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e 1(1 11111
A B C
Fig. 2. False-color images display the velocity distribution of the cloud (A) just with thermal equilibrium. The condensate fraction (mostly blue and white) is
before the appearance of the condensate. (B) just after the appearance of the elliptical. indicative that it is a highly nonthermal distribution. The elliptical pattern
condensate, and (C) after further evaporation has left a sample of nearly pure is in fact an image of a single, macroscopically occupied quantum wave func-
condensate. The circular pattern of the noncondensate fraction (mostly yellow tion. The field of view of each image is 200 Jm by 270 ipm. The observed
and green) is an indication that the velocity distribution s isotropic, consistent horizontal width of the condensate is broadened by the experimental resolution.
SC IENCE '* \QL. 690 ,
14 jUIY 1159
'L 199
cloud was determined from the absorption tion to characterizing any deviations from fractions, respectively. (Figs. 2B and 4). As
of a 20-1Js, circularly polarized laser pulse thermal equilibrium. The measurement the cooling progresses (Fig. 4), the noncon-
resonant with the 5S1/2, F = 2 to 5P3/2, F = process destroys the sample, but the entire densate fraction is reduced until, at a value
3 transition. The shadow of the cloud was load-evaporate-probe cycle can be repeat- of evapi of 4.1 MHz, little remains but a pure
imaged onto a charge-coupled device array, ed. Our data represent a sequence of evap- condensate containing 2000 atoms.
digitized, and stored for analysis. orative cycles performed under identical The condensate first appears at an rf
This shadow image (Fig. 2) contains a conditions except for decreasing values of frequency between 4.25 and 4.23 MHz. The
large amount of easily interpreted infor- vevap, which gives a corresponding de- 4.25 MHz cloud is a sample of 2 x 104
mation. Basically, we did a 2D time-of- crease in the sample temperature and an atoms at a number density of 2.6 x 1012
flight measurement of the velocity distri- increase in phase-space density. cm-3 and a temperature of 170 nK. This
bution. At each point in the image, the The discontinuous behavior of thermo- represents a phase-space density ps of 0.3,
optical density we observed is proportional dynamic quantities or their derivatives is which is well below the expected value of
to the column density of atoms at the always a strong indication of a phase tran- 2.612. The phase-space density scales as the
corresponding part of the expanded cloud. sition. In Fig. 3, we see a sharp increase in sixth power of the linear size of the cloud.
Thus, the recorded image is the initial the peak density at a value of eviap of 4.23 Thus, modest errors in our size calibration
velocity distribution projected onto the MHz. This increase is expected at the BEC could explain much of this difference. Be-
plane of the image. For all harmonic con- transition. As cooling proceeds below the low the transition, one can estimate an
fining potentials, including the TOP trap, transition temperature, atoms rapidly accu- effective phase-space density by simply di-
the spatial distribution is identical to the mulate in the lowest energy state of the 3D viding the number of atoms by the observed
velocity distribution, if each axis is linear- harmonic trapping potential (23). For an volume they occupy in coordinate and ve-
U3
(0
(U
3
Il II MHz, a sharp central peak in the distribu-
tion begins to appear. At frequencies below
4.23 MHz, two distinct components to the
cloud are visible, the smooth broad curve
and a narrow central peak, which we iden-
There is no obstacle to adiabatically cooling
and expanding the cloud further when it is
desirable to reduce the atom-atom interac-
tions, as discussed below (24).
A striking feature evident in the images
0r 2
tify as the noncondensate and condensate shown in Fig. 2 is the differing axial-to-
radial aspect ratios for the two components
II of the cloud. In the clouds with no conden-
a.
I 4.71 '"'"^ ~~ ~_
sate (va > 4.23 MHz) and in the non-
1 condensate fraction of the colder clouds,
I
the velocity distribution is isotropic (as ev-
4.25
idenced by the circular shape of the yellow
to green contour lines in Fig. 2, A and B).
I
4.23
But the condensate fraction clearly has a
4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 larger velocity spread in the axial direction
Vevap(MHz) 4.21
than in the radial direction (Fig. 2, B and
Fig. 3. Peak density at the center of the sample as
C). This difference in aspect ratios is readily
4.19 explained and in fact is strong evidence in
a function of the final depth of the evaporative cut,
Vevap. As evaporation progresses to smaller values
of Vevap, the cloud shrinks and cools, causing a
modest increase in peak density until evap reach-
es 4.23 MHz. The discontinuity at 4.23 MHz indi-
-r
N
>
I~ 4.16 II. support of the interpretation that the cen-
tral peak is a Bose-Einstein condensate. The
noncondensate atoms represent a thermal
distribution across many quantum wave
cates the first appearance of the high-density functions. In thermal equilibrium, velocity
condensate fraction as the cloud undergoes a 4.11
distributions of a gas are always isotropic
phase transition. When a value for Vevap of 4.1 Mhz regardless of the shape of the confining
is reached, nearly all the remaining atoms are in potential. The condensate atoms, however,
the condensate fraction. Below 4.1 MHz, the cen- are all described by the same wave function,
tral density decreases, as the evaporative "rf scal- which will have an anisotropy reflecting
pel" begins to cut into the condensate itself. Each 4.06
that of the confining potential. The veloc-
data point is the average of several evaporative
cycles, and the error bars shown reflect only the 300 pm ity spread of the ground-state wave function
scatter in the data. The temperature of the cloud is Fig. 4. Horizontal sections taken through the ve- for a noninteracting Bose gas should be 1.7
a complicated but monotonic function of Vevap. At locity distribution at progressively lower values of (81/4) times larger in the axial direction
vevap = 4.7 MHz,T = 1.6 IpK, and for
MHz, T= 180 nK.
evap
= 4.25 vevap show the appearance of the condensate
fraction.
than in the radial direction. Our observa-
tions are in qualitative agreement with this
200 SCIENCE · VOL. 269 · 14 JULY 1995
I.aunn.
simple picture. This anisotropy rules out the stability of the supersaturated state; (iv) ex- 12. C. Monroe, E. Cornell, C. Sackett, C. Myatt, C. Wi-
eman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 414(1993); N. Newbury,
possibility that the narrow peak we see is a ploring the specific heat of the sample as it C. Myatt, C. Wieman, Phys. Rev. A 51, R2680
result of the enhanced population of all the goes through the transition boundary (2) by (1995).
very low energy quantum states, rather than measuring how condensate and nonconden- 13. W. Petrich, M. H. Anderson, J. R. Ensher, E. A.
Cornell, Phys.. Rev. Lett. 74, 3352 (1995).
the single lowest state. sate fractions evolve during cooling; (v) 14. D. Pritchard et al., in Proceedings of the 11 th Inter-
A more quantitative treatment of the studying critical opalescence and other fluc- national Conference on Atomic Physics, S. Haroche,
observed shape of the condensate shows tuation-driven behavior near the transition J. C. Gay, G. Grynberg, Eds. (World Scientific, Sin-
that the noninteracting gas picture is not temperature; and (vi) carrying out experi- gapore, 1989), pp. 619-621. The orbiting zero-field
point in the TOP trap supplements the effect of the rf
completely adequate. We find that the ments analogous to many of the classic ex- by removing some high-energy atoms by Majorrana
axial width is about a factor of 2 larger periments on superfluid helium (2, 29). transitions. Two other groups have evaporatively
than that calculated for a noninteracting There is a prediction that the scattering cooled alkali atoms [C. S. Adams, H. J. Lee, N.
Davidson, M. Kasevich, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74,
ground state and the ratio of the axial to length of heavy alkalis can be modified, and 3577 (1995); K. B. Davis, M-O. Mewes, M. A. Joffe,
radial velocity spread is at least 50% larger even be made to change sign, by tuning the M. R. Andres, W. Ketterle, ibid., p. 5202].
than calculated. However, the real con- ambient magnetic field through a scattering 15. E. Raab, M. Prentiss, A. Cable, S. Chu, D. E. Prit-
densate has a self-interaction energy in resonance (26). Directly modifying the scat- chard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2631 (1987).
16. W. Ketterle, K. B. Davis, M. A. Joffe, A. Martin, D. E.
the mean-field picture of 4n'naoi2/im, tering length would provide the ultimate Pritchard, ibid. 70, 2253 (1993).
which is comparable to the separation be- control, but whether or not this is practical, 17. M. H. Anderson, W. Peterich, J. R. Ensher, E. A.
tween energy levels in the trap. Simple one can still study the properties of the Cornell, Phys. Rev. A 50, R3597 (1994).
18. W. Petrich, M. H. Anderson, J. R. Ensher, E. A.
energy arguments indicate that this inter- condensate as functions of the strength of Cornell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 1332 (1994).
action energy will tend to increase both the residual interactions because we now 19. J. R. Gardner etal. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74,3764 (1995)]
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