Jerian Dawn P. Pama MA.Ed.

Secondary Mathematics (Non-Thesis) - First Year

a.) (Create a hand-outs using Microsoft Word. Use definition/description of any Math
concept)

1. Smart Art

West Visayas State University
Himamaylan City-Extension
Himamaylan City, Negros Occidental


The Real Number System












Complex Numbers =
a+bi= (a,b), i= , i
2
= -1, i
3
= -i,
i
4
= 1

Real Numbers=
ex:
1
2
, 2, -5, 3,
Rational Numbers= Q
Non-Integers Integers=
Natural Numbers
ex: {1,2,3,4...}
Whole Numbers ex:
{0,1,2,3,4...}
Negative Numbers ex:
{...,-4,-3,-2,-1}
Even and Odd
Numbers
Irrational Numbers = Q`
Radicals ex: 2, 3
Transcedental
Numbers ex:
Imaginary Numbers ex:
3, i, 4i, 2
Operation and Grouping Symbol

- The grouping of algebraic symbols and the sequence of arithmetic operations rely
on grouping symbols to ensure that the language of algebra is clearly read.

Grouping symbols include:

= parenthesis/parentheses
= brackets
= braces
= vinculum/vincula



The Number Line

- The set of integers consists of the positive integers, negative integers and zero.
( -4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4)


-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4




Absolute Value

- For any number n
|| ,
||


Examples:
1. |6| 6
2. |9| 9
3. |47| 47






Order on the Number Line




-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Note:
1. As you move to the right on the number line, integers get larger in value.

2. As you move to the left on the number line, integers get smaller in value.






Example: Write a true sentence using > or <.

1. 12______6

2. -15______-5

3. -8_______128

4. -2________0

5. 1_________-2


Exercises:
A. State whether each number is rational or irrational.
1.

4. 3.424242
2. 0.125 5.

3.

B. Write the opposite of each integer.

1. -12 4. 235

2. 421 5. -65870

3. 2573

C. Find the absolute value of the following.

1. || 4. |0| + |5|

2. |-8| - |6| 5. |-12| x -|-5|

3. |-31|

D. Write these integers in order from greatest to least.
1. 8, -13, -19, 0, 11, -15
2. -9, 3, -23, 6, -7
3. 0,-1, -3, 6, 5, -4, 7
2. Equation

a. Linear Algebra

Matrix

- A rectangular array of numbers denoted by [

11

12

1

21

22

].

Example: [
2
5
] , [
3 6 9
2 4
] , [
4 5
2
5 6
]

Operations on Matrix

1. Addition
Let [

] [

] of the same size mn, then A+B= [

for all i= 1,2, , m and j= 1,2, , n.

Example: [
2 4 3
5
] , [
3
4 5 2
] find A+B.

Solution: [
2 4 3 3
4 5 5 2
] = [
3
3 5 7
]


2. Scalar Multiplication
Let [

] of size mn and r , rA= [

] where

, where i= 1,2, , m and j=

1,2, , n.

Example: 5, [
2 4 3
5
] find rA.

Solution: 5 [
2 4 3
5
] = [
2 5
5 25
]


3. Multiplication
Let [

] of size mn [

] of the same size np, then the product

AB= C = [

] of size np defined by

=
1

1

2

when
k=1.
i = 1,2,m
j = 1,2,p
Example: [
2 4
3
] , [
2 3
4
], find AB.

Solution: [
22 44 23 4 2 4
2 34 3 3 3
]

AB= [
2 6 6
4 3 2
]


Exercises: Given [
2
3
] , [
2

] , [
2
3 4
5
] , [
2 3 4
3 8
]

Find:
1. A+2B 4. CD
2. AB 5. DC
3. BA

Solutions:
1. A+2B= [
2
3
] 2 [
2

]= [
2
3
] [
4 2
2
]= [
4 2 2
3 2
]= [
5 4
5
]

2. AB= [
2
3
] [
2

]= [
2 2 2
2 3 3
]= [
2 3
2 2
]


-Numbers 3, 4 and 5 will serve as their assignment.

b. Number Theory


Summation and Multiplication Symbol

(Summation)
(Multiplication)

- are used to simplify the writings of sum and product

1

1

2

3

- Indicates the summation of x sub i, where i ranges from 1 to n is equal
to

2

3

, where i is called index of summation.

Properties of Summation


3

1



2

1
4

1








Special Symbol


Multiplication Notation

1

2

3

4

4
1



Certain Preposition

1
2

1
4

1







Examples: Expand

3
1
2

2 2

1



3 5 2 4 4

3
1
4
1


5

1








Use the Summation Notation:

1.
1

1

2

2

3

4
1

2. (
1

2
2
3
3


1
3
1



3.
1

2
2
+
3
3
+
4

5

5
1




- The examples (Expand) will serve as their exercises.


















c. Algebra

Radical Expression

Radical- comes from the Latin word radix which means root.


Parts of the Radical Expression

radical symbol

index

radicand



Definitions:
1. Radical Symbol- the symbol which indicates a root of a number.
2. Radicand- the number inside the radical sign or the number whose root is being
considered.
3. Radical- an expression consisting of a radical sign and a radicand.


Note:

1. If x is not a perfect square, then is an irrational number.
2. If x is a perfect square, then is a rational number.
3. A rational number is a number which can be expressed as a ratio of two integers.



Examples;
1.
2. 25 5
3. 36 6
4. 2 442
5.







Cube Roots and Other Roots

Example:

Definition: y is the nth root of x if y
n

= x where n must be a natural number greater than
1.

y
n
= x y=

Note: In using

1. The number of roots depends upon the index n.
2. If the index n is odd, whether x is positive or negative, then x will have a unique
root. That is the nth root of x is positive if x is positive and the nth root is negative if x is
negative.
3. If the index is even and x is positive, then x has 2 real nth roots, one is positive
and the other is negative. The positive root is the principal root.
4. If the index is even and x is negative, then x has no real nth root.

Examples:

1.

= 2 4.

= no solution

2.

= -2 5.

= 1.5874

3.

= -4










Laws on Radicals

1. (

)
n
= a, a>0
2

3.

4.

Examples:

1.

3.

4.

5.

Activity: Simplify the following radicals.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

d. Calculus- Integral Calculus

Basic Integration Formulas

- From a knowledge of differentiation we obtain the following results which are
fundamental and should be memorized.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Examples: Integrate the following.

1.

Solution:

2.

Solution:

3.

Solution:

4.

Solution:

5.

Solution:

Exercises: Integrate the following function.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.





























e. Trigonometry

Trigonometric Identities

Identity is an equation that satisfies every value of its variable for which each
side of the equation is defined.
- is an equation involving a circular function or combination of
circular functions which are valid for all values of the angle for which
the functions are defined.


The Eight Fundamental Identities

A. Reciprocal Relations
1. sec

2. csc

3.

B. Quotient Relations
1.

2.

C. Pythagorean Relation
1.

2.

3.





Examples: Simplify each of the following

1.
2.

Solution:

3.

4.
Solution:


5.


Proving Identities

- To verify identities, it is necessary that we have a good mastery of the fundamental
identities. Here are some suggestions that will make the work easier.

1. Memorize the eight fundamental identities.
2. Determine the complicated side and start working on the equation try to
transform it into the less complicated side.
3. Keep an eye on the other side as you work with the identity it`s easier to hit a
target that you can see.
4. It is much easier to begin by changing all functions into sine and cosine
functions.

Note: Do not cross multiply the sides of trigonometric identities.










Example: Prove the following

1.
Solution: Left Hand Side (LHS)

2.

Solution: Left Hand Side (LHS)

3.

Solution: Right Hand Side (RHS)

Exercises: Prove the following

1.

2.

3.




4.

5.

6.

7. B



















3. Geometric Figure with labels with Drawing Canvass


Polygons
- is a union of a finite number of line segments satisfying the following conditions:
(i) Each end point is an end point of exactly two segments;
(ii) No two segments intersect except at an end point; and
(iii) Two segments with a common end point are not collinear.

We specify a polygon by listing its vertices it order, such as ABCD. This polygon is
called a quadrilateral, meaning it has four sides AB, BC, CD, and DA.

Illustration:
















A
B
C D
Specials Types of Quadrilaterals

1. Parallelogram- opposite sides are parallel.

Illustration:


2. Rectangle - its angles are all right angles.
Illustration:




A B
C D

A
B
C
D
3. Square - a rectangle with two adjacent sides congruent.
Illustration:


4. Rhombus - all its sides are congruent.
Illustration:


C D
B
A
D
C
B
A
5. Trapezoid - just two of its sides are parallel. The parallel sides are called the bases and
the nonparallel sides are called the legs.
Illustration:
Exercises
1. Explain why the quadrilateral ABCD can also be described as BCDA or DCBA, but not
ACBD.
2. Prove that each rectangle is a parallelogram.
3. Prove that opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
4. Let M and N be the two midpoints of the legs (nonparallel sides) of a trapezoid. Prove
that MN is parallel to each base (parallel side) of the trapezoid.
5. Exercise 2 states that all rectangles are parallelograms. It is clear from the definition that
all squares are rectangles. List all such relationships between any two types of
quadrilaterals listed above.
6. Are all triangles (3-sided polygons) convex? Are all quadrilaterals (4 sided polygons)
convex? Are all pentagons (5-sided polygons) convex?
7. The following theorem is very useful to carpenters who want to make sure that the
walls of a room are square. Show that a parallelogram ABCD is a rectangle if and only if AC
= BD.

A B
C D