Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Student name

Andrés Duran Valenzuela

Group 33

Identification number

1075265138

Course Director

Omar Leonardo Leyton

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In communications systems, transmission lines find numerous applications not only in the
transport of signals between a source and a load, but also as resonant circuits, impedance filters
and couplers. In this unit of the course of electromagnetic theory and waves we address physical
and mathematical variables of great importance when analyzing the components of wave
propagation The analysis of the transmission lines requires the solution of the equations of the
electromagnetic field, subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the line geometry and, in
general, classical circuit theory cannot be applied, since it deals with circuits with concentrated
parameters, while in a Line parameters are distributed.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

Answer:
A transmission line can be composed of two parallel conductors that connect the generator
with the load. From a certain frequency, the lines formed by two parallel conductors radiate a
large amount of energy and are no longer usable due to their high losses. At high frequencies
it is convenient to use coaxial lines, formed by a central conductor surrounded by a metallic
mesh of tubular form that makes of shielding to almost constant potential and forms "the
return of earth" of very low impedance. The two conductors (central and mesh) are separated
by an appropriate dielectric. The constants distributed along the line (per unit length) are:

- Series ohmic resistance:R

- Serial autoinduction:L
- Distributed parallel capacity: C
- Conductance in parallel:G
- Complex impedance in series: Z
- Complex admittance in series:Y
 Image1 Lines of transmission

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

Answer:
breakdown voltage that basically depends on the characteristics of the dielectric itself
and the separation between the conductors. When calculating the maximum peak
voltage on a transmission line, it is necessary to take into account the type of
modulation used. In FM the average power and the peak power are equal, while in
AM it completes the peak power is up to four times the carrier power without
modulation and, in digital television transmission, the peak power can be up to ten
times or more That effective power. This is a factor of utmost importance in selecting
the appropriate transmission line for a specific application. In practice, the lines used
in high power applications are invariably coaxial lines, whether rigid or semi-flexible.
The higher the power that is handled, the larger the line diameter should be.
The power that a line can handle is determined by two factors, one, the maximum
peak power, determined by the electric field strength (the breaking voltage) and the
other, the average power, determined by the temperature of the inner conductor17.
For a coaxial cable, the intensity of the electric field is maximum near the outer
surface of the inner conductor and the maximum intensity can be calculated as:

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝑐𝑚 𝑊
√ 𝐷
ln ( 𝑑 )

Where W is the power in watts, D the inner diameter of the outer conductor and d
the diameter of the inner conductor. Emax is minimal when the D / d ratio is equal
to 1.65, which results in an impedance of 30 Ω for a line with air dielectric. The
calculation of the average power limitation for a coaxial line involves complex thermal
models. An approximate optimization indicates that the optimum D / d ratio should
be equal to 2.72, resulting in an impedance of 60 Ω.
 3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
a. Input impedance𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

Answer:
If the line is terminated at its characteristic impedance, Z0, the impedance that is go from
terminals AA 'of the generator, it will also be Z0. If ZL ≠ Z0, the impedance seen from the
generator will now be Zi, different from Z0. It can be shown that the Line input impedance
under these conditions is given by:

In which l is the total length of the line. It is important to note that the above formula It is
equally valid for calculating the impedance seen from the terminals of the load, BB ’, towards
the generator, if its impedance is not equal to the impedance characteristic. In low loss lines,
α ≈ 0, so coshγl ≈ cosβl and senhγl ≈ senβl and the input impedance is reduced to:

Input impedance of a line terminated in short circuit. In this case ZL = 0 and ΓL = 1∠180º and, of (9.25):

Input impedance of a line terminated in open circuit. Under these conditions, ZL = ∞ and ΓL
= 1∠0º. The input impedance is:

Where Zsc and Zoc denote the short circuit and open circuit impedances, respectively.
Input impedance of a line terminated in a pure reactance. In these terms:
 b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

Answer:

The reflection coefficient Î "of a standing wave is defined as the quotient between the intensity
of signal the reflected wave (Vr) and that of the incident wave (Vf). Its maximum value is 1,
which matches the line of transmission in open circuit; the minimum is -1, which takes place
with the transmission line in short circuit; and the optimal situation takes place when it takes
the value 0, which is when there is no reflection any. All delivered power is transmitted.
For the calculation that concerns us, it is enough to know the module of this magnitude and the
we will call p

The standing wave ratio (SWR or VSWR) is defined as the ratio between the maximum intensity
of the signal under study and the minimum.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Answer:

The electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of transmission lines of
electrical energy. Normally this magnitude is designated with the letter θ.

It is defined as the product between the phase constant of the wave and the distance at
which they are separated from the load. A) Yes:

θ=β·d

Developing this formula:

θ = β · d = (2π / λ) · d = 2π · d / λ

which expresses the distance to the load as a function of the wavelength.

This parameter depends on the frequency: it seems that the load "is further" (in electrical
length) when the distance increases. This is because you have to go through more spatial
periods of the wave (wavelengths).

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

Answer:

Transmission line analysis can simplify the use of any of several graphic methods, of
which the most important is the Smith Letter9,10, shown in the figure and which is the
most used. Smith's chart or diagram it is based on two sets of orthogonal circles, one
of them represents the relationship R / Z0, in which R is the resistive component of the
characteristic impedance. The second set of circles represents the relation X / Z0, in
which X is the component reactive line impedance. These coordinates are transferred
by a Conforming transformation corresponding to a standing wave relationship given,
or what is the same to the magnitude of the reflection coefficient on the load, for a
lossless transmission line. Smith's theory of the Letter is broad And it's not here. Figure
9.15 shows the circles of resistance and constant reactance that they compose Smith's
letter, as well as the circles of constant ROE, which are usually not included in the
letter and, eventually, it is necessary to draw them with compass. These circles of
constant ROE, also son of the magnitude of the coefficient of reflection according to
(9.46).

The center of the graph corresponds to the value Z = 1 + j0. The outer circle
corresponds to pure reactance values (R = 0), while the horizontal axis corresponds to
pure resistance values (X = 0). The reactances in the upper half positive (inductive)
 and negative (capacitive) are those of the lower part. From In fact, any normalized
complex value can be represented in the Smith Letter. The left end of the graph
corresponds to a short circuit, while that the right end corresponds to an open circuit.
The total route over the graph equals a length in the line of λ / 2 (180º electrical). If
the graph is runs clockwise (dextrógiro), equivalent to advancing in the line moving
from the load to the generator. Levógiro sense (contrary to the hands of the clock), the
generator is advanced towards the load.

Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group
number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

𝑮𝑮 = 𝟑𝟑
𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (33 + 10 = 43)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 107𝐾𝐻𝑧.

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
Answer:

1 1
𝛿𝑝 = = = 0.000202 𝑚
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇0 √𝜋 × (104000)(5.8 × 107 )(1.257 × 10−6 )

𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑎2 (0.00035)2
= 𝑎 = 0.00035
𝑅𝐷𝐶 2 𝑎 − 0.00035 −
2𝛿𝑝 [ 𝛿 − 1 + 𝑒 𝛿𝑝 ] 2(0.000202)2 [ − 1 + 𝑒 (0.000202) ]
𝑝 (0.000202)

𝑅𝐴𝐶
= 1.634
𝑅𝐷𝐶

1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
𝑅= ( 2× + )
𝜋𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2𝑏𝑡

1 1 1
𝑅= ( × 1.634 + )
𝜋(5.8 × 107 ) (0.00035)2 2(0.03)(0.000043)

𝑅 = 0.05923 𝑂ℎ𝑚⁄𝑚

2𝜋𝜎𝑑 2𝜋(1 × 10−16 )

𝐺= = = 1.4116 × 10−16 𝑆𝑚⁄𝑚
𝑏 0.03
ln (
ln (𝑎) 0.00035)

𝜇0 𝑏 1.257 × 10−6 0.03

𝐿= [1 + 2 ln ( )] = [1 + 2 ln ( )]
4𝜋 𝑎 4𝜋 0.00035

𝐿 = 9.904 × 10−7 𝐻⁄𝑚

 2𝜋𝜀 2𝜋(1.99215 × 10−11 )
𝐶= = = 2.81218 × 10−11 𝐹⁄𝑚
𝑏 0.03
ln (
ln (𝑎) 0.00035)

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation

parameters𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
Answer:

𝛾 = ±√(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

𝛾
= ±√(0.05923 ) + (𝑗2𝜋(107000)(9.904 × 10−7 )) × (1.4116 × 10−16 ) + (𝑗2𝜋(107000)(2.81218 × 10−11 ))

𝛾 = 0.0001995 + 𝑗0.003474

𝛼 = 0.0001995

𝛽 = 0.003474

𝑑𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 (0.05923 + 𝑗2𝜋(107000)(9.904 × 10−7 ))

𝑍0 = =√ =√
𝑑𝐼 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 (1.4116 × 10−16 ) + 𝑗2𝜋(107000)(2.81218 × 10−11 )

𝑍0 = 187.913 − 𝑗10.6891 𝑂ℎ𝑚

C. Calculate the propagation velocity𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the
attenuation𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
Answer:

𝜔 2𝜋(107000)
𝑉𝑝 = = = 1.93523 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝛽 0.003474

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = = 1808.6313𝑚
𝛽 0.003474

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑚 = −8.68∞(0.0001995) = −0.00173166 𝑑𝐵/𝑚

 2. A 𝑍0 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 33m long and
the wavelength is 107mm. Find and probe with the smith chart:

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

Answer:

𝐿 33
𝓁= = = 308.41𝑚
𝜆 0.107

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝓁)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝓁)

(45 − 𝑗75)Ω + 𝑗50Ω𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋308.41𝑚)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω
50Ω + 𝑗(45 − 𝑗75)Ω𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋308.41𝑚)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 44.85 + 113.74𝑖 Ω

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 122.26 ∡68.48°

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Answer:
 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 (45 − 𝑗75)Ω − 50Ω
Γ= = = 0.3515 − 0.5119𝑖 = 0.621 ∡ − 55.52°
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 (45 − 𝑗75)Ω + 50Ω

c. VSWR.
Answer:

1 + |Γ| 1 + |0.621|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = = 6.277
1 − |Γ| 1 − |0.621|

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning
environment to check the results obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
Answer:
Simulation smith V4.1
 d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.

Answer:
 Conclusions

- In the transmission line is formed by electrical conductors with a determined

geometric arrangement that conditions the characteristics of the waves
electromagnetic in it.

- The ideal ROE in a propagation system is 1 where the reflected power of said
system is 0%, passing all the incident power to the load, obtaining adequate
transmission conditions.

- Otherwise, when the conditions of the ROE standing wave relationship are very
large, losses occur in the system and failures in the propagation circuits causing
damage.
 Bibliography

Chapter of an electronic book.

- Chen, W. (2005).
The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp. 525-
537). Recovered
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- Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012).

Microwave Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-
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Unifying interpretation of reflection coefficient and Smith chart definitions. IET
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AN=525504787&lang=es&site=eds-live

- Paz, A. (2013).
Electromagnetic waves in guided media. Chapter 8. Electromagnetism for
Electronic Engineering. pp. 311-385. Recovered from
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?usp=sharing