BEGINNING ALGEBRA 7TH EDITION

MARTIN GAY
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Chapter 5
Section 5.1 Practice Exercises 6 6 6 6 3
b. If x is −4, = = = =
x 2
(−4) 2 (−4)(−4) 16 8
1. a. 33 = 3  3  3 = 27
3. a. 34  36 = 34+6 = 310
b. Use 4 as a factor once, 41 = 4
b. y3  y 2 = y3+ 2 = y 5
c. (−8)2 = (−8)(−8) = 64

d. −82 = −(8  8) = −64 c. z  z 4 = z1  z 4 = z1+ 4 = z 5

3 d. x 3  x 2  x 6 = x 3+2 +6 = x11
3 3 3 3 27
e.  4  = 4  4  4 = 64
  e. (−2)5  (−2)3 = (−2)5+3 = (−2)8

f. (0.3)4 = (0.3)(0.3)(0.3)(0.3) = 0.0081 f. b3  t 5 , cannot be simplified because b and t

are different bases.
g. 3  52 = 3  25 = 75
4. (−5 y3 )(−3 y 4 ) = −5  y3  −3  y 4
4 4
2. a. If x is 3, 3 x = 3  (3)
= −5  −3  y3  y 4
= 3  (3  3  3  3)
= 3  81 = 15 y 7
= 243
5. a. ( y 7 z 3 )( y5 z) = ( y 7  y5 )  ( z 3  z1 )
= y12  z 4 or y12 z 4

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Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

b. (−m 4 n 4 )(7mn10 )
= (−1  7)  (m 4  m1 )  (n 4  n10 )
= (−7)  (m5 )  ( n14 ) or − 7m5 n14

6. a. ( z 3 )7 = z 37 = z 21

b. (49 )2 = 492 = 418

c. [(−2)3 ]5 = (−2)35 = (−2)15

7. a. ( pr )5 = p5  r 5 = p5r 5

b. (6b)2 = 62  b2 = 36b2

3 3
1 2  1 2 3 3
c.  4 x y  =  4   (x )  y
   
1 6 3
= x y
64
1 6 3
= x y
64

d. (−3a3b4 c)4 = (−3)4  (a3 )4  (b4 )4  c 4

= 81a12 b16 c 4

5
 x  x5 x5
8. a.  2  = 2 5 = 10 , y  0
y  (y ) y

5
 2a4  25  (a 4 )5 32 a20
b.  3  = = ,b0
 b  (b3 ) 5 b15
 

z8
9. a. = z 8− 4 = z 4
4
z

(−5)5
b. = (−5)5−3 = (−5)2 = 25
(−5)3

88
c. = 88−6 = 82 = 64
86

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

q5 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 5.1

d. cannot be simplified because q and t are
t2 1. Repeated multiplication of the same factor can
different bases. be written using an exponent.

e. Begin by grouping common bases. 2. In 52 , the 2 is called the exponent and the 5 is
3 7 3 7
6x y x y called the base.
= 6  = 6  x 3−1  y 7−5 = 6 x 2 y 2
5 x y5
xy
3. To simplify x 2  x 7 , keep the base and add the
10. a. −30 = −1  30 = −1  1 = −1 exponents.

b. (−3)0 = 1 4. To simplify ( x 3 )6 , keep the base and multiply

the exponents.
c. 80 = 1 5. The understood exponent on the term y is 1.

d. (0.2)0 = 1
6. If x = 1, the exponent is 0.
e. Assume that neither a nor y is zero.
7. Example 4 can be written as −42 = −1  42 ,
(7 a 2 y 4 )0 = 1
which is similar to Example 7, 4  32 , and shows
f. 7 y 0 = 7  y 0 = 7 1 = 7 why the negative sign should not be considered
part of the base when there are no parentheses.
2
 z  z2 z2 8. The properties allow us to reorder and regroup
11. a.  12  = = factors and put those with common bases
  122 144
together, making it easier to apply the product
rule; yes, in Example 13.
b. (4 x6 )3 = 43  ( x6 )3 = 64 x18
9. Be careful not to confuse the power rule with the
c. y10  y 3 = y10+3 = y13 product rule. The power rule involves a power
raised to a power (exponents are multiplied), and
the product rule involves a product (exponents
12. a. 82 − 80 = 64 − 1 = 63
are added).

b. ( z 0 )6 + (40 )5 = 16 + 15 = 1 + 1 = 2 10. Remember to raise the −2 (or any number) to the

power along with the variables.
2
 5 x3  52 ( x 3 ) 2 25 x6 x6
c.   = 2 4 2 = = 11. the quotient rule
 15 y 4  15 ( y ) 225 y8 9 y8
 
12. No, Example 30 is a fraction and does not use
the quotient rule.
( 2 z 8 x5 ) 4 24 ( z 8 ) 4 ( x5 ) 4
d. =
−16 z 2 x 20 −16 z 2 x 20 Exercise Set 5.1
16 z 32 x 20
= 2. In (−3)6 , the base is −3 and the exponent is 6.
−16 z 2 x 20
= −1  ( z 32− 2 )  ( x 20− 20 )
4. In 5  34 , the base 3 has exponent 4.
= −1  z 30
x 0

= −1  z 30
1 6. In (5 x )2 , the base is 5x and the exponent is 2.
= −z 30

8. −32 = −3  3 = −9

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Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

10. (−3)2 = (−3)(−3) = 9 52. (a4 b)7 = a47 b17 = a28b7

12. −43 = −4  4  4 = −64 54. (−3 x 7 yz 2 )3 = (−3)3 x 73 y13 z 23 = −27 x 21 y3 z 6

14. (−4)3 = (−4)(−4)(−4) = −64 q

11
q11
56.   =
t t11
16. (0.2)5 = (0.2)(0.2)(0.2)(0.2)(0.2) = 0.00032
2
2  xy  x 2 y2 x 2 y2
 1  1  1  1 58.   = =
18.  −  =  −  −  =  7  72 49
 9  9  9  81
3
20. 9  17 = 9  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 = 9
 xy 4  x 3 y 43 x 3 y12
60.   = =
 −3z 3  (−3)3 z 33 −27 z 9
 
22. −4  33 = −4  3  3  3 = −108
62. A = (5 y)2 = (5)2 y 2 = 25 y 2 
3 3
24. x = (−2) = (−2)(−2)(−2) = −8
The area is 25y 2  square centimeters.

26. 4 x 2 = 4(−1)2 = 4(−1)(−1) = 4

64. V = (4 x )2 (5 x 3 )

28. −4 x 2 y3 = −4(2)2 (−1)3 =   42 x 2  5 x 3

= −4(2)(2)(−1)(−1)(−1) =   16  5  x 2 +3
= 16 = 80 x 5 
The volume is 80x 5  cubic meters.
10 10
10 10 2
30. = = = =
3 3 3(5)(5)(5) 375 75
3y 3(5) y10
66. = y10 −9 = y1 = y
y9
32. y 2  y = y 2 +1 = y3

(−6)13
34. (−5)7  (−5)6 = (−5)7+6 = (−5)13 68. = (−6)13−11 = (−6)2 = 36
(−6)11
36. (−2 z 3 )(−2 z 2 ) = −2(−2) z 3+ 2 = 4 z 5
x8 y6
70. = x 8−1 y 6 −5 = x 7 y1 = x 7 y
2
38. (a b)(a b ) = a 13 17 2 +13 1+17
b =a b 15 18 xy 5

40. (−7a3b3 )(7a19 b) = −7(7)a3+19 b3+1 = −49a22 b 4 9a 4 b 7 9 4 −1 7−2 1 3 5 a3 b5

72. = a b = a b =
27ab2 27 3 3
5 6 4 5+ 6 + 4 15
42. (12 x )(− x )( x ) = 12(−1) x = −12 x
74. 230 = 1
7 10 7 +10 17
44. A = (9 y )(2 y ) = 9(2) y = 18 y
17 76. (4 y)0 = 1
The area is 18y square meters.

46. ( y 7 )5 = y 75 = y35 78. −2 x 0 = −2(1) = −2

80. −30 + 40 = −1 + 1 = 0
48. (ab)6 = a6 b6
82. (−9)2 = (−9)(−9) = 81
50. (4 x 6 )2 = 42 x 62 = 16 x12

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

3
2 2 2 2 8 ( 2 x 6 y 2 )5 25 ( x6 )5 ( y 2 )5
84.   =   = 116. =
3 3 3 3 27 −32 x 20 y10 −32 x 20 y10
32 x30 y10
86. y y = y
4 4 +1
=y 5 =
−32 x 20 y10
= −1  x30− 20  y10−10
88. x 2 x15 x9 = x 2+15+9 = x 26
= −1  x10  y 0
90. (3 y 4 )(−5 y ) = (3  −5)( y 4  y ) = −15 y 4+1 = −15 y 5 = −1  x10 1
= − x10
92. ( y z )( y z ) = ( y  y )( z  z )
2 2 15 13 2 15 2 13
118. −6z + 20 − 3z = −6z − 3z + 20 = −9z + 20
= y 2+15 z 2+13
= y17 z15 120. 10y − 14 − y − 14 = 10y − y − 14 − 14 = 9y − 28

122. −3(w + 7) + 5(w + 1) = −3w − 21 + 5w + 5

94. (−3s5t )(−7 st10 ) = (−3)(−7)( s5  s)(t  t10 )
= 2w − 16
= 21s5+1t1+10
= 21s 6t11 124. x14  x 23 = x14 +23 = x 37
Add the exponents; choice A.
96. (t 5 )11 = t 511 = t 55
x 35
126. = x 35−17 = x18
98. (2ab) 4 = (2) 4 a 4 b 4 = 16a 4 b 4 17
x
Subtract the exponents; choice B.
100. (−3 xy 2 a3 )3 = (−3)3 x3 ( y 2 )3 (a3 )3
128. answers may vary
= −27 x3 y 23 a33
= −27 x3 y 6 a9 130. answers may vary

132. S = 6 x 2 = 6(5)2 = 6(25) = 150

5 x9 x9 9 −3
102. = 5 = 5x = 5x 6
The surface area is 150 square meters.
x3 x3
134. We use the surface area formula.
104. (2ab)5 = 25 a5b5 = 32a5b5
136. answers may vary
106. 7 − 7 = 49 − 1 = 48
2 0
138. answers may vary

140. b9a b4 a = b9a + 4a = b13a

4 4
 2ab   ab  a 4b4 a 4b 4
108.   =  = 4 4 4 =
 6 yz   3 yz  3 y z 81y 4 z 4
142. (2a4b )4 = 24 a4b4 = 16a16b
x12 y13 x12 y13
110. =  = x12−5 y13−7 = x7 y 6 y15b
x5 y 7 = y15b −6 b = y9b
5 7
x y 144.
6b
y
112. (9 ) + ( z ) = 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
0 4 0 5 4 5

2
 3a 4  32 (a 4 )2 9 a8 a8
114.  
 = = =
 9b5  92 (b5 )2 81b10 9b10

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Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

12 5. To find each height, we evaluate the polynomial

 r
146. A = P 1 +  when t = 1 and when t = 2.
 4
−16t 2 + 130 = −16(1)2 + 130
12
 0.08  = −16 + 130
A = 10, 000 1 +
 4  = 114
= 10, 000(1.02)12 The height of the camera at 1 second is 114 feet.
 12, 682.42 −16t 2 + 130 = −16(2)2 + 130
$12,682.42 is needed to pay off the loan in = −16(4) + 130
3 years. = −64 + 130
= 66
Section 5.2 Practice Exercises The height of the camera at 2 seconds is 66 feet.

1. a. The exponent on y is 3, so the degree of 5y 3 6. a. −4y + 2y = (−4 + 2)y = −2y

is 3.
b. These terms cannot be combined because z
b. −3a 2b5c can be written as −3a 2b5c1. The and 5z 3 are not like terms.
degree of the term is the sum of the
exponents, so the degree is 2 + 5 + 1 or 8. c. 15 x3 − x3 = 15 x3 − 1x3 = 14 x3

c. The constant, 8, can be written as 8x0 d. 7a 2 − 5 − 3a 2 − 7 = 7a 2 − 3a 2 − 5 − 7

(since x0 = 1). The degree of 8 or 8x0 is 0. = 4a 2 − 12

3 3 5 1 1
2. a. The degree of the trinomial 5b2 − 3b + 7 is e. x − x 2 + x 4 + x3 − x 4
2, the greatest degree of any of its terms. 8 6 12 2
5 1 4 3 1  3
=  −  x +  +  x − x2
b. Rewrite the binomial as 7t1 + 3, the degree 6 2  8 12 
is 1. 5 3 4  9 2 
=  −  x +  +  x3 − x 2
 6 6   24 24 
c. The degree of the polynomial 2 4 11 3
= x + x −x 2
5 x 2 + 3x − 6 x3 + 4 is 3. 6 24
1 11 3
= x4 + x − x2
3. Term numerical degree of 3 24
coefficient term
7. 9 xy − 3x 2 − 4 yx + 5 y 2 = −3x 2 + (9 − 4) xy + 5 y 2
−3x3 y 2 −3 5
= −3x 2 + 5 xy + 5 y 2
4xy 2 4 3
8. x  x + 2  x + 2  2 + 5  x + x  3x
−y 2
−1 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 4 + 5 x + 3x 2
= 4 x2 + 7 x + 4
3x 3 1
−2 −2 0 9. (−3x 2 − 4 x + 9) + (2 x 2 − 2 x)
= −3x 2 − 4 x + 9 + 2 x 2 − 2 x
4. a. −10x + 1 = −10(−3) + 1 = 30 + 1 = 31 = (−3x 2 + 2 x 2 ) + (−4 x − 2 x) + 9
= − x2 − 6 x + 9
b. 2 x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 2(−3)2 − 5(−3) + 3
= 2(9) + 15 + 3
= 18 + 15 + 3
= 36

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

10. (−3x3 + 7 x 2 + 3x − 4) + (3 x 2 − 9 x) Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 5.2

= −3x3 + 7 x 2 + 3x − 4 + 3 x 2 − 9 x 1. A binomial is a polynomial with exactly 2 terms.
= −3x3 + (7 x 2 + 3x 2 ) + (3x − 9 x) − 4
2. A monomial is a polynomial with exactly one
= −3x3 + 10 x 2 − 6 x − 4 term.

11. 5 z 3 + 3 z 2 + 4 z 3. A trinomial is a polynomial with exactly three

5z + 4z
2 terms.

5z + 8z 2 + 8z
3
4. The numerical factor of a term is called the
coefficient.
12. (8 x − 7) − (3 x − 6) = (8 x − 7) + [ −(3 x − 6)]
= (8 x − 7) + (−3 x + 6) 5. A number term is also called a constant.
= (8 x − 3x) + (−7 + 6)
= 5x − 1 6. The degree of a polynomial is the greatest degree
of any term of the polynomial.
13. First, change the sign of each term of the second
7. The degree of the polynomial is the greatest
polynomial and then add.
degree of any of its terms, so we need to find the
(3x3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x) − ( x3 − x 2 + 6) degree of each term first.
= (3x3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x) + (− x3 + x 2 − 6)
8. the replacement value for the variables
= 3 x3 − x3 − 5 x 2 + x 2 + 4 x − 6
= 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x − 6 9. simplifying it

14. Arrange the polynomials in vertical format, 10. Addition; no, we subtract in Examples 9−11. To
lining up like terms. subtract, we first change the signs of the
− 2 z 2 − 8z + 5 −2 z 2 − 8 z + 5 polynomial being subtracted and then add.
− (6 z 2 + 3z − 6) −6 z 2 − 3 z + 6 Exercise Set 5.2
−8 z − 11z + 11
2
2. −6 y 2 + 4 is a binomial because it has two terms.
15. [(8x − 11) + (2x + 5)] − (3x + 5) The degree is 2, the greatest degree of any of its
= 8x − 11 + 2x + 5 − 3x − 5 terms.
= 8x + 2x − 3x − 11 + 5 − 5
= 7x − 11 4. a + 5a 2 + 3a3 − 4a 4 is none of these because it
has four terms. The degree is 4, the greatest
16. a. (3a 2 − 4ab + 7b 2 ) + (−8a 2 + 3ab − b 2 ) degree of any of its terms.
= 3a 2 − 4ab + 7b 2 − 8a 2 + 3ab − b 2
6. 7r 2 s 2 + 2rs − 3rs5 is a trinomial because it has
= −5a 2 − ab + 6b 2
three terms. The degree is 6, the greatest degree
of any of its terms.
b. (5 x 2 y 2 − 6 xy − 4 xy 2 )
− (2 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy − 5 + 6 y 2 ) 8. 5 y 7 + 2 is a binomial because it has two terms.
= 5 x 2 y 2 − 6 xy − 4 xy 2 − 2 x 2 y 2 The degree is 7, the greatest degree of any of its
− 4 xy + 5 − 6 y 2 terms.

= 3x 2 y 2 − 10 xy − 4 xy 2 − 6 y 2 + 5 Polynomial Degree

10. 8x 2 y 2 4

12. 4 z 6 + 3z 2 6

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Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

14. a. 2x − 10 = 2(0) − 10 = 0 − 10 = −10 2 4 1

36. x − 23x 2 + x 4 + 5 x 2 − 5
5 15
b. 2x − 10 = 2(−1) − 10 = −2 − 10 = −12 2 1
= x 4 + x 4 − 23x 2 + 5 x 2 − 5
5 15
16. a. x 2 + 3x − 4 = (0)2 + 3(0) − 4 = 0 + 0 − 4 = −4 6 1
=  +  x 4 + (−23 + 5) x 2 − 5
 15 15 
b. x 2 + 3x − 4 = (−1)2 + 3(−1) − 4 7
= 1− 3 − 4 = x 4 − 18 x 2 − 5
15
= −6
1 4 1 2 1 3
18. a. −2 x3 + 3x 2 − 6 x + 1 38. x − x + 5 − x4 − x2 + 1
6 7 2 7
= −2(0)3 + 3(0)2 − 6(0) + 1 1 1 4  1 3 2
=  −  x +  − −  x + (5 + 1)
= 0 + 0 − 0 +1 6 2  7 7
=1  1 3  4
=  −  x4 − x2 + 6
6 6 7
b. −2 x3 + 3x 2 − 6 x + 1 2 4 4 2
= − x − x +6
= −2(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 6(−1) + 1 6 7
= −2(−1) + 3(1) − 6(−1) + 1 1 4 4 2
= − x − x +6
= 2 + 3 + 6 +1 3 7
= 12
40. x 2 y + xy − y + 10 x 2 y − 2 y + xy
20. −16t + 1150
2
= (1 + 10) x 2 y + (1 + 1) xy + (−1 − 2) y
t = 7: −16(7 ) + 1150 = −784 + 1150 = 366
2
= 11x 2 y + 2 xy − 3 y
After 7 seconds, the height is 366 feet.
42. (4 + 5a) − (−a − 5) = (4 + 5a) + (a + 5)
22. −16t 2 + 1150 = 4 + 5a + a + 5
t = 6: −16(6)2 + 1150 = −576 + 1150 = 574 = (5a + a) + (4 + 5)
After 6 seconds, the height is 574 feet. = 6a + 9

24. Use x = 2010 − 2006 = 4. 44. (5 x 2 + 4) − (7 x 2 − 6) = (5 x 2 + 4) + (−7 x 2 + 6)

−0.13 x + x + 827 = −0.13(4) + (4) + 827
2 2
= 5x2 + 4 − 7 x2 + 6
= −0.13(16) + 4 + 827
= (5 x 2 − 7 x 2 ) + (4 + 6)
= −2.08 + 4 + 827
= 828.92 = −2 x 2 + 10
There were 828.92 thousand visitors in 2010.
46. (3x − 8) + (4 x 2 − 3x + 3)
26. 14y − 30y = (14 − 30)y = −16y = 3x − 8 + 4 x 2 − 3x + 3
= 4 x 2 + (3x − 3x) + (−8 + 3)
28. 18 x3 − 4 x3 = (18 − 4) x3 = 14 x3
= 4 x2 − 5
30. 12k 3 − 9k 3 + 11 = (12 − 9)k 3 + 11 = 3k 3 + 11 48. 4 − (−12 y − 4) = 4 + (12 y + 4)
= 4 + 12 y + 4
32. 5y + 7y − 6y = (5 + 7 − 6)y = 6y = 12 y + 4 + 4
= 12 y + 8
34. 7.6 y + 3.2 y 2 − 8 y − 2.5 y 2
= (3.2 − 2.5) y 2 + (7.6 − 8) y
= 0.7 y 2 − 0.4 y

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

50. (−7 x 2 + 4 x + 7) − (−8 x + 2) 68. (−m2 + 3) − (m2 − 13) + (6m2 − m + 1)

= (−7 x 2 + 4 x + 7) + (8 x − 2) = (−m2 + 3) + (−m2 + 13) + (6m2 − m + 1)
= −7 x 2 + 4 x + 7 + 8 x − 2 = −m2 + 3 − m2 + 13 + 6m2 − m + 1
= −7 x 2 + 4 x + 8 x + 7 − 2 = 4m2 − m + 17
= −7 x 2 + 12 x + 5
70. ( y 2 − 4 y + 1) − y = y 2 − 4 y + 1 − y = y 2 − 5 y + 1
52. 7 x3 + 3
+ 2 x3 + 1 72. (−3x 2 − 5 x + 2) + ( x 2 − 6 x + 9)
9 x3 + 4 = −3x 2 − 5 x + 2 + x 2 − 6 x + 9
= −2 x 2 − 11x + 11
54. 7 a 2 − 9a + 6 7 a 2 − 9a + 6
− (11a 2 − 4a + 2) + (−11a 2 + 4a − 2) 74. (7 y 2 + 9 y − 8) − (5 y 2 + 8 y + 2)
−4 a 2 − 5 a + 4 = (7 y 2 + 9 y − 8) + (−5 y 2 − 8 y − 2)
= 7 y2 + 9 y − 8 − 5 y2 − 8 y − 2
56. 5u 5 − 4u 2 + 3u − 7 = 2 y 2 + y − 10
− (3u 5 + 6u 2 − 8u + 2)
76. [( x 2 + 7 x + 1) + (7 x + 5)] − (4 x 2 − 2 x + 2)

5u 5 − 4u 2 + 3u − 7 = ( x 2 + 7 x + 1) + (7 x + 5) + (−4 x 2 + 2 x − 2)

+ (−3u 5 − 6u 2 + 8u − 2) = x2 + 7 x + 1 + 7 x + 5 − 4 x2 + 2 x − 2
= −3x 2 + 16 x + 4
2u 5 − 10u 2 + 11u − 9
78. x  7 + 2 x  2 x + 2 x  2 x + 3  6 + 4  4
58. (3x − 9 xy) − (2 x + xy) = 3x − 9 xy − 2 x − xy
= 7 x + 4 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 18 + 16
= x − 10 xy
= 8 x 2 + 7 x + 34
60. [(−5 x − 7) + (12 x + 3)] − (−12 x − 3)
= −5 x − 7 + 12 x + 3 + 12 x + 3 80. (3 x − 2 + 6 y) + (7 x − 2 − y)
= −5 x + 12 x + 12 x − 7 + 3 + 3 = 3x − 2 + 6 y + 7 x − 2 − y
= 19 x − 1 = 10 x − 4 + 5 y

62. (14 y + 12) + (−3 y − 5) = 14 y + 12 − 3 y − 5 82. (7a 2 − 3b 2 + 10) − (−2a 2 + b 2 − 12)

= 14 y − 3 y + 12 − 5 = 7a 2 − 3b 2 + 10 + 2a 2 − b 2 + 12
= 11y + 7
= 9a 2 − 4b 2 + 22

64. (5 y 2 − 3 y − 1) − (2 y 2 + y + 1)
84. (a 2 − ab + 4b 2 ) + (6a 2 + 8ab − b 2 )
= (5 y 2 − 3 y − 1) + (−2 y 2 − y − 1)
= a 2 − ab + 4b 2 + 6a 2 + 8ab − b 2
= 5 y2 − 3 y −1 − 2 y2 − y −1
= 7a 2 + 7ab + 3b 2
= 3y2 − 4 y − 2
86. (3x 2 y − 6 xy + x 2 y 2 − 5) − (11x 2 y 2 − 1 + 5 yx 2 )
66. (2 x + 7 x − 9) + ( x − x + 10) − (3 x − 30)
2 2 2
= 3 x 2 y − 6 xy + x 2 y 2 − 5 − 11x 2 y 2 + 1 − 5 yx 2
= (2 x + 7 x − 9) + ( x − x + 10) + (−3 x + 30)
2 2 2
= −2 x 2 y − 6 xy − 10 x 2 y 2 − 4
= 2 x + 7 x − 9 + x − x + 10 − 3 x + 30
2 2 2

= 6 x + 31 88. 1.85 x 2 − 3.76 x + 9.25 x 2 + 10.76 − 4.21x

= (1.85 + 9.25) x 2 + ( −3.76 − 4.21) x + 10.76
= 11.1x 2 − 7.97 x + 10.76

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 223

Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

90. [(1.2 x 2 − 3x + 9.1) − (7.8 x 2 − 3.1 + 8)] + (1.2 x − 6) b. 5 y  y = 5  y1  y1 = 5  y1+1 = 5 y 2

= 1.2 x 2 − 3x + 9.1 − 7.8 x 2 + 3.1 − 8 + 1.2 x − 6
c. −5y − y = −5y − 1y = −6y
= −6.6 x 2 − 1.8 x − 1.8
d. (−5 y)(− y) = (−5  y1 )(−1  y1 )
92. −7 x( x) = −7  x  x = −7 x 2
= 5  y1+1
94. 6r 3 (7r10 ) = 6  7  r 3  r10 = 42r13 = 5 y2

answers may vary

96. − z 2 y(11zy) = −1z 2 y(11zy)
= −1 11  y  y  z 2  z 116. a. x + x = 1x + 1x = 2x
= −11 y z2 3
b. x  x = x1  x1 = x1+1 = x 2
98. 5x + 3 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 6 + 3x + 7x
= (5x + 4x + 2x + 3x + 7x) + (3 + 3 + 6) c. −x − x = −1x − 1x = −2x
= 21x + 12
d. (− x)(− x) = (− x1 )(− x1 ) = x1+1 = x 2
100. ( x 2 − 6 x − 2) + x 2 + (− x + 4) + 5 x
answers may vary
= x2 − 6 x − 2 + x2 − x + 4 + 5x
= 2 x2 − 2 x + 2 118. Since 9 + 3 = 12, 9 y 7 + 3 y 7 = 12 y 7 is a true
The perimeter is (2 x 2 − 2 x + 2) centimeters. statement.

102. (13x − 7) − (2 x + 2) = 13x − 7 − 2 x − 2 120. Since 3 + 7 = 10 and −2 − 1 = −3,

= 11x − 9 3 y 5 + 7 y 5 − 2 y 2 − y 2 = 10 y 5 − 3 y 2 is a true
The length of the remaining piece is
statement.
(11x − 9) inches.
122. 9x + 9x + 5x + 5x + 9  5 + 9  5 = 28x + 90
104. Let x = 2020 − 2000 = 20.
4.8 x 2 + 104 x + 431 = 4.8(20) 2 + 104(20) + 431 Section 5.3 Practice Exercises
= 4.8(400) + 104(20) + 431
= 1920 + 2080 + 431 1. 5 y  2 y = (5  2)( y  y) = 10 y 2
= 4431
The model predicts approximately 4431 million 2. (5 z 3 )  (−0.4 z 5 ) = (5  −0.4)( z 3  z 5 ) = −2 z8
Internet users in 2020.

106. answers may vary  1  7   1 7  7

3.  − b6   − b3  =  −  −  (b6  b3 ) = b9
 9  8   9 8  72
108. answers may vary
4. a. 3x(9 x5 + 11) = 3x(9 x5 ) + 3x(11)
110. 5x + 5x = (5 + 5)x = 10x
choice C = 27 x6 + 33x

112. (15 x − 3) − (5 x − 3) = 15 x − 3 − 5 x + 3 b. −6 x3 (2 x 2 − 9 x + 2)
= 15 x − 5 x − 3 + 3 = −6 x3 (2 x 2 ) + (−6 x3 )(−9 x) + (−6 x 2 )(2)
= (15 − 5) x
= 10 x = −12 x5 + 54 x 4 − 12 x3
choice C

114. a. 5y + y = 5y + 1y = 6y

224 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

5. Multiply each term of the first binomial by each 11. 5x2 + 2 x − 2

term of the second.
(5 x − 2)(2 x + 3) x2 − x + 3
= 5 x(2 x) + 5 x(3) + ( −2)(2 x) + ( −2)(3) 15 x 2 + 6 x − 6
= 10 x 2 + 15 x − 4 x − 6 −5 x3 − 2 x 2 + 2 x
= 10 x 2 + 11x − 6 5 x 4 + 2 x3 − 2 x 2
5 x 4 − 3 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x − 6
6. Recall that a = a  a, so 2

(5 x − 3 y)2 = (5 x − 3 y )(5 x − 3 y ). Multiply each Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 5.3
term of the first binomial by each term of the
1. The expression 5x(3x + 2) equals 5x  3x + 5x  2
second.
by the distributive property.
(5 x − 3 y)(5 x − 3 y)
= 5 x(5 x) + 5 x(−3 y) + (−3 y)(5 x) + (−3 y)(−3 y) 2. The expression (x + 4)(7x − 1) equals
= 25 x 2 − 15 xy − 15 xy + 9 y 2 x(7x − 1) + 4(7x − 1) by the distributive property.
= 25 x 2 − 30 xy + 9 y 2
3. The expression (5 y − 1) 2 equals (5y − 1)(5y − 1).
7. Multiply each term of the first polynomial by
each term of the second. 4. The expression 9x  3x equals 27x 2 .
( y + 4)(2 y − 3 y + 5)2

= y(2 y 2 ) + y(−3 y) + y(5) + 4(2 y 2 )
+ 4(−3 y) + 4(5)
= 2 y3 − 3 y 2 + 5 y + 8 y 2 − 12 y + 20
= 2 y3 + 5 y 2 − 7 y + 20
8. Write ( s + 2t )3 as (s + 2t)(s + 2t)(s + 2t).
( s + 2t )( s + 2t )( s + 2t )
= ( s 2 + 2st + 2st + 4t 2 )( s + 2t )
= ( s 2 + 4st + 4t 2 )( s + 2t )
= ( s + 4st + 4t ) s + ( s + 4st + 4t )(2t )
2 2
5. No; the monomials are unlike terms.
6. distributive property, product rule
7. Yes; the parentheses have been removed for the
vertical format, but every term in the first
polynomial is still distributed to every term in
the second polynomial.
Exercise Set 5.3
2. 9t 6 (−3t 5 ) = 9(−3)(t 6  t 5 ) = −27t11
2 2

= s3 + 4s 2t + 4st 2 + 2s 2t + 8st 2 + 8t 3 4. (−5.2 x 4 )(3x 4 ) = (−5.2  3)( x 4  x 4 ) = −15.6 x8

= s + 6s t + 12st + 8t
3 2 2 3

9. 5 x − 3x + 5
2
 3  1   3 1 
 4  7   4 7 
(
6.  − y 7   y 4  =  −   y 7  y 4 = −
28
)
3 11
y

 x−4
−20 x 2 + 12 x − 20 8. ( x)(5 x 4 )(−6 x7 ) = 5(−6)( x  x 4  x7 ) = −30 x12
5 x3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x
10. 2 x(6 x + 3) = (2 x)(6 x) + (2 x)(3) = 12 x 2 + 6 x
5 x3 − 23x 2 + 17 x − 20

12. −3a(2a + 7) = −3a(2a) + (−3a)(7) = −6a 2 − 21a

10. x3 − 2 x 2 + 1
 x2 + 2 14. 4 x(5 x 2 − 6 x − 10)
2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 = 4 x(5 x 2 ) + 4 x(−6 x) + 4 x(−10)
x − 2x
5 4
+x 2
= 20 x3 − 24 x 2 − 40 x
x − 2 x + 2 x − 3x + 2
5 4 3 2

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 225

Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

16. −4b2 (3b3 − 12b2 − 6) = −4b2 (3b3 ) + (−4b2 )(−12b2 ) + (−4b2 )(−6)
= −12b5 + 48b4 + 24b2

18. − x(6 y 3 − 5 xy 2 + x 2 y − 5 x3 ) = − x(6 y 3 ) + (− x)(−5 xy 2 ) + (− x)( x 2 y) + (− x)(−5 x3 )

= −6 xy 3 + 5 x 2 y 2 − x3 y + 5 x 4

1 2 1 1 1
20. y (9 y 2 − 6 y + 1) = y 2 (9 y 2 ) + y 2 (−6 y) + y 2 (1)
3 3 3 3
3 1 2
= 3y − 2 y + y
4
3

22. ( x + 2)( x + 9) = x( x) + x(9) + 2( x) + 2(9)

= x 2 + 9 x + 2 x + 18
= x 2 + 11x + 18

24. ( y − 10)( y + 11) = y( y) + y(11) + (−10)( y) + (−10)(11)

= y 2 + 11y − 10 y − 110
= y 2 + y − 110

 3  2  2 3 3 2
26.  x +  x −  = x( x) + x  −  + ( x) +  − 
 5  5  5 5 5 5
2 2 3 6
= x − x+ x−
5 5 25
2 1 6
= x + x−
5 25

28. (5 x 2 + 2)(6 x 2 + 2) = (5 x 2 )(6 x 2 ) + 5 x 2 (2) + 2(6 x 2 ) + 2(2)

= 30 x 4 + 10 x 2 + 12 x 2 + 4
= 30 x 4 + 22 x 2 + 4

30. (6 x − 7)2 = (6 x − 7)(6 x − 7)

= 6 x(6 x) + 6 x(−7) + (−7)(6 x) + (−7)(−7)
= 36 x 2 − 42 x − 42 x + 49
= 36 x 2 − 84 x + 49

32. (8 x − 3)(2 x − 4) = 8 x(2 x) + 8 x(−4) + (−3)(2 x) + (−3)(−4)

= 16 x 2 − 32 x − 6 x + 12
= 16 x 2 − 38 x + 12

34. ( x 2 + 4)2 = ( x 2 + 4)( x 2 + 4)

= x 2 ( x 2 ) + x 2 (4) + 4( x 2 ) + 4( 4)
= x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 16
= x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16

226 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

36. a. 9 x 2 (−10 x 2 ) = 9(−10)( x 2  x 2 ) = −90 x 4

b. 9 x 2 − 10 x 2 = (9 − 10) x 2 = (−1) x 2 = − x 2

c. answers may vary

38. ( x + 3)( x 2 + 5 x − 8) = x( x 2 ) + x(5 x) + x(−8) + 3( x 2 ) + 3(5 x) + 3(−8)

= x3 + 5 x 2 − 8 x + 3x 2 + 15 x − 24
= x3 + 8 x 2 + 7 x − 24

40. (a + 2)(a3 − 3a 2 + 7) = a(a3 ) + a(−3a 2 ) + a(7) + 2(a 3 ) + 2(−3a 2 ) + 2(7)

= a 4 − 3a3 + 7a + 2a3 − 6a 2 + 14
= a 4 − a3 − 6a 2 + 7a + 14

42. (3 + b)(2 − 5b − 3b 2 ) = 3(2) + 3(−5b) + 3(−3b 2 ) + b(2) + b(−5b) + b(−3b 2 )

= 6 − 15b − 9b 2 + 2b − 5b 2 − 3b3
= −3b3 − 14b 2 − 13b + 6

44. ( y − 1)3 = ( y − 1)( y − 1)( y − 1)

= ( y 2 − y − y + 1)( y − 1)
= ( y 2 − 2 y + 1)( y − 1)
= ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) y + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1)(−1)
= y3 − 2 y 2 + y − y 2 + 2 y − 1
= y3 − 3 y 2 + 3 y − 1

46. (3x + 4)3 = (3x + 4)(3 x + 4)(3 x + 4)

= (9 x 2 + 12 x + 12 x + 16)(3x + 4)
= (9 x 2 + 24 x + 16)(3x + 4)
= (9 x 2 + 24 x + 16)3x + (9 x 2 + 24 x + 16)4
= 27 x3 + 72 x 2 + 48 x + 36 x 2 + 96 x + 64
= 27 x3 + 108 x 2 + 144 x + 64

4x − 7
48.
 5x + 1
4x − 7
20 x 2 − 35 x
20 x 2 − 31x − 7

50. 8x2 + 2 x − 4
 4x − 5
−40 x 2 − 10 x + 20
32 x3 + 8 x 2 − 16 x
32 x3 − 32 x 2 − 26 x + 20

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Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

52. 3x2 − x + 2 68. (5 x + 4)( x 2 − x + 4)

 x2 + 2 x + 1 = 5 x( x 2 ) + 5 x(− x) + 5 x(4) + 4( x 2 ) + 4(− x) + 4(4)
3x 2 −x+2 = 5 x3 − 5 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x 2 − 4 x + 16
6 x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x = 5 x3 − x 2 + 16 x + 16
3 x 4 − x3 + 2 x 2
70. a 2 + 3a − 2
3x + 5 x + 3x + 3x + 2
4 3 2
 2 a 2 − 5a − 1
54. −4.2 x(−2 x5 ) = −4.2(−2)( x  x5 ) = 8.4 x 6 −a 2 − 3a + 2
−5a3 − 15a 2 + 10a
56. −5 x( x 2 − 3x + 10) 2a 4 + 6a 3 − 4a 2
= −5 x( x ) + (−5 x)(−3x) + (−5 x)(10)
2
2a 4 + a3 − 20a 2 + 7a + 2
= −5 x3 + 15 x 2 − 50 x
72. ( x + 4) 2 = ( x + 4)( x + 4)
58. (3 y + 4)( y + 11) = 3 y( y) + 3 y(11) + 4( y) + 4(11) = x( x) + x( 4) + 4( x) + 4( 4)
= 3 y 2 + 33 y + 4 y + 44 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 16
= 3 y + 37 y + 44
2
= x 2 + 8 x + 16
The area is ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) square feet.
 2  1
60.  m +   m − 
 9  9
74. ( y − 1)3 = ( y − 1)( y − 1)( y − 1)
 1 2 2 1
= m(m) + m  −  + (m) +  −  = ( y 2 − y − y + 1)( y − 1)
 9 9 9 9
2 1 2 2 = ( y 2 − 2 y + 1)( y − 1)
= m − m+ m−
9 9 81 = ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) y + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1)(−1)
2 1 2 = y3 − 2 y 2 + y − y 2 + 2 y − 1
= m + m−
9 81
= y3 − 3 y 2 + 3 y − 1

62. (7 y + 2)2 = (7 y + 2)(7 y + 2) The volume is ( y 3 − 3 y 2 + 3 y − 1) cubic meters.

= 7 y(7 y) + 7 y(2) + 2(7 y) + 2(2)
= 49 y 2 + 14 y + 14 y + 4 76. Add: 4 y 7 + 4 y 3 cannot be simplified.
= 49 y 2 + 28 y + 4 Subtract: 4 y 7 − 4 y 3 cannot be simplified.
Multiply: 4 y 7  4 y 3 = 4  4  y 7  y 3
64. (t + 3)(t − 5t + 5)
2
= 16 y 7 +3
= t (t 2 ) + t (−5t ) + t (5) + 3(t 2 ) + 3(−5t ) + 3(5)
= 16 y10
= t 3 − 5t 2 + 5t + 3t 2 − 15t + 15
4 y7 4 7 −3
= t 3 − 2t 2 − 10t + 15 Divide: = y = 1 y 4 = y 4
3 4
4y
66. (3 y − 1) = (3 y − 1)(3 y − 1)(3 y − 1)
3

= (9 y 2 − 3 y − 3 y + 1)(3 y − 1) 78. Add: −14 x 2 + 2 x 2 = (−14 + 2) x 2 = −12 x 2

= (9 y 2 − 6 y + 1)(3 y − 1) Subtract: −14 x 2 − 2 x 2 = (−14 − 2) x 2 = −16 x 2
= (9 y 2 − 6 y + 1)3 y + (9 y 2 − 6 y + 1)(−1) Multiply: −14 x 2  2 x 2 = −14  2  x 2  x 2
= 27 y 3 − 18 y 2 + 3 y − 9 y 2 + 6 y − 1 = −28 x 2+ 2
= 27 y 3 − 27 y 2 + 9 y − 1 = −28 x 4
−14 x 2 −14 2− 2
Divide: = x = −7 x0 = −7 1 = −7
2 2
2x
228 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials

80. a. (8 x − 3) − (5 x − 2) = 8 x − 3 − 5 x + 2 = 3 x − 1 98. larger rectangle:

( x + 1)( x + 4) = x( x) + x(4) + 1( x) + 1(4)
b. (8 x − 3)(5 x − 2) = x2 + 4 x + x + 4
= 8 x(5 x − 2) + (−3)(5 x − 2)
= x2 + 5x + 4
= 8 x(5 x) + 8 x(−2) + (−3)(5 x) + ( −3)( −2)
small square: x  x = x 2
= 40 x 2 − 16 x − 15 x + 6
shaded region: x 2 + 5 x + 4 − x 2 = 5 x + 4
= 40 x 2 − 31x + 6
The area of the shaded region is (5x + 4) square
answers may vary units.

82. (2x − 1) + (10x − 7) = 2x − 1 + 10x − 7 = 12x − 8 Section 5.4 Practice Exercises

84. (2 x − 1)(10 x − 7) 1. ( x + 2)( x − 5)

= 2 x(10 x − 7) + (−1)(10 x − 7) = ( x)( x) + ( x)(−5) + ( 2)( x) + ( 2)(−5)
= 2 x(10 x) + 2 x(−7) + (−1)(10 x) + (−1)(−7) = x 2 − 5 x + 2 x − 10
= 20 x 2 − 14 x − 10 x + 7 = x 2 − 3 x − 10
= 20 x 2 − 24 x + 7 2. (4 x − 9)( x − 1)
= 4 x( x) + 4 x(−1) + (−9)( x) + (−9)(−1)
86. (2 x − 1) − (10 x − 7) = (2 x − 1) + (−10 x + 7)
= 2 x − 1 − 10 x + 7 = 4 x2 − 4 x − 9 x + 9
= −8 x + 6 = 4 x 2 − 13 x + 9

88. larger rectangle: x(1 + 2x) 3. 3( x + 5)(3 x − 1) = 3(3 x 2 − x + 15 x − 5)

left rectangle: x  1 = x
= 3(3x 2 + 14 x − 5)
right rectangle: x  2 x = 2 x 2
= 9 x 2 + 42 x − 15
left rectangle + right rectangle: x + 2 x 2

90. entire figure: (3x + 1)(3x + 1) 4. (4 x − 1)2

= (4 x − 1)(4 x − 1)
top left rectangle: 3x  3x = 9 x 2
= (4 x)(4 x) + (4 x)(−1) + (−1)(4 x) + (−1)(−1)
top right rectangle: 3x  1 = 3x
bottom left rectangle: 1  3x = 3x = 16 x 2 − 4 x − 4 x + 1
bottom right rectangle: 1  1 = 1 = 16 x 2 − 8 x + 1
entire figure: 9 x 2 + 3x + 3x + 1 = 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1
5. a. (b + 3)2 = b2 + 2(b)(3) + 32 = b2 + 6b + 9
92. 5a  6a = 5  6(a  a) = 30a 2
b. ( x − y)2 = x 2 − 2( x)( y) + y 2 = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
94. (5 x + 2 y)2 = (5 x + 2 y)(5 x + 2 y)
= 5 x(5 x) + 5 x(2 y) + 2 y(5 x) + 2 y(2 y) c. (3 y + 2) 2 = (3 y)2 + 2(3 y)(2) + 22
= 25 x 2 + 10 xy + 10 xy + 4 y 2 = 9 y 2 + 12 y + 4
= 25 x 2 + 20 xy + 4 y 2
d. (a 2 − 5b)2 = (a 2 )2 − 2(a 2 )(5b) + (5b) 2
96. a. (2 + 3)2 = (5)2 = 5  5 = 25 = a 4 − 10a 2b + 25b2
22 + 32 = (2  2) + (3  3) = 4 + 9 = 13
6. a. 3( x + 5)( x − 5) = 3( x 2 − 52 )
b. (8 + 10)2 = (18)2 = 18 18 = 324 = 3x( x 2 − 25)
= 3x 2 − 75
82 + 102 = (8  8) + (10 10) = 64 + 100 = 164

c. no; answers may vary b. (4b − 3)(4b + 3) = (4b)2 − 32 = 16b2 − 9

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 229

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
eat that too. He had eaten so
much, though, that he couldn’t; so
he put it into his pocket. “It will do
for my breakfast,” he thought.
Poor Tursio was much ashamed of
the marionette, and Marsovino
was not less so. If they had only
known that Pinocchio was so rude
as to take things from the table
and put them into his pocket, they
would never have invited him to
dinner. Still they did not say a
word.
“Run along, now, children. Mr.
Beluga and I must talk about
business, and we cannot have you
around.”
 “‘It will do for my Breakfast,’ he thought.”

The two boys left the dolphins together and went off. While enjoying
themselves looking around, Marsovino picked up something which
looked like a chain. It was made of small round balls all alike, and
transparent. He handed it to Pinocchio.
“Tell me,” he said, “do you know what this is?”
“Why, yes, it is a bead chain. It is easy enough to know that.”
“Are you sure?”
“Yes, of course. I have seen them
many times around little girls’ necks.”
“And if I told you that they are eggs—”
“Eggs?” murmured Pinocchio. “Eggs?
This thing?”
“Yes, sir, that is what they really are;
the eggs of a halibut. It is a bad habit,
Pinocchio, to make believe you know
a thing when you do not. I am afraid I
am not going to be your friend.”
“Not my friend?” came from the poor
shamefaced marionette.
“No. Mr. Tursio has always told me to keep away from boys who—”
“Tell lies, I suppose you want to say,” finished Pinocchio.
“I was told to go with boys who are polite,” continued Marsovino.
“And instead I even take the plates away with me when I am invited
to dinner,” said Pinocchio.
“I was told to make friends with educated children.”
“And I—yes, I might as well confess it—I have hardly ever seen the
inside of a classroom in my life. Well, Marsovino, I will try to make
myself your friend. Will you try me again?”
“Very well, I will. Now let us return.”
The dolphins were still talking busily when the boys came up to
them. They seemed very much in earnest.
“Here we are, father,” called Marsovino.
“At last! Where have you been? We have important things to say to
you. Come here, both of you!”
“What is it? We are all ears.”
“My friend Beluga has been telling me that while I have been away
from home I have lost much money. He has told me of a great
treasure that is to be found in an old ship far away from here. As I
need it very much just now, I do wish I could get hold of it.”
“Well,” answered Marsovino, “why can’t we go for it?”
“Because it is miles and miles away. Not only that, but we should
have to travel as far up as the polar seas, and into the great oceans.
We could never do it. You see, I am getting old. I could hardly
attempt to cross those icy waters. Still, I need the money so much
that I am afraid I shall have to try the journey.”
“Why couldn’t Globicephalous and I go instead of you, father?”
asked Marsovino.
“And I also,” timidly added Pinocchio.
“Globicephalous is too old. And as for you two, my dear boys, you do
not know what you are saying. Do you know that for months and
months the polar seas are in darkness? That the sun is seen only in
the spring and summer?”
“I know, but it is now winter, and we should reach those seas just at
the right time. We should be back before the fall.”
“And are you not afraid of the cold?”
“It will not be cold. I will swim deep in the water, and there the water
will be warm. I will come to the surface only long enough to breathe.”
“What about the ice? What about those monsters of the seas, the
whales, the sharks, the narwhals?”
“You need the treasure. I have made up my mind to go,” answered
Marsovino, firmly.
“You might escape all the dangers I mention, my boy, and reach the
ship. But how could you ever get hold of the gold inside?”
“I might tear a hole in the ship with my strong tail,” began Marsovino.
“A ship a block long, and all made of iron? It is of no use, my boy.”
The young dolphin was silent. How could he get into the ship? He
thought and thought, but he could find no answer.
“May I go, too?” here began Pinocchio.
“You?” asked Tursio and Marsovino, at the same time.
“Yes, I. Why not? If Marsovino cannot get into the ship because he is
too big, I am so small I can get into any hole,” continued the
marionette.
“That isn’t a bad idea, is it, father?”
“No, but do you really feel courageous enough, you two, to
undertake such a journey?”
“We’ll do our best,” answered Marsovino.
“Well, then, all right. Let us return to Globicephalous, and then you
will get ready to start. Beluga, I will be with you again soon. I might
as well wait here with you for Marsovino and Pinocchio to return.”
After saying good-by to Beluga the young dolphin followed Tursio,
who seemed in haste to get to Globicephalous.
Sitting on the dolphin’s back,
Pinocchio was thinking how good he
had been in offering to go with
Marsovino. But he soon forgot this in
another surprise. In front of him, not
far away, he saw a number of animals
rise out of the sea.
They rose, shook their colored wings
gaily, and then fell back again into the
water. No sooner had they
disappeared than others came, and
then again others. How beautiful they
were! Red, blue, and green, and
shining brightly in the sun.
“Birds in the sea! Oh, they will drown!”
screamed Pinocchio.
“Oh, no, these birds will not drown. They live in the sea, my boy.
They are called flying fish,” explained Tursio.
“When shall I stop hearing news?” wondered Pinocchio. “So there
are also birds in the sea!”
“Almost birds, but not quite. These fish have very strong fins and
with them they can leap very high. As you see, they even leap out of
the water. Why do they do this, do you think? Because they want to
escape from the large fish, which follow them to eat them.”
Pinocchio had nothing to say. Meanwhile, the three friends had
reached the place where Globicephalous was waiting. Tursio told
him in a few words what Marsovino and Pinocchio had planned to do
to help him.
Very soon the two boys were ready to start.
“Well, good-by, boys,” said Tursio, after telling them how to reach the
ship. “I will no longer try to stop you from going. Only be careful.
Keep to yourselves, and you will meet with little trouble. Do not stop
on your way. Hasten back, or I shall be worried. Above all, never get
out of the water. The tide might go out, and you, Marsovino, would
be in great danger.”
Marsovino and Pinocchio listened carefully; and then, with a cheerful
good-by, they were off.
A few hours later Tursio and Globicephalous were with Beluga, and
Marsovino and Pinocchio were speeding away towards the great
oceans, treasure hunting.
 CHAPTER XII
Marsovino and Pinocchio traveled swiftly. They
passed a strait, crossed a canal, left beautiful lands
behind them, and at last came out fearlessly into
the great ocean. They never stopped.
When the moon shone they traveled on the surface
of the water. If the sky was dark and gloomy, the
dolphin plunged deep into the sea. There the two
friends had plenty of light. Great medusæ and sun
fishes made the water light and bright. Very often,
too, the wonderful phosphorescence of the sea
aided them in seeing their way. Pinocchio felt satisfied when
Marsovino explained the cause of this phosphorescence to him. At
first, though, he could hardly believe his ears.
“When the Moon shone they traveled on the Surface of the
Water.”

The journey was very peaceful, and nothing came to trouble the two
little heroes.
“What is that dark blue streak there, Marsovino?” asked Pinocchio,
one day. He was pointing out a wide band of dark blue water, which
stood out distinctly from the lighter green of the ocean.
“That? Oh, that is the Gulf Stream,” answered Marsovino.
“The Gulf Stream? What are you talking about? A stream running in
the ocean! Water running in water!”
“Yes, of course it is all water. But there is a difference between ocean
water and Gulf Stream water. The first, in general, is quiet, the
second is moving. That stream is just like a river flowing between
two valleys. The waters of the two never mix. If you try, you will find
that the ocean is much the colder of the two.”
“But what is the use of it?”
“Why, it is of great use. This stream carries warmth to the cold
regions of the north. It cools the hot countries of the tropics. Without
this saving current, life would not be pleasant in many countries.”
“Hurrah for the river in the middle of the sea, then!” shouted
Pinocchio. He had understood little, so he thought it better not to
speak further on the subject.
Towards noon of the same day the sea began to be filled with
herrings. They were on all sides. Our two travelers were surrounded.
Pinocchio enjoyed being with the silvery animals.
Soon, however, there were so many that Marsovino found it hard to
move. Still, the kind little fellow, seeing that Pinocchio was enjoying
himself, did not try to get away. After a while, however, the herrings
became so numerous that the ocean looked like a sea of silver, not
of water. Pinocchio and the dolphin were being pushed and shoved
around without mercy.
“I am being killed, stifled,” whispered Pinocchio. Yes, he whispered.
If he had opened his mouth a herring could easily have slipped into
it. This might not have been very pleasant.
Marsovino finally saw that the herring had become as thick as a
stone wall. So with a few strong strokes of his tail, he made his way
to the surface of the water.
“Ah! now I can breathe!” exclaimed
Pinocchio. “In that fishy world I
thought I should die.”
As night had come, and as it was very
dark, our friends began to think of
sleep. Anyway, even if they had tried
to move, they could hardly have
passed through that multitude.
Just as the sun rose, Pinocchio
opened his eyes. He had had a very
good sleep on the back of his
swimming horse. Looking around, he
could not help crying out in surprise.
“Marsovino! Wake up!” he called. “Just
look! Yesterday we were swimming in a sea of silver. To-day we are
floating in milk.”
It was really the truth. No sign of herrings was left. But as far as eye
could reach one could see only a thick heavy liquid as white as milk.
“Oh, how splendid!” cried Pinocchio. “Now I can have as much milk
as I want. It looks good.”
Marsovino had awakened, but he never said a word. He wanted to
see what Pinocchio would do. The marionette, thinking himself right,
bent over and took a long drink of milk, as he thought. But he had no
sooner had a taste than he made a wry face.
“Why, it is salty.”
“Of course it is. Is this the first time you have heard of the sea being
salt?”
“But this is not water. Look how white it is. It looks like milk.”
“Do you know why it is so? The water looks white because of the
eggs left in it by the herrings of yesterday.”
“Eggs? But there must be thousands of them?”
“Yes, and millions.”
“But the sea will soon be full of herrings, then.”
“No fear of that, Pinocchio. Think of the many large fish that are in
the sea. They live on these eggs and on small fishes. Why, they can
and they do swallow hundreds of eggs at a time. The sea is big
enough to hold all its fish and more. You don’t think we are crowded,
do you?”
“Last night we certainly were.”
“One night is not every night. You see, herrings travel in great
numbers, and we happened to meet a school of them.”
“Oh, they go to school, do they? Well, I never before thought a fish
had to go to school, too!” mumbled Pinocchio to himself.
After traveling a long time through the milky sea, the two travelers at
last came out of it.
Soon after a long, sharp, flat blade rose suddenly out of the water. It
looked like a sword, and Pinocchio, of course, thought it was one.
“What have we here?” he asked. “A soldier battling in the sea? And
is that thing his sword?”
“You can hardly be blamed for thinking it a sword. It looks very much
like one,” said Marsovino. “It is the long upper jaw of a fish, and from
this it receives its name, swordfish. With this weapon, as it is very
strong, the fish can defend himself against much larger animals. I
hope he won’t come near us.”
Luckily for the two friends, he did not. The sword disappeared into
the sea, and the travelers continued their journey.
“I must dive now, to see where we are,” said Marsovino; and soon
Pinocchio found himself at the bottom of the sea. Curious as ever,
the marionette looked around, peering here and peering there.
Seeing some cuplike objects hanging on the rocks,
he put out his hands for them. They looked very soft
and were full of holes. But as soon as Pinocchio
touched them, the holes disappeared, and the cups
clung tightly to the rocks.
“Oh, excuse me,” begged Pinocchio, “I thought you
were sponges.”
“And what are they, if not that?” laughingly asked Marsovino.
“But they move just as if they were alive!”
“And is not the sponge an animal?”
“Really? Do you mean it?”
“Why, yes. The sponge is not only one animal, but a number of
animals living together. And what do you think hides in that cuplike
sponge you see there, to live a quiet happy life in it?”
“What?”
“The pearl oyster.”
“Honestly? Oh! Do you think I could get some? I know how precious
pearls are. Why, I could make myself rich! I could buy houses and
horses and automobiles and—Oh! Oh!” and Pinocchio started to
dance a jig on the sandy floor.
Marsovino was laughing.
“You may try. You may have luck.”
Pinocchio did not have to be told twice. He searched and searched
every sponge he could lay his hands on. As a result, he found a
great many shells.
“And what now?” he asked.
“Now you must open them, to see if any pearls are inside.”
“What is the use of opening them? You said these were all pearl
oysters. I’ll carry them and open them later.”
“But many of them may have no pearls
at all. You see,” continued Marsovino,
opening a shell, “this one has none. But
do you see this coating of many colors
on the inside of the shell? That is a
substance which comes from the body
of the mollusk. It is called mother of
pearl. When the oyster opens its shell, a
grain of sand may get into it. The oyster
does not like this, as the stone hurts her,
but she can’t throw it out. So she covers
it up with this substance from her body.
When the little stone is all covered up,
we have a lovely pearl.”
“Who would ever have thought such a thing
possible!” thought Pinocchio, getting to
work. He soon had a large number of
oysters; but when he opened them he found
only a few small balls.
“Come here, Pinocchio. You may have
better luck in this corner,” and Marsovino
led the way to a nook in the rocks. “Look in
there.”
Again Pinocchio searched, and soon a
great many shells lay at his feet ready to be
opened. Without mercy, he went at them,
tearing and pulling the poor little creatures from their homes. His
search finished, he threw them aside. The sand was soon covered
with the dead and the dying.
“Poor little beings!” observed Marsovino. “After they have given you
their pearls, is that the way to treat them? Could you not be more
careful?”
Pinocchio had a kind soul. He was only thoughtless. So he went to
work and tried to undo the wrong he had done. Those oysters which
were only slightly hurt he put back into their shells; while he ate the
others, and so ended their sufferings.
This work finished, he went on with his search for pearls. In a short
time he had a small pile of beautiful pearls. Some were large, some
small, some globular, and others shaped like drops of water.
In color, too, they were different. Almost all were white, some faintly
pink, a few grayish, and one was all black.
“Well, Pinocchio, you have enough. With them you will be as rich as
the king of China. Come now. We must go on with our journey.”
“But these pearls, where shall I put them? I wish I had a bag or a
box.”
“It will not be so hard to find that. Let’s look around.”
The dolphin swam around. He did not stay away long. Soon he came
back, holding a small object out to Pinocchio. It was a little cubical
body, and seemed like a strange-looking box.
“Here is the box, my friend,” he called.
“Well, what is this?” asked Pinocchio, looking at the object. It was
hard and dark, and reminded him of the shell which had saved his
life.
“That was a fish.”
“A fish? That box?”
“Exactly. This is only its shell, but once a fish lived in it. It is called
the sea urchin. That box you have there helps him to defend himself.
Do you notice how hard it is?”
“Well, the sea is certainly a wonderful place. Once upon a time I
hated it. Now I should like to be a fish, so as to live in it always.”
 CHAPTER XIII
The journey was progressing rapidly. Blue skies
and green countries had disappeared. Gone were
the many-colored fish. Sea and sky were of a dark
gray color. Why all this? Because our two friends
had reached the cold north, where for so many
months no sun shines.
Luckily, though, spring had begun. The sun showed
itself for a while every day. And every day it showed
itself a little longer. In the summer it would be there even at midnight.
The cold was very great. Pinocchio had a fur suit which Tursio had
given him, but still he was almost freezing. Marsovino also suffered.
“It will be better for us if we dive deep into the sea,” he observed.
“We shall find it warmer there.”
“Please wait awhile,” begged Pinocchio.
“I want to see that island first,” and with
his hand Pinocchio pointed to a high
mountain still far away. It was as white
as snow, and seemed almost to touch
the sky.
“Oh, you want to see that island,”
repeated Marsovino, chuckling to
himself. “Very well.”
“Yes, it does look queer, doesn’t it? I
wonder if there are people on it?”
“Perhaps. We shall see.”
It seemed as if the island had heard
Pinocchio speak. Strange to say, it was
coming to meet the dolphin and his friend. And with it were two
others.
“Look! look!” shouted Pinocchio. “The islands at the pole walk! This
is fun!”
“Yes, they are taking a walk, as you see,” answered Marsovino, who
was enjoying himself, too. “But if they come nearer, our journey will
end right here.”
He had not finished speaking when a
terrific noise was heard. The sound
was deafening. Pinocchio found
himself thrown from his horse into the
water. When he opened his eyes—he
always closed them when he was
frightened—no islands were to be
seen.
“Marsovino! Marsovino! Help! Help!”
he cried, fearing he had lost his friend.
“Here I am! Come!”
Swiftly the marionette swam to the
dolphin, and again climbed on his
back.
“Will you please tell me what happened to those islands? Or are we
in fairyland? I never knew lands could disappear in a minute like
that!”
“Those were not islands, my dear Pinocchio. They were icebergs.
These great mountains of ice, when they come against each other,
are broken into bits. See, all that is left of them are pieces of ice;”
and Marsovino pointed to ice which was floating on the sea.
The next day Pinocchio had another surprise. In front of him, as far
as he could see, was a city of ice. Everything was flat, everything
was white.
Immense landscapes, snowy white, met his eye wherever he turned.
Mountains of ice could be seen in the distance. And, wonderful to
see, the ice was so clear and transparent that it looked like glass.
When the sun shone on it, it sparkled and showed all the colors of
the rainbow.
Pinocchio thought himself in fairyland. But as he was looking, a
strong wind rose suddenly; and then the icebergs fell and broke with
deafening noise.
Finally, Marsovino thought it best to
swim far under water. He was afraid of
losing his life in the midst of all those
icebergs.
Two days later the two boys rounded
the southern point of Greenland. On
the sandy shore of this island
continent could be seen a large
number of animals. They had round
clumsy bodies, each having a small
head with two small bright eyes.
Where we have arms, they had what
looked like very strong fins.
These animals were seals. Their bodies were covered with reddish-
brown fur. Lying on the sand, they were enjoying the warmth of the
sun. The young ones were playing with one another and enjoying
themselves, too.
Pinocchio paid little attention to them. But suddenly out of the water
came another band. The newcomers were somewhat different from
the seals, but they belonged to the same family.
Their fur was almost black, not brown, and their heads were larger.
They were walruses. From their mouths two long, thick ivory teeth
protruded. They looked very fierce, and soon they showed their
fierceness.
Seeing that the beach was occupied, and wanting it for themselves,
they started to fight for it. The seals fought very bravely, but what
could they do against those terrible teeth? The poor wounded beasts
struggled and kept up cries of “pa—pa—pa—pa.”
“Listen to that. They are calling ‘papa.’ I never thought fish could
talk,” said Pinocchio.
“First of all, seals are not fish, but mammals. And
then there are some fish which do produce sounds.
Tunnies, when out of the water, cry like children.
Some poulpes, when caught, groan. Others make a
sound like a whistle.”
“I am ready to believe anything,” Pinocchio said
very weakly. “But what is a poulpe?”
“Oh, that is another name for the octopus or
devilfish,” was the reply.
The fight continued, but the seals were soon conquered. The
victorious walruses were not to enjoy their victory, however.
While the fight was still waging, some fishermen had quietly come up
to the field of battle. Before long many of the combatants lay dead,
and were carried away into boats. The few that were left forgot the
fight, and were happy enough to escape into the water.
 CHAPTER XIV
The boys traveled two weeks longer, and at last
Marsovino thought himself near his destination. So
he dived into the water to a great depth.
After a while, as he sank deeper and deeper into
the sea, Pinocchio became frightened. They were
down so far that no light from the sun could reach
them.
“Where are you carrying me to, my dear?” he
asked. “If we go any farther, we cannot possibly live. How could we,
with this immense amount of water over us?”
“We’ll be all right, my boy, never fear. If little fish like that can live
here, why, so can we.”
Marsovino was pointing to many horrible dark objects which were
swimming around him. They had a round head, great black bodies,
no eyes, and from their heads a long thread moved about in the
water. At the end of the threads were small lights.
“What ugly things!” said Pinocchio. “What are they, and why do they
have those small lights on their heads?”
“If you look closely, you will see that those little beings have no eyes.
So they depend on these lights for their food. Other animals are
drawn to the lights. When they are near enough these animals feel
them. Then they are seized and eaten.”
“The sea is wonderful,” nodded Pinocchio, drowsily, “but don’t you
think that we might take some sleep? I am very tired.”
“Very well,” said Marsovino.
Pinocchio threw himself on the sand, and in a few minutes both
friends were asleep.