SK Bearings antidiivibration STRUCTURAL BEARINGS SKV & SKG TYPES Introduction City centre construction sites are often complicated by having surface rail or underground railway tunnels clase to propased foundations and piles, New office complexes are frequently built directly over existing raitway stations where heavy diesel, as well as underground trains, pass: ‘or teeminate, These essential services generate ground bome \ibration which enters buildings oF conventional construction and can make the life of eccupants intolerable. ‘The solution for new constuction is to design the building with SK elastomeric anti-vibration bearings: incorporated in the foundations. This has been accepted practice since 1963 and many buildings have been isolated on elastomeric: bearings of various types. SK Bearings offers both laminated natural rubber / steel plate bearings ‘designed to BS 5400 and fabric reinforced bearings to BS 6177. ‘The praducts are a further development of existing technology and benefil fram over 30 years of experience in the design and manufacture af structural and bridge bearings, The bearings are suitable for isolating offices, hospitals, flats, apartments, oil rig modules, TV, radio and other studios, auditoria elc,, where the structure is required to be isolated from a source of vibration The curved roof of the Canary Wharf Light Railway Station in Docktands sits ‘on SKG anti-vibration bearings which protect il from wind-borne oscillation, Guidance General guidance on the selection and use of elastomeric bearings for isolating vibration from buildings is published in BS 6177: 1982. ttis recommended hawever, that the SK ‘engineering design office is consulted for a bearing system proposal since applying the wang bearing design can compound a vibration problem, Life expectancy Elastomeric bearings are made by ‘SK Bearings to strict specification ‘and quality control, thereby ensuring ‘4 maintenance free working life ‘generally comparable with the expected design life of the structure, Dynamic performance Fis calculated using the formula m 2 ‘The natural frequency | K } Vy Fe ‘where K is the measured dynamic siifness of the bearing at.a pre- ‘determined load and m is the mass carried by the bearing. Bearings are made from natural rubber because of its superior ‘dynamic properties and exellent ‘abgue behaviour The dynamic evaluation of the bearing material has been carried out by independent test laboratories. (Rubber Consultants - MRRDB a unit of the Malaysian Rubber Research cand Development Board, Hertford)SKV TYPE Construction ‘The SKV material is manufactured to BS 6177 from wulcanised natural rubber ‘canforming to bridge bearing standard BS 5400. Non-metallic. reinforcement af high tensile strength synthetic fabric is ‘valcanised inte the bearing ina similar manner to steal piste reinforcement af ‘conventional bridge bearings The basic material is moulded in 25mm thick ‘sheets, then cut into individual bearing units and banded togethar to the required finished thichness, Ths thickness depends ‘on the required natural frequency for the (project and can vary fram 25mm to 15dmm_ in multiples of 25mm, Static Load Characteristics Bearings are avellable in any plan size, however, iis more economical ta make use of the standard sizes cut from the sheets, ‘These range from a minimum of 100 x 100 x 25mm to 600 x 600 x 150mm generally in mutiples of 50mm on pian dimensions. 8S 6177 gives engineers usaful information when considering the instalation of besrings ‘for anti-vibration purposes. Items such as ‘fail sale devices, wind loading restraint, ‘fre protection, replacement, ete., are also covered. Bearings are shways used in groups rather than one large ‘area’ of bearing material. This ‘ensures the optimum pertarmance is gained ‘ogether with other advantages such 2s ease of installabon. For example, pile cap with a ‘vertical load of 6000 KN would require 16 bearings of 250mm square plan dimensions. The pile head may therefore have tobe flared ‘to give sufficient area for bearings, fall safe sdevioes and dowel bers for side restsint. Dynamic performance ‘The basic material is manufactured in 25enrn thick shaets and bonded together to provid the required natural frequency al a design vertical laa. From tess, the Camping Ratio has been ‘measured 25 0.08 and Loss Factor has been measured as (1,086 for SKV bearings Recommended temperature operating range 30 to +70 dagroes 6. NB: Alldata is for guidance only. Always ‘consult SK Bearings design service. Load against Compression 300 Load (KN) 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 Compression (mm) 10 12 14 «16 «17 «18 Plan size 200 x 200mm 25mm = — 100mm NB: Long term creep: creep is expressed as a percentage increase in deflection (compression) to the initial deflection, generally taken as 25%. Load against Natural Frequency 300 250 200 150 Load (kN) 100 50 o+ 6 8 W 12 14 16 Natural Frequency (Hz) 18 20 22 24 26 25mm — 75mm — 125mm Plan size 200 x 200mm = 56mm = — 400mm Quality assurance & testing ‘The natural rubber compound is ‘manufactured and tested in aooardanoe with the test procedure fald down in BS 903 and ‘compligs with BS 5400: Vuicanised natural rubber. 'SKV Produation reinforced sheets 26mm thick are manufactured and tested in Becordance with BS 1577, including visual, sifness and destructive testing Additional testing on individsel laminated bearings can be carried out to engineers! fequirements and ate changed extra. Certificates of conformity and or test cetificates can be provided far ished bearing tests. ‘SK Bearings have facilaies for testing to Grade A standard, Our lest machine which has a NaGonal Physical LaborataryS KG TYP E Construction a 7 SKG bearings are designed and Load against compression manufactured to BS-5400 and comprise natural rubber vulcanized with internal size! plates in individual moulded units sinilar in Load construction to normal bridge bearings: kN As with SKY types, the dimensions of tne 600 bearing wil vary Gapanding on the aad capacity required and the natural frequency. 500 400 / Static Load Characteristics. 300 Bearings are available in a number of plan 200 sizes which can have a variation of internal rubber thickness and metal plates, hence 400 load carrying capacity can vary forthe same plan size 0 + —}— itis recommensied that SK Bearing's Design oO 41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cifioe i contacted fora bearing proposal. Compression (mm! For example, a range of bearings may be - (mm) 23 follows NB: An allowance for creep of 25% should be added. 229 x 182 x 24mm typical load 150kN Load against Natural Frequency 300 x 240 x 2mm typical load 450M 495 x 240 x 24mm typical load 750kN 400 Load Ash SKV type, SKG bearings are always kN used in groups as illustrated on the following page. (300 Dynamic performance 200 The bearings are manufactured in single Moulied units and he dimensions are caloulated to provide the required natural 100: frequancy at design vertical load. The natural frequency is calculated using the 0 same formula es SKV. From tests the Damping Ratio has been measured as 0.028 and Loss Factor has been measured Natural Frequency (Hz) 95 0,056 for SKG bearings, The recommended operating lemparature range for SKG bearings Is -30 10-470 degrees C. 4 6 B 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Key 29x 152x 24mm —= 300x240 24 mm 220 x152xd8mm — 300 x 240 48mm 220% 152x96mm —— 300 x 24096 mm ‘The Bolshol Theatre, has bean jackad-up and lowered back onto SK anti-vibretion bearings to protect it against the Moscaw calibration certification, is capable of all stages thus ensuring that a high standard imposing vertical loads up 1 10,000 kN is maintained throughout each stage of ‘cornbined with horizontal loads up to manufacture, Certificates and letters of 470 KN. Its possible therefore to carry canformily are available forthe produeis i ‘ult full scale foed tests on complete requited. SK Bearings is a Division of bearings. the Dixon international Group Lid. - Our qually control laboratory is fully Nillennium Product company - and is ‘equiped with the latest equipment to enable qualily assured'to ISO 9002. our Lechnical staff to check our products atInstallation Please note that in some cases, side restraint will be required to ensure the stabiity of the structure, This can usually be provided by steel dowels which should always have a rubber dowel sleave (SKD) or some form of side restraint bearings incorporating sliding (PTFE) faves to account for veriical compression of the main bearings. Fail safe devices are usually fabricated steel boxes or strip designs but concrete upstands can also be used. For in situ concrete structures a filler eg clayboard, polystyrene or ather sultable filer material can be used to infill between bearings prior 'o casting, Altematively a galvanised steel base plate with starter bars.can be used a a permanent shutter cn top of the groups of bearings Bearings on concrete column head foundation General information The finished bearing units are identified by type, size or other markings preferred by the engineers, Rubber bearings are robust and not easily damaged but it is prudent to treat them with a certain amount of care ta avoid the possibilty of accidental damage, Before installation Handle carefully. Use a orane itnecessary, Store under eaver in clean conditions and out af direct sunlight, Do not remave transit clanps when fitted, During installation Handle carefully. Use a crane ifnecessary, Ensure correct location and orientation. Bearings must be fully supported over the entire area. Bearings must not be subjected to ‘excessive loads - even for short periods. ‘When selting levels, do not apply uneven loads or hammer blows to bearings. After installation Remove any temporary restraints and check that the bearings upper faces ara in contact with the supported structure. Remove bedding mortar from the side faces of elastomeric bearings, Most important NEVER install a damaged bearing NEVER apply uneven loads or hammer blows to alastemeric bearings. ‘Should @ bearing be damaged the resident engineer mus! be informed and a replacement ordered. The installation positions are generally detailed on the engineer's drawings the surface anto which bearings are installed should be flat and level with no projections or air holes. Preferably a solfeveling epoxy grout should be used to create a ‘smooth surface, The bearings are designed to be installed without adhesive, however ifitis deemed necessary to lacate the bearings, then a sultable epoxy adhesive should be used. Fire protection Bearings should be protected from the effects of fire with a method which does rot impair their dynamic performance: Al temperatures in excess of 100 degrees C for long periods any elastomeric bearing will be permanently damaged ‘and would require replacement. The design engineer should oonsider the ‘alternatives avaikable such as-fireproof screening with intumesoent-based materials or board type materials to protect the bearings fram direct contact with flames along their exposed edges, We recommend FireFoam developed by ‘our colleagues at Sealmaster, because it Complies with BS 476 Part 20. Gives up to 4 hours fire resistance. Requires no fixings or adhesives. Can be re-tted after inspacting bearings. Has damp and water resistant properties. ‘Contact us for further details or consult information on-line at Contacting us ‘SK Bearings Brewery Road Pampisford Cambridge England (CB2 4HG Tel. 01223 835 623 Fax 01223 837 G68 ‘The lifonmaticn gies hein and where supple users isbsedon cur general esperiance and. whem appleabie, en art Ye resus usr samples yest man sctue, However, because afte mary factors amacting te une of hes prot which ae ous our range and cael ne canal accep ny tnjry. osc damage resutng fom retance upon uch jefration.AMough every efit ia ae la esr tak the dita and iformtion Bis eset ae comet os rot form pat ofa Canret and SK Baarngs does ret accept rescanabdly for roncomplsnee. Sk Bearings. reser he igh charge any predict or spectiemton wth notin The neni hs i sheet the pyigh oft On ileal Gu Ud. end mo partolt may be repeducesby ary means witout pre ‘wten persis