SPH3U – Unit #5

Electricity & Magnetism

 Unit Overview
• Electric Energy & Circuits
• Electric Charge & Electrical Structure of Matter
• Electric Potential
• Elementary Charge (The Millikan Experiment)
• Electric Current
• Resistance
• Electric Power & Energy
• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
• Complex Circuits
• Magnetism
• Natural Magnetism
• Magnetic Fields
• Electromagnetism (RHR#1 & 2)
• The Motor Principle (RHR#3)
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Lenz’s Law
• The Generator Effect
• Transformers
 Electric Power & Energy
• The ______ is a unit of power.
• _______ is the rate at which energy moves or is used.
• Since energy is measured in _______, power is
measured in joules per second.
• One joule per second is equal to one watt.
• One watt is a pretty small amount of power.
• In everyday use, larger units are more convenient to
use.
• A _______ is equal to 1,000 watts.
Reviewing Terms
Defining Power
 Example #1
• In North America, the standard electric
outlet has a potential difference of 120 V.
In Europe, it is 240 V. What would be the
power output of a 100W – 120 V light bulb
if it was connected to a 240 V system?
What would happen to the light bulb?
 Practice
Pg. 655#41, 42
Pg. 658#43-45
Another Relationship for Power
 Example #2
An electric kettle is rated at 1500 W for a
120 V potential difference.
a) What is the resistance of the heating
element of the kettle?
b) What will be the power output if the
potential difference falls to 108V?
 Practice
Pg. 662#46-50
 Energy Consumption
• A seemingly unusual unit for energy is used
when talking about electrical energy
consumption – _____________________
• One ____________ is the energy transformed
by 1000 W in one hour (3.6x10^6J).
• A typical charge by an energy company for
consumed energy is roughly ____________.
That means that for 7 cents you can buy enough
energy to lift 360 kg a vertical distance of more
than 1 km!
 Example #3
• A family has its television set on for an
average of 4.0 h a day. If the television set
is rated at 80 W and energy costs
$0.07per Kw-h, how much would it cost to
operate the television for 30 days?
 Practice
Pg. 664#51-53
 Series Circuits
• In series circuits, current can only take one path.
• The amount of __________ is the same at all points
in a series circuit.
 Resistance in Series
• Each resistance in a series circuit adds
to the total resistance of the circuit.

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3...
 Resistance in Series
• Light bulbs, resistors, motors, and heaters
usually have much greater ____________
than wires and batteries.
 Example #1
• How much current flows in a circuit with a
1.5-volt battery and three 1 ohm resistances
(bulbs) in series?
 Voltage in a Series Circuit
• Each separate resistance creates a
____________ as the current passes
through.
• As current flows along a series circuit, each
type of ___________transforms some of the
electrical energy into another form of
energy.
• ___________ is used to calculate the
voltage drop across each resistor.
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
 Parallel Circuits
• In parallel circuits the current can take
_________________
• Because there are multiple branches, the ________ is
not the same at all points in a parallel circuit.
 Parallel Circuits
• Sometimes these paths are called ____________.
• The current through a branch is also called the
_______________.
• When analyzing a parallel circuit, remember that the
current always has to go somewhere.
• The total current in the circuit is the sum of the currents
in all the branches.
• At every branch point the current flowing out must equal
the current flowing in.
• This rule is known as ___________________.
Kirchoff’s Current Law
Kirchoff’s Current Law
 Voltage & Current in a Parallel
Circuit
• In a parallel circuit the __________ is
the same across each branch because
each branch has a low resistance path
back to the battery.
• The amount of ___________ in each
branch in a parallel circuit is not
necessarily the same.
• The resistance in each branch
determines the current in that branch.
 Example #2
• Two bulbs with different resistances are
connected in parallel to batteries with a total
voltage of 3 volts.
• Calculate the total current supplied by the
battery.
 Advantages of Parallel Circuits
• Parallel circuits have two big
advantages over series circuits:.
 Short Circuit
• A short circuit is a parallel path in a circuit with
________________________.
• Short circuits can be made accidentally by connecting a
wire between two other wires at different voltages.
• Short circuits are dangerous because they can draw
huge amounts of ________________.
 Resistance in Parallel Circuits
• Adding resistance in parallel provides
another path for current, and
________current flows.
• When more current flows for the same
voltage, the total resistance of the circuit
______________________.
• This happens because every new path in
a parallel circuit allows more current to
flow for the same voltage.
Resistance in Parallel Circuits
 Example #3
• A circuit contains a 2 ohm resistor and
a 4 ohm resistor in parallel.
Calculate the total resistance of the
circuit.
 Analysis of Circuits
• All circuits work by manipulating currents
and voltages.
• The process of circuit analysis means
figuring out what the currents and voltages
in a circuit are, and also how they are
affected by each other.
• Three basic laws are the foundation of
________________.
The 3 Circuit Laws
 Solving Circuits Problems
1. Identify what the problem is asking you to find.
Assign variables to the unknown quantities.
2. Make a large clear diagram of the circuit. Label
all of the known resistances, currents, and
voltages. Use the variables you defined to
label the unknowns.
3. You may need to combine resistances to find
the______________________. Use multiple
steps to combine series and parallel resistors.
 Solving Circuits Problems
4. If you know the total resistance and current,
use __________________ to calculate
voltages or voltage drops. If you know the
resistance and voltage, use Ohm’s law as I = V
÷ R to calculate the current.
5. An unknown resistance can be found using
Ohm’s law as R = V ÷ I, if you know the current
and the voltage drop through the resistor.
6. Use _______________ and
_______________ as necessary.
 Example #4
• A bulb with a resistance of 1Ω is to be used
in a circuit with a 6-volt battery. The bulb
requires 1 amp of current. If the bulb were
connected directly to the battery, it would
draw 6 amps and burn out instantly. To limit
the current, a resistor is added in series with
the bulb. What size resistor is needed to
make the current 1 amp?
 Combined Circuits
Key Question:
How do we
analyze
network
circuits?
 Combined (Network) Circuits
• In many circuits, resistors are connected
______________________________.
• Such a circuit is called a ___________.
• There is no single formula for adding
resistors in a network circuit.
• For very complex circuits, electrical
engineers use computer programs that
can rapidly solve equations for the circuit
using Kirchhoff’s laws.
 Example #5
• Three bulbs, each with a resistance of 3Ω, are
combined in the circuit in the diagram
• Three volts are applied to the circuit.
• Calculate the current in each of the bulbs.
• From your calculations, do you think all three bulbs will
be equally bright?