where, breadth is 4x.
9. Find the area of a rectangle whose breadth is b and length is square of breadth.

MULTIPLICATION OF A MONOMIAL AND A BINOMIAL

Recall that a binomial is an algebraic expression having two terms. You may look upon a
binomial as sum or difference of two monomials having unlike terms, e.g. binomial 3xy + 2y2 is the
sum of monomials 3xy and 2y2.
Now, to illustrate multiplication of a monomial and a binomial, we consider the following
examples.
Example 6: Multiply 3xy and 8x2 + 7xy.

Solution: 3xy(8x2 + 7xy) = 3xy × 8x2 + 3xy × 7xy

= 24x3y + 21x2y2
Thus, to multiply a monomial and a binomial we take the following steps:
Step I: Multiply the monomial with first term of the binomial.
Step II: Multiply the monomial with second term of the binomial.
Step III: Add the products obtained in Step I and Step II if the terms of the
binomial are separated by ‘+’ sign. Subtract the terms if they are
separated by ‘–’ sign.
Example 7: Find the product 2a2 (9b2 + 5ab).
Solution: Step I: 2a2 × 9b2 = 18a2b2
Step II: 2a2 × 5ab = 10a3b
Step III: 18a2b2 + 10a3b
So, 2a2(9b2 + 5ab) = 18a2b2 + 10a3b

112
 Note:
A monomial ‘A’ is multiplied by a binomial ‘B + C’ as A (B + C) = AB + AC, just like
numbers are multiplied by using distributive property.

Example 8: Find the product 4y2 (xy – x2) and then evaluate it for x = – 2, y = 3.

Solution: Step I: 4y2 × xy = 4xy3

4y2 (xy – x2)
Step II: 4y2 × x2 = 4x2y2

Step III: 4xy3 – 4x2y2

So, 4y2 (xy – x2) = 4xy3 – 4x2y2

... (I)
When x = – 2, y = 3,
4xy3 – 4x2 y2 = 4 × (– 2) × 33 – 4 × (– 2)2 × 32
= – 216 – 144 = – 360

Example 9: Find the product

1 2
4
( )
a b 5b 2 − 3ab and verify the result for a = 2 and b = – 1.

1 2 5
Solution: Step I: a b × 5b 2 = a 2 b 3
4 4
1 2 3
Step II: a b × 3 ab = a 3 b 2
4 4
5 2 3 3 3 2
Step III: a b − a b
4 4

So,
1 2
4
( 5
) 3
a b 5b 2 − 3ab = a 2 b 3 − a 3 b 2
4 4
... (I)

When a = 2 and b = – 1, we evaluate both sides of equation (I)

1
L.H.S. = × 22 × ( − 1) [5 × ( − 1)2 − 3 × 2 × ( − 1)]
4
1
= × 4 × ( − 1) (5 × 1 + 6)
4
= – 1 (5 + 6) = – 11
5 3
R.H.S. = × 22 × ( − 1)3 − × 23 × ( − 1)2
4 4
5 3
= × 4 × ( − 1) − × 8 × 1 = – 5 – 6 = – 11
4 4

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
113
 2
(
Example 10: Simplify 2a 3a − 6b − ) 1
2
b (2ab + 8a )

Solution:
2
Let us first solve the product 2a 3a − 6b . ( ) [This example has been taken
to show how two products are
( )
2a 3a 2 − 6b = 2a × 3a2 – 2a × 6b combined having negative sign
between them.]
= 6a3 – 12ab
1
Now, solving the product b (2ab + 8a ), we have
2

1 1 1
b (2ab + 8a ) = b × 2ab + b × 8a
2 2 2
= ab2 + 4ab
Now, putting both the products together,

2a 3a 2 − 6b −
( ) 1
2
b (2ab + 8a )

3 2
= 6a − 12ab − ab + 4ab ( ) ( )
= 6a3 – 12ab – ab2 – 4ab

= 6a3 – ab2 + (– 12ab – 4ab) [Putting the like terms together]

= 6a3 – ab2 + (– 16ab)

2a 3a 2 − 6b −
∴ ( ) 1
2
b ( 2ab + 8a )

= 6a3 – ab2 – 16ab

Example 11: Simplify p2 (2pq + q3) – 2q2 (p2q + 5)

Solution: p2 (2pq + q3) – 2q2 (p2q + 5)

= p2 × 2pq + p2 × q3 – 2q2 × p2q – 2q2 × 5

3 2 3
= 2p q + p q − 2 p 2 q 3 − 10q 2


= 2p3q – p2q3 – 10q2

114
 Worksheet 2

1. Find the product.

3 2 2 2 
(i) (x2 + 3xy) (4x) (ii) 9 pqr (2p2 q – 3q2 r) (iii) a  b + 8ab 
4 3 

2. Find the following products and then evaluate when x = 2, y = – 1

 3 
− 11x  2y 5 − x 2 y 3 
(i) (7x + 9y2) (3xy2) (ii) (iii) 0.5x (2x2 y2 + 1.5xy3)
 11 

3. Find the product of 8s2 (t 2 – 2st) and verify the result when s = 1 and t = 5.
2 2
4. Find the product of x (7y + 14x) and verify the result when x = 2 and y = 3.
7

5. Find the product of 0.2xy (3x + 2y) and verify the result when x = 5 and y = – 1.

6. Simplify:

(i) ab (a2 – b2) + b3 (a – 2b)

(ii) – 6x2 (xy + 2y2) – 3y2 (2x2 + y)
(iii) 2x (x – y2) – 3y (xy + 2x) – xy (x + y)

MULTIPLICATION OF BINOMIALS
You are now familiar with mutliplication of a monomial and a binomial. Do you remember how
to evaluate (a + b) (c + d) where, a, b, c, d are numbers? Recall that you do it by using distributive
property twice as shown in the following:

= a (c + d) + b (c + d)

= ac + ad + bc + bd ... (1)

or,
= (a + b) c + (a + b) d

= ac + bc + ad + bd which is same as (1)

You will use the same property for multiplication of binomials. Let us take an example.

Example 12: Find the product of (x + 3y) and (2x + y).

Solution: = x(2x + y) + 3y(2x + y)

115
 = 2x2 + xy + 6xy + 3y2

= 2x2 + 7xy + 3y2

The product clearly shows that each term of the first binomial is multiplied with
each term of the second binomial and the products are then added.

So, to multiply two binomials A + B and C + D, the steps to be followed are:

Step I: Multiply A and (C + D) to get AC + AD.

Step II: Multiply B and (C + D) to get BC + BD.

Step III: Add the products obtained from Step I and Step II, as

AC + AD + BC + BD.

Step IV: Combine like terms (if any).

Example 13: Find the product of (2pq – q2) and (3p2 + 4q) and verify the result when p = 2
and q = – 2.
Solution: Here, A = 2pq, B = – q2, C = 3p2 and D = 4q

Step I: 2pq (3p2 + 4q) = 6p3q + 8pq2

Step II: – q2 (3p2 + 4q) = – 3p2q2 – 4q3

Step III: (6p3q + 8pq2) + (– 3p2q2 – 4q3) = 6p3q – 3p2 q2 + 8pq2 – 4q2

So, (2pq – q2) (3p2 + 4q) = 6p3 q – 3p2q2 + 8pq2 – 4q2

Now, to verify the result, put p = 2, q = – 2 in L.H.S and R.H.S.

L.H.S. = [2 × 2 × (– 2) – (– 2)2] [3 × 22 + 4 × (– 2)]

= (– 8 – 4) (12 – 8) = – 12 × 4 = – 48

R.H.S. = 6 × 23 × (– 2) + 8 × 2 × (– 2)2 – 3 × 22 × (– 2)2 – 4 × (– 2)3

= – 96 + 64 – 48 + 32 = – 48

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Example 14: Simplify (2a2 + 5b2) (a – b) + (a2 – b2) (3a + 4b)

Solution: (2a2 + 5b2) (a – b) + (a2 – b2) (3a + 4b)

= (2a2 + 5b2)a – (2a2 + 5b2)b + (a2 – b2)3a + (a2 – b2)4b

= 2a3 + 5ab2 – 2a2 b – 5b3 + 3a3 – 3ab2 + 4a2b – 4b3

= 5a3 + 2a2b + 2ab2 – 9b3

116
 Worksheet 3

1. Find the product of the following binomials.

2  2 1 2
(i) (5x + 3) (2x + 4)  5 a + b  a − 5 b 
(ii) (7p – 3q) (2p + 5q) (iii)
  
(iv) (m2 n – 5) (6 – mn2) (v) (4x2 + 7y3) (3xy – 2y2) (vi) (1.1x + 2.7y) (1.1x – 2.7y)

2. Multiply the following binomials and verify the results for the given values.

(i) (2x2 – 5y) (5x + 2y2) ; x = 2, y = – 1

 1 1 1 1 
(ii)  − a + b   a + b  ; a = 8, b = 5
 4 5 4 5 
(iii) (m + n) (2m – 3n) ; m = – 2, n = 0
(iv) (0.1p + 0.2q) (0.2q – 0.1p) ; p = 10, q = 5

3. Simplify the following:

(i) (2x – 3y) (3x + y) + (x + 2y) (x – y)
2 3  1 1 
(ii)  x + 4   x + 6  −  x − 1  x + 1
3 2  7 7 
(iii) (7abc + b2) (7 – bc) + c(2b3 – 9ab)

(iv) (p + q) (p2 – q2) + (p – q) (p2 + q2)

(v) (x + 2y) (– 3x – y) – (x + y) (x – y) + (x – 2y) (– 2x + y)

(vi) (a2 + b2) (a2 + b2) – (a2 – b2) (a2 – b2)

MULTIPLICATION OF A BINOMIAL AND A TRINOMIAL

Do you remember what a trinomial is? It is an algebraic expression containing three terms. For
instance, 9x2 – 5y2 + y. You can look upon a trinomial as sum of three monomials with unlike terms.
(9x2, – 5y2 and y in the above example)

To multiply a binomial of the type (A + B) and a trinomial of the type (C + D + E ), we follow the
following steps.

Step I: Multiply A by the trinomial (C + D + E).

Step II: We get sum of the products of the form AC + AD + AE.

Step III: Now, multiply B by the trinomial (C + D + E).

117
 Step IV: We get sum of the products as BC + BD + BE.

Step V: Adding the products obtained in Steps II and IV as AC + AD + AE + BC + BD + BE.

Step VI: Combine all the like terms, if they exist.

Example 15: Find the product (3x + 1) (x3 + 2x2 – 1).

Solution: Here, A = 3x, B = + 1, C = x3, D = 2x2 and E = (– 1).

So, sum of the products as in Step II above will be

Step I: AC + AD + AE
= 3x × x3 + 3x × 2x2 + 3x × (– 1)
= 3x4 + 6x3 – 3x

Now, sum of the products as in Step IV above will be

Step II: BC + BD + BE
= 1 × x3 + 1 × 2x2 + 1 × (– 1)
= x3 + 2x2 – 1
Now, adding both the sum of the products,

Step III:
AC + AD + AE + BC + BD + BE

= 3x4 + 6x3 – 3x + x3 + 2x2 – 1

=

= 3x4 + 7x3 + 2x2 – 3x – 1

To multiply a binomial and a trinomial we again make use of distributive property. Let us
understand it with the help of an example.

Example 16: Multiply x – 4y and 5x2 – 2xy + y2.

Solution: Step I: x (5x2 – 2xy + y2) = 5x3 – 2x2 y + xy2.

Step II: – 4y (5x2 – 2xy + y2) = – 20x2 y + 8xy2 – 4y3

Step III: (5x3 – 2x2 y + xy2) + (– 20x2 y + 8xy2 – 4y3)

Step IV: Combining like terms we get 5x3 – 22x2 + 9xy2 – 4y3

So, (x – 4y) (5x2 – 2xy + y2) = 5x3 – 22x2y + 9xy2 – 4y3

Example 17: Find the product (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) and verify the result for a = 2, b = – 3.

Solution: Step I: a (a2 + ab + b2) = a3 + a2b + ab2

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 Step II: – b (a2 + ab + b2) = – a2b – ab2 – b3

Step III: (a3 + a2b + ab2) + (– a2b – ab2 – b3)

Step IV: a3 – b3
So, (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) = a3 – b3
When a = 2, b = – 3, then
L.H.S. = [2 – (– 3)] [22 + 2 × (– 3) + (– 3)2]
= 5 (4 – 6 + 9) = 5 × 7 = 35
R.H.S. = 23 – (– 3)3
= 8 – (– 27) = 8 + 27 = 35
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Worksheet 4

1. Find the following products.

(i) (x + 3) (x2 + 2x – 1) (ii) (7y – 2) (5y2 – 3y + 2)

(iii) (p3 + 3p + q) (9p + 2q) (iv) (–2x2 + xy – y2) (3x + 4y)

2 1 
(v)  a + b  (3a + 4b – 2) (vi) (0.1a – 0.2c) (a + c + ac)
5 7 
2. Simplify the following and verify the results for the given values.
(i) (x2 – 4xy + y2) (x – 2y) ; x = 3, y = 2
(ii) (7x2y – 3z2) (x + y + z) ; x = 1, y = 1, z = – 1

(iii) (4a2 – 6ab + 9b2) (2a + 3b) ; a = 2, b = 1

(iv) (m2 – 10 m + 25) (m – 5) ; m = – 2
(v) (p2 + q2 + r2) (pq + qr) ; p = 2, q = – 3, r = 1
5 2 3 
( 2
)
(vi)  x − xy  x + y + y ; x = 2, y = 2
 4 2 

FACTORISATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

You already have a concept of factors and multiples. Let us recall that we can find the
prime factors of 30 as 2, 3, 5 and 30 can be expressed as the product of its prime factors. Thus,
30 = 2 × 3 × 5.

119
 So, we can express any number as a product of two or more prime factors. Similarly, to find
the factors of an algebraic expression, we shall write it as the product of two or more algebraic
expressions. Each expression is known as the factor of the given algebraic expression. So, we
can conclude that the process of writing a given algebraic expression as a product of two or more
algebraic factors is known as factorisation.

FACTORS OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

To understand the concept of factorisation of algebraic expression, we begin with the simplest
algebraic expression which is a monomial and write it as the product of two more factors.

Let us illustrate it with the help of an example.

Example 18: Write 8a2b in the form of product of some factors.

Solution: 8a2b = 1 × 8a2b 8a2b = 2a2 × 4b

8a2b = 8 × a2b 8a2b = 2b × 4a2

8a2b = 8a × ab 8a2b = 4ab × 2a

8a2b = 8ab × a 8a2b = 2ab × 4a

8a2b = 8a2 × b 8a2b = 2 × 2ab × 2a

8a2b = a2 × 8b

So, 1, 8a2b; 8, a2b; 8a, ab; 8ab, a; 8a2, b;  a2, 8b; 2a2, 4b; 2b, 4a2; 4ab, 2a; 2ab, 4a;  2 are
some possible factors of 8a2b.

COMMON FACTORS OF MONOMIALS

To understand the term common factors, let us write some factors of 4xy and 9x.

Factors of 4xy are 1, 4xy, 4, x, 4x, y, 4y, xy, 2x, 2y, 2xy, 2.
Factors of 9x are 1, x, 9, 9x, 3, 3x.

Factors common to both 9x and 4xy are 1 and x. We, therefore, infer that the factors which are
common to both monomials are common factors. It means that these factors will occur in both
the monomials.

Example 19: Find the common factors of 3x2 and 6xy.

Solution: Factors of 3x2 are 1, 3x2, 3, x2, 3x, x.

Factors of 6xy are 1, 6xy, 6, xy, 6x, y, 6y, x, 2, 3xy, 3, 2xy, 3x, 2y, 2x, 3y.

The common factors of both monomials are 1, x, 3, 3x.

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HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR OF MONOMIALS

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) of given monomials is a common factor having greatest
coefficient and highest power of the variable. To understand the concept more clearly, let us take
an example.

Example 20: Find the H.C.F. of 4a3 b3 and 12ab2c.

Solution: Common factors of 4a3b3 and 12ab2c are 1, 2, 4, a, b, 4a, 4b, ab, 4ab, b2, 4b2,
ab2, 4ab2. Of all these, let us consider the factor 4ab2.

1. Here, 4 represents the H.C.F. of numerical coefficients of two given monomials

4 and 12.

a is the highest common power of variable a and b2 is the highest common

2.
power of the variable b, in the two monomials.

So 4ab2 is the H.C.F. of 4a3b3 and 12ab2c.

Example 21: Find the H.C.F. of 21x3 y7 and 35x5 y5.

Solution: H.C.F. of 21 and 35 is 7.
Common variables here are x and y.
Highest common power of x in two monomials = x3
Highest common power of y in two monomials = y5
So H.C.F. = 7x3 y5

FACTORISATION BY TAKING OUT A COMMON FACTOR

We know that an algebraic expression is a sum or difference of monomials. Let us take up an
example to find the factorisation of algebraic expression consisting of a common monomial.

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 Example 22: Factorise the binomial 3x2y – 6xy2.
Solution: We know H.C.F. shall be the product of the highest common coefficient and
highest common powers of the variables respectively.
H.C.F. of 3x2 y and 6xy2 is (3) (xy) or 3xy.
So, 3x2y – 6xy2 = 3xy (x – 2y).
3xy and (x – 2y) are the two factors of the given expression.

Example 23: Find the H.C.F. of the terms and factorise the expression, 18x3y2 + 36xy4 – 24x2 y3
Solution: H.C.F. of 18x3 y2, 36xy4 and – 24x2 y3 is 6xy2
∴ 18x3 y2 + 36xy4 – 24x2y3 = 6xy2 (3x2 + 6y2 – 4xy)

Worksheet 5

1. Express the following as a product of its any two factors (in four different ways).
 (i) 12x2y (ii) 18ab2 (iii) 24c2b
2. Find the H.C.F. of the following monomials.
 (i) 2a5 and 12a2 (ii) 9x3 y and 18x2 y3 (iii)
a2 b3 and a3 b2
(iv) 15a3, – 45a2, 150a (v) 2x3 y2, 10x2 y3, 14xy (vi)
x3 y2, – 8y2

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 3. Find the H.C.F. of the terms and factorise.
 (i) 5y – 15y2 (ii) 16m – 4m2 (iii) 8x3 y2 + 8x3
(iv) 20x3 – 40x2 + 80x (v)
x4y – 3x2y2 – 6xy3 (vi) 8x2y2 – 16xy3 + 24xy

FACTORISATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION WHEN A BINOMIAL IS A

COMMON FACTOR
To factorise an algebraic expression containing a binomial as a common factor, we write the
expression as a product of the binomial and quotient obtained by dividing the given expression by
its binomial. The following examples will illustrate the procedure:

Example 24: Factorise (x + 2)y + (x + 2)x

Solution: Here, (x + 2) is a binomial common to both the terms of a given expression. So,
we have,
(x + 2)y + (x + 2)x = (x + 2) (y + x)
= (x + 2) (y + x)
∴ (x + 2) and (y + x) are two factors of the given algebraic expression.

Example 25: Factorise (5x2 – 10xy) – 4x + 8y

Solution:
Taking 5x common from (5x2 – 10xy), we get
5x (x – 2y) – 4x + 8y
Now, taking – 4 common from – 4x + 8y, we get
5x (x – 2y) – 4 (x – 2y)
= (x – 2y) (5x – 4) [Taking (x – 2y) common from both products]
Example 26: Factorise (2x – 3y) (a + b) + (3x – 2y) (a + b)

Solution: Here, in the given expression, (a + b) is common to both the terms, so

= (a + b) (2x – 3y + 3x – 2y)
= (a + b) (5x – 5y)
Here, 5 is common to the term in (5x – 5y), so we have
= (a + b) 5 (x – y) = 5 (a + b) (x – y).

FACTORISATION BY REGROUPING THE TERMS

In the previous section, we have been able to factorise the given expression by taking a factor
common from all the terms. But it is not always possible to have a common factor. So we try to
form groups in such a way that a factor can be taken out from each group and the expression can
be factorised. Let us take an example.

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 Example 27: Factorise 2ax + bx + 2ay + by.
Solution: I Method: Forming a group of first two and the last two terms, we have
(2ax + bx) + (2ay + by)
= x(2a + b) + y(2a + b)
= (2a + b) (x + y)
Sometimes grouping can be done in many ways. In the above example, we can
form the groups of 2ax, 2ay and bx, by.
II Method: (2ax + 2ay) + (bx + by)
= 2a(x + y) + b(x + y)
= (2a + b) (x + y)
We notice that in whatever way the grouping is done, we will always get the
same factors.

Worksheet 6

Factorise the following expressions.

1. (x + y) (2x + 3y) – (x + y) (x + 1) 2. 9x (6x – 5y) – 12x2(6x – 5y)

x3(a – 2b) + x2(a – 2b)

3. 4. (a – b)2 + (a – b)

5. 3a (p – 2q) – b (p – 2q) 6. 8 (5x + 9y) + 12 (5x + 9y)

7. 1 + x + xy + x2y 8. x2 + xy + xz + yz

a(a + b) + 8a + 8b
9. 10. a2 + bc + ac + ab

a2 + 2a + ab + 2b
11. 12. ax + ay – bx – by

 ALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. On the occasion of Van Mahotsav it was decided by the Secretary of Residents
Welfare Association to plant saplings of Ashoka trees and Mango trees in the locality.
Accordingly Ashoka trees were planted in (3x + 1) rows having (x3 + x2 – 1) trees in each
row and Mango trees were planted in (x – 3) rows having (2x2 + 1) trees in each row.

(a) Find the total number of trees planted.

(b) Discuss the importance of trees in our life.

2. According to a data (p2 – 4p + 3) road accidents occurred in City A, (6p – 7 + 2p2) road
accidents occurred in City B and (p + 10 + 2p2) road accidents occurred in City C.

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 (a) Find the total number of road accidents occurred.
(b) What should be done to minimise accidents on roads?

BRAIN TEASERS
1. A. Tick () the correct option.

(a) (3p2 – 14pq + 2r) – (14pq + 3p2 + 2r2) is a—
(i) monomial (ii) binomial (iii) trinomial (iv) none

(b) H.C.F. of the terms of the expression (4p3 q2 r – 12pq2 r2 + 16p2 q2 r2) is–
(i) 4 pq2 r (ii) – 4pq2 r (iii) 16p3q2 r2 (iv) – 16p3 q2 r2
(c) For what value of ‘t ’ the expressions (2x2 – 5x + 10) and (2x2 – tx + 2t) are equal–
(i) 2 (ii) 5 (iii) 3 (iv) 4
(d) Value of ‘p’ if the expression z2 + 3z – p equals to 3 for z = 2 is–
(i) 6 (ii) 5 (iii) 7 (iv) 4

(e) Factors of 2x3 + 5x – 6x2 – 15 are–
(i) (2x2 + 5) and (x + 3) (ii) (2x2 – 5) and (x + 3)
(iii) (2x2 + 5) and (x – 3) (iv) (2x2 – 5) and (x + 3)

B. Answer the following questions.

(a) In the given figure, ABCD is a rectangle with length (p2q – 5) and breadth (q2 + 4p).
Find the area of shaded triangle PAB.

(b) By how much does the expression 72z 2 – 45z + 4 e

xceed the ex pr es s i on
30z – 42z 2 – 17?

(c) The perimeter of a triangle is (x2y + 10) units. One of the sides is of length (x2y – 4)
units and another side is (3 – 2x2y) units. Find the length of the third side.

125
 (d) Find the HCF of the terms of the expression

2b3c + 4b4c2 + 16b2c2

Also, write the factors of the above expression.

(e) If area of a rectangle with length (a – b) and breadth (2a + b) is the same as the
algebraic expression Kab + 2a2 – b2, find K.

2. Find the following products.

(i) (13ax – 4) (5ay + 1) (ii) (3x2 + 5x – 7) (x + 5y)

3 2 
 5 x − 9 y  (15x − 9y )
(iii) – 6a2b(a4 + b4 – 3a2b2) (iv)
 

(v) (x9) (– x10) (x11) (– x12) (vi) 0.9p3q3 (10p – 20q)

 10 5 6 6   3 2   6 3 4 
(vii) (7x2 – 11x + 10) (x3 – x2) (viii)
   
3 5
 9 a b c  − 2b c   5c d  − a d ( )
(ix) (0.7x3 – 0.5y3) (0.7x3 + 0.5y3) (x) (64a2 – 56ab + 49b2) (8a + 7b)

3. Find the variable part in the product of:

61 2 4 97 3 29 6 111
(i) 127x3 y9, 255x6 y5 and 313y2z4 (ii) a b , b , a b and .
17 43 41 123

4. Express 5x
6
( ) (12x y )  203 xy
2 2 
 as a monomial and then evaluate it for x = 1, y = 2.

5. Express 1.5a2 (10ab – 4b2) as a binomial and then evaluate it for a = – 2, b = 3.

6. Simplify and then verify the result for the given values.
(i) (3x – 4y) (4x2y + 3xy2) ; x = 2, y = – 1

1 2 5 2
(ii)  4 a + 9 b  ( a + b + ab ) ; a = 2, b = 3
 
(iii) (x3y – y2) (x3y + y2) ; x = – 1, y = – 2
1 1
(iv) (2p + 3q) (4p2 + 12pq + 9q2) ; p = ,q=
2 3
2 2
(v) (m + mn + n ) (m – n) ; m = 4, n = 3
7. Simplify:
3x2 (3y2 + 2) – x(x – 2xy2) + y(2x2 y – 2y)
(i)

(ii) (2x + 7) (5x + 9) – (4x2 + 1) (x – 3)

(iii) (y2 – 7y + 4) (3y2 – 2) + (y + 1) (y2 + 2y)

126
 8. Find the H.C.F. of the terms in the expression 3a2b2 + 6ab2c2 + 12a2b2c2.
9. Factorise:
ab2 – bc2 – ab + c2
(i) (ii) 4 (p + q) (3a – b) + 6 (p + q) (2b – 3a)
(iii) axy + bcxy – az – bcz

ENRICHMENT QUESTION
 n2 + n 
Sum of first n natural numbers is given by the expression   .
 2 
Sum of first five natural numbers (i.e. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) will be
52 + 5 30
= = 15
2 2
Sum of first seven natural numbers (i.e. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) will be
72 + 7 56
= = 28
2 2
Now, write down the sum of first ten natural numbers.

YOU MUST KNOW

1. An algebraic expression is a combination of constants and variables connected by +, –, ×

and ÷.

2. Algebraic expression with one term is called a monomial, with two terms, a binomial and with
three terms, a trinomial.

3. Product of variables follows the rule of exponents: xm × xn = xm + n.

4. Product of monomials is the product of constants of the given monomials and their variables.

5. To multiply a monomial and a binomial, the monomial is multiplied with each term of the
binomial and the products are added.

6. To multiply two binomials, each term of one binomial is multiplied with each term of the second
binomial and the products are then added.

7. To multiply a binomial and a trinomial, each term of the binomial is multiplied with each term
of the trinomial and the products are then added.

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 CHAPTER 7 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN
ONE VARIABLE

INTRODUCTION
In Class-VI, you have learnt that an equation is a statement of equality involving one or more
variables. For example,

2x + 3 = 0 12x + 4x2 = 3 4y2 – 9 = 0

2y2 – 5 = 0 – 5z + 15 = 5

All the above equations are in one variable as these involve equality sign and one variable.
Recall that a linear equation in one variable is an equation in which the highest degree of the
variable is one. Here, 2x + 3 = 0 and – 5z + 15 = 5 are linear equations in one variable.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Do you remember that any value of the variable which satisfies the given equation is called the
solution or the root of the equation. Let us recall the rules for solving linear equations.

• Add the same quantity to both sides of an equation.

• Subtract the same quantity from both sides of an equation.
• Multiply both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number.
• Divide both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number.

It should be noted that when any of the above operations are applied, there is no change in
the equation.

Let us take some examples to understand all these concepts once again.

128
 y 1
Example 1: Solve + 1= and check the answer.
5 15

y 1
Solution: + 1 − 1 = − 1 (subtracting 1 from both sides)
5 15
y − 14
5 = 15

y − 14
× 5 = × 5 (multiplying both sides by 5)
5 15
− 14
y =
3
− 14
Check: For y =
3
− 14 1
L.H.S. = + 1=
15 15
1
R.H.S. =
15
So, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

− 14
Hence, y = is a solution or root of the given equation.
3
y 8 31
Example 2: Solve + = and check the answer.
2 3 6

y 8 31
Solution: + =
2 3 6
y 8 8 31 8 8
+ − = − (subtracting from both sides)
2 3 3 6 3 3
y 31 − 16
2 = 6
y 15
2 = 6

15
y = × 2 (multiplying both sides by 2)
6
15
y = =5
3
y = 5

129
 Check: By substituting the value of y in the given equation, we get

5 8 15 + 16 31
L.H.S. = + = =
2 3 6 6
31
R.H.S. =
6
So, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Therefore, y = 5 is a solution of the given equation.

x x
Example 3: Solve − = 8 and check the answer.
2 3
Solution:
L.C.M. of both the denominators 2 and 3 is 6. Multiplying both sides by 6, we get

x x 
6  −  = 48
2 3
6x 6x
− = 48
2 3
3x – 2x = 48

x = 48

Check: Putting x = 48 in L.H.S. of the given equation, we get

48 48
L.H.S. − = 24 – 16 = 8 = R.H.S.
2 3
So, x = 48 is the solution of the given equation.

Example 4: Solve the equation:

2(x – 2) – 3(x – 3) = 5(x – 5) + 4(x – 8)

Solution:
Removing the brackets from both sides of the equation, we get
2x – 4 – 3x + 9 = 5x – 25 + 4x – 32
Collecting the like terms on both sides of the equation and simplifying, we have
– x + 5 = 9x – 57

Transposing 5 to R.H.S. and 9x to L.H.S., the equation reduces to

– x – 9x = – 57 – 5

– 10x = – 62
62 31
x = =
10 5

130
 31
Thus, x = is a solution of the given equation. You can verify the answer by
5
substituting the value of x in the given equation.
6p + 1 7p − 3
Example 5: Solve + 1= and check the answer.
3 2
Solution: Simplifying the expression on L.H.S. of the equation by taking L.C.M., we get
6 p + 1+ 3 7p − 3
=
3 2
6p + 4 7p − 3
=
3 2
By cross multiplying, we get

2(6p + 4) = 3(7p – 3)

12p + 8 = 21p – 9

8 + 9 = 21p – 12p [Transposing 9 to L.H.S. and 12p to R.H.S.]

17 = 9p

17
= p
9
 17 
6  +1
17  9
Check: For p = , L.H.S. reduces to + 1.
9 3
34
+1 37 37 + 9 46
3 + 1 = + 1= =
3 9 9 9

 17 
7   − 3 119 − 3
 9 119 − 27 92 46
R.H.S. = = 9 = = =
2 2 9×2 9×2 9
So, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

17
Therefore, p = is a solution of the given equation.
9
Example 6: Solve 2.4x + 1.35 – 0.04x = 3.71x + 13.5

Solution:
2.4x + 1.35 – 0.04x = 3.71x + 13.5

By transposition, we have

2.4x – 0.04x – 3.71x = 13.5 – 1.35

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 2.4x – 3.75x = 12.15
– 1.35x = 12.15
12.15
x = =–9
1.35
So, x = – 9 is a solution of the given equation.

You may verify that x = – 9 satisfies the given equation.

Example 7: Solve the equation ax + b = 0, where a and b are rationals and a ≠ 0.

We have ax + b = 0, where a and b are rationals and a ≠ 0.

Solution:

Transposing b to R.H.S., we get

ax = – b
Since, a ≠ 0, we divide both sides by ‘a’
ax b
= −
a a
b
∴ x = −
a
b
So, x = − is the solution of the given equation.
a

Note:
In all the examples mentioned above, the linear equations to be solved are reduced
to the form ax + b = 0 to find the solution. So, the general solution of an equation
ax + b = 0
b
where a, b are rationals and a ≠ 0 is given by x = −
a

Worksheet 1

1. Solve the following equations and check your answers.

1 1 3
1. 5x – 2 = 18 2. y + = 5 3. x −6=3
4 2 5
1
4. 3x + = 2 – x 5. 8x + 5 = 6x – 5 6. 9z – 13 = 11z + 27
5

132
 7 3 2 1
7. y + 1 = 29 8. x + = 1 9. 4y – 2 =
5 5 5
x x 2 3 7 2 5 5
10. + = 12 11. z= z+ 12. y− y=
2 4 5 8 20 5 8 12

13. 3x + 2(x + 2) = 20 – (2x – 5) 14. 13(y – 4) – 3(y – 9) = 5(y + 4)

15. (2z – 7) – 3(3z + 8) = 4z – 9 16. 4(2y – 3) + 5(3y – 4) = 14

x x x 1 2z z 6y + 1 7y − 3
17. − = + 18.
z− + = 5 19. + 1=
2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3
6x − 2 2x − 1 1 z −1 z −2 3
20. = − 21. = 1+ 22.
2x – 3 = (5x – 12)
5 3 3 3 4 10
23. 3(y – 3) = 5(2y + 1) 24. 0.6x + 0.8 = .28x + 1.16

25. 2.4(3 – x) – 0.6(2x – 3) = 0

APPLICATION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (WORD PROBLEMS)

In this section, you will study the formulation and solution of some practical problems stated
in words. These problems involve the relation among the unknown and known quantities which
are expressed as mathematical expressions and equations. You have already learnt in Class-VI
to convert the given problems in the form of expressions and equations. We will now extend this
concept to find the solution of a given word problem. Finding a solution of a word problem involves
three steps:

Step  I. Formation of an equation.

Step II. Solving an equation.
Step III. Interpreting the solution.
The following steps should be taken while you solve any word problem:
• Read the given problem very carefully and note what is given and what is required.
• Write the unknown quantities by any letter, such as x, y, z, u, v, w, etc.
• Translate the statement of the given word problem step by step (or word by word) into
mathematical statement.
• Using the given conditions in the problem, formulate an equation.
• Solve the equation for the unknown.

After finding the solution, you can check whether the given solution satisfies the equation or
not.

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 The following examples will illustrate these steps:
Example 8: When 5 is added to three times a number, we obtain 44. Find the number.

Solution:
Let the number be x.

According to question;

3x + 5 = 44
3x = 39 (Transposing 5 to R.H.S.)
x = 13
So the number = 13.
Check:
For x = 13, t hen 3 × 13 + 5 = 44 which is true.
Example 9: The sum of two numbers is 95. If one exceeds the other by 3, find the numbers.

Solution: Let one number be y.

Other number = y + 3
According to question,
y + (y + 3) = 95
2y + 3 = 95
2y = 95 – 3 (Transposing 3 to R.H.S.)
2y = 92
y = 46
So the number is = 46
∴ Other number = 46 + 3 = 49

Check: 46 + 49 = 95, i.e. the sum of two numbers is 95.

Example 10: Two equal sides of a triangle are each 5 m less than twice the third side. If the
perimeter of the triangle is 55 m, find the lengths of its sides.
Solution: 
Let the third side of the triangle be x metres. Then the two equal sides will be
(2x – 5) m each. According to the problem,

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 Perimeter of ∆ABC = AB + BC + CA = 55 m
∴ 2x – 5 + x + 2x – 5 = 55
5x – 10 = 55
5x = 65
x = 13
So, third side = 13 m
Other two sides = 2 × 13 – 5 = 21 m
∴ The sides are 13 m, 21 m and 21 m
Check: 13 + 21 + 21 = 55 m is the perimeter of ∆ABC.

Example 11: A piggy bank contains ` 370 in the notes of denominations of 10 and 50. If the
number of 10 rupee notes is one more than that of 50 rupee notes, find the
number of notes of each type.
Solution: Let us suppose the number of 50 rupee notes = x.
Then the number of 10 rupee note = (x + 1)

Value of 50 rupee notes = 50 × x

Value of 10 rupee notes = 10(x + 1)
Total money = 50 × x + 10(x + 1) = 50x + 10x + 10
According to the problem,
50x + 10x + 10 = 370
60x = 360
360
x = =6
60
∴ Number of 50 rupee notes = 6
Number of 10 rupee notes = 7
Check: Total money = 50 × 6 + 10 × 7 = ` 370.

Example 12: Present age of Veena’s mother is four times Veena’s age. Five years hence, her
age will be 21 years more than Veena’s age. Find their present ages.

Solution: Let present age of Veena = x yrs

Veena’s mother’s age = 4x yrs
After five years,
Veena’s age = (x + 5) yrs
Mother’s age = (4x + 5) yrs

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 According to question,
4x + 5 = x + 5 + 21

3x = 21

x = 7 yrs

∴ Veena’s age = 7 yrs

Mother’s age = 7 × 4 = 28 yrs

Worksheet 2

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1. Adding 4 to twice a number yields . Find the number.
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2. A number when added to its two-thirds is equal to 55. Find the number.

3. A number when multiplied by 4 exceeds itself by 45. Find the number.

4. Find a number which when multiplied by 8 and then reduced by 9 is equal to 47.

5. The sum of two numbers is 72. If one of the number is 6 more than the other, find the
numbers.

6. The sum of two number is 99. If one exceeds the other by 9, find the numbers.

7. One number is 10 more than the other. If their sum is 52, find the numbers.

8. The length of a rectangle is 20 cm more than its breadth. If the perimeter is 100 cm, find
the dimension of the rectangle.

9. The length of a rectangle is three times its width. It the perimeter is 84 m, find the
length of the rectangle.

10. Two equal sides of an isoscles triangle are each 2 cm more than thrice the third side. If
the perimeter of triangle is 67 cm, find the lengths of its sides.

11. Length of a rectangle is 16 cm less than twice its breadth. If the perimeter of the
rectangle is 100 cm, find its length and breadth.

12. Find two consecutive positive integers whose sum is 63.

13. A sum of ` 800 is in the form of denominations of ` 10 and ` 20. If the total number of
notes is 50, find the number of notes of each type.
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14. In a class of 49 students, number of girls is of the boys. Find the number of boys in
5
the class.

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 15. Leena has 117 rupees in the form of 5 rupee coins and 2 rupee coins. The number of
2 rupee coins is 4 times that of 5 rupee coins. Find the number of coins of each
denomination.

16. A total of ` 80,000 is to be distributed among 200 persons as prizes. A prize is either of ` 500 or
` 100. Find the number of each prize.

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17. When is subtracted from a number and the difference is multiplied by 4, the result is
3
28. Find the number.

18. Sudesh is twice as old as Seema. If six years is subtracted from Seema’s age and four
years are added to Sudesh’s age, Sudesh will be four times Seema’s age. How old were
they three years ago?

19. The ages of Leena and Heena are in the ratio 7 : 5. Ten years hence, the ratio of their
ages will be 9 : 7. Find their present ages.

20. Vikas is three years older than Deepika. Six years ago, Vikas’s age was four times
Deepika’s age. Find the ages of Deepika and Vikas.

 ALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Aman is an avid reader. He has a good collection of books. In his summer vacation he
read a book of 300 pages in four days.

(a) If the number of pages he read on second, third and fourth day is half the number of
pages he read on previous day, find the number of pages he read on first day.

(b) Discuss the importance of reading books.

2. Students of Rotary Club prepared ‘Tie and Dye Dupattas’, ‘Wall Hangings’ and ‘Hand
Bags’ for Sale in an Exhibition to help the poor people. They earned a total profit of
` 2000.

(a) If profit on Dupattas is ` 30 less than two times the profit on Wall Hangings and profit on
Hand Bags is ` 80 more than twice the profit on Wall Hangings. Find the profit on Wall
Hangings.

(b) What value is exhibited by the students?

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BRAIN TEASERS
1. A. Tick () the correct option.

(a) x + x + x + x = _______
(i) x4 x
(ii) 4x (iii) (iv) 4x4

(b) (9z + 7) – 5 (2z – 3) + 3 (2z + 3) = _______
(i) 5z + 31 (ii) – 5z + 31 (iii) 5z – 31 (iv) – 5z – 31
(c) If 4x – 3 = 21, what is the value of (3x – 5)?
(i) 16 (ii) 14 (iii) 13 (iv) 15
(d) Which of the following is a solution of the equation–
3x – 7 = 7 – 4x
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = 14 x=1
(iii) x = 2 (iv)

(e) x = 5 is a solution of the equation–
3
(i) x – 6 = 3 (ii) 2x + 2 = 4x
5
(iii) 4x – 2 = 3x + 3 (iv) 3(x – 3) = 5 (2x + 1)
B. Answer the following questions.
(a) A confectioner had some boxes for burger and he bought 50 more boxes. After two
days half of these boxes were used and only 40 boxes were left. Find the number of
boxes he had in the beginning.
(b) Find K, so that x = 3 is a solution of the equation Kx + 8 = x – 7.

(c) Seema had a wire of some length. After making a square of side 4 cm with it, 5 cm
wire left. Find the length of wire Seema had.
(d) If A = (2a – 3) and B = (5 – 3a) be two algebraic expressions such that 2A + B = 6,
then find the value of a.
(e) Check whether y = 1 is a solution of the equation–
1.2 (3y – 4) – 0.3 (2y – 6) = 0 or not.
2. Solve the following equations.
x x x 2 1 9
(i) + − = 7 (ii) ( y − 5) − ( y − 2) =
2 3 4 3 4 2

(iii) 13 (z – 4) – 3 (z – 9) – 5 (z + 4) = 0
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 (iv) (x + 2) (x + 3) + (x – 3) (x – 2) – 2x (x + 1) = 0

2x + 14  a − 1 (a − 2)
(v) = 4 (vi) a −   = 1−
3x + 6  2  3

x + 2  11 − x 1  3x − 14 2 1
(vii) − − = (viii) − 1=
6  3 4 12 3x 12

3. The numerator of a fraction is 6 less than the denominator. If 3 is added to the

2
numerator, the fraction becomes equal to . Find the original fraction.
3
2 1 1
4. A man travelled th of his journey by train, rd by taxi, th by bus and remaining
5 3 6
10 km on foot. Find the length of his total journey.

5. A table costs ` 200 more than a chair. The price of two tables and three chairs is ` 1400.
Find the cost of each.
6. Anu is four years older than Sunil. Eight years ago, Anu was three times Sunil’s age.
Find the ages of Sunil and Anu.

YOU MUST KNOW

1. The standard form of linear equation in one variable x is ax + b = 0, where a and b are rationals and
a ≠ 0.
2. While solving a linear equation—
(a) add and subtract the same quantity on both sides of an equation.
(b) multiply both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number.
(c) divide both sides of an equation by the same non-zero number.
3. Transposing a term means simply changing its sign and taking it to the other side of the
equation.
+ changes to – and vice versa.
× changes to ÷ and vice versa.
4. Finding a solution to a word problem involves three steps–
(a) Forming an equation.
(b) Solving an equation.
(c) Interpreting the solution.
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