Ge6253 PDF

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2015 – 16 Even Semester
COMMON MINIMUM STUDY MATERIAL (MSM)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
SUBJECT CODE: GE 6253
SUBJECT NAME: ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Regulation: 2013 Year and Semester: I and II
1
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GE6253 ENGINEERING MECHANICS LTPC

3104
OBJECTIVES:
To develop capacity to predict the effect of force and motion in the course of
carrying out the design functions of engineering.
UNIT I BASICS AND STATICS OF PARTICLES 12

Introduction – Units and Dimensions – Laws of Mechanics – Lami’s theorem,
Parallelogram and triangular Law of forces –– Vectorial representation of forces –
Vector operations of forces -additions, subtraction, dot product, cross product – Coplanar
Forces – rectangular components – Equilibrium of a particle – Forces in space –
Equilibrium of a particle in space – Equivalent systems of forces – Principle of
transmissibility .
UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 12

Free body diagram – Types of supports –Action and reaction forces –stable equilibrium –
Moments and Couples – Moment of a force about a point and about an axis – Vectorial
representation of moments and couples – Scalar components of a moment – Varignon’s
theorem – Single equivalent force -Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in two dimensions –
Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three dimensions
UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 12

Centroids and centre of mass– Centroids of lines and areas - Rectangular, circular,
triangular areas by integration – T section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow section by
using standard formula –Theorems of Pappus - Area moments of inertia of plane areas –
Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by integration – T section, I section, Angle section,
Hollow section by using standard formula – Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis
theorem –Principal moments of inertia of plane areas – Principal axes of inertia-Mass
moment of inertia –mass moment of inertia for prismatic, cylindrical and spherical solids
from first principle – Relation to area moments of inertia.
UNIT IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 12

Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their relationship – Relative motion –
Curvilinear motion - Newton’s laws of motion – Work Energy Equation– Impulse and
Momentum – Impact of elastic bodies.
UNIT V FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS 12

Friction force – Laws of sliding friction – equilibrium analysis of simple systems with
sliding friction – wedge friction-. Rolling resistance -Translation and Rotation of Rigid
Bodies – Velocity and acceleration – General Plane motion of simple rigid bodies such
as cylinder, disc/wheel and sphere.
TOTAL:60PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Ability to explain the differential principles applies to solve engineering
problems dealing with force, displacement, velocity and acceleration.
 Ability to analyse the forces in any structures.
 Ability to solve rigid body subjected to dynamic forces.
2
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Beer, F.P and Johnston Jr. E.R., “Vector Mechanics for Engineers (In SI Units):
Statics andDynamics”, 8th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company, New Delhi
(2004).
2. Vela Murali, “Engineering Mechanics”, Oxford University Press (2010)
REFERENCES:
1. Hibbeller, R.C and Ashok Gupta, “Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics,
11th Edition,Pearson Education 2010.
2. Irving H. Shames and Krishna Mohana Rao. G., “Engineering Mechanics – Statics and
Dynamics”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education 2006.
3. Meriam J.L. and Kraige L.G., “ Engineering Mechanics- Statics - Volume 1,
Dynamics- Volume2”, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons,1993.
4. Rajasekaran S and Sankarasubramanian G., “Engineering Mechanics Statics and
Dynamics”,3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2005.
5. Bhavikatti, S.S and Rajashekarappa, K.G., “Engineering Mechanics”, New Age
International(P) Limited Publishers, 1998.
6. Kumar, K.L., “Engineering Mechanics”, 3rd Revised Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishingcompany, New Delhi 2008.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
S.NO TOPIC
NUMBER
1 Aim and objective of the subject 1
2 Detailed Lesson Plan 2
Unit-I- BASICS AND STATICS OF PARTICLE
3 Part - A (2marks Q &A) 9
4 Part - B (16marks Q &A) 11
Unit-II-EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
Unit-III-PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS
Unit-IV-DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
Unit-V-FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS
ANNA UNIVERSITY PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER
13 UQ-APRIL/MAY 2015
14 UQ-MAY/JUNE 2013
15 UQ-NOV/DEC 2013
16 UQ-APRIL 2014
17 UQ-NOV/DEC 2014
4
GE6253 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1. Aim and objective of the subject

 The capacity to predict the effect of force and motion in the course of carrying
out the design functions of engineering
2. Need and importance for study of the subject

 The differential principles applies to solve engineering problems dealing with
force, displacement, velocity and acceleration.
 Can analyses the forces in any structures.
 Solve rigid body subjected to dynamic forces.
3. Industry connectivity and latest developments.

 The students having knowledge in analyze the force and motion can be found
employed in almost all fields of industries.
4. Industrial visit
 RANE steering wheels pvt, limited, Chennai.
 TVS Brakes India limited, Padi, chennai.
 L & T pvt, limited, Chennai.
5
DETAILED LESSON PLAN
Name of the Subject :GE 6253, ENGINEERING MECHANICS
S. BOOKS
WEEK TOPICS COVERED
NO REFERRED
UNIT I
BASICS & STATICS OF PARTICLES
1 Introduction – Units and Dimensions
Laws of Mechanics – Lame’s theorem, Parallelogram
2
and triangular Law of forces
3 PROBLEM SOLVING
Vector operations: additions, subtraction, dot product,
4 I
cross product
Vectors – Vectorial representation of forces and
5
moments –
Coplanar Forces – Resolution and Composition of
6
forces,Equilibrium of a particle
7 PROBLEM SOLVING T1, R1
8 Principle of transmissibility , Forces in space
9 PROBLEM SOLVING
II
10 Equilibrium of a particle in space
11 Equivalent systems of forces
12 Single equivalent force.
UNIT II
EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
13 Free body diagram
Types of supports and their reactions – requirements of
14
stable equilibrium –
Moments and Couples – Moment of a force about a
15 III point
16 Moment of a force about an axis
17 Scalar components of a moment
18 Varignon’s theorem
19 PROBLEM SOLVING
20 Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in two dimensions T1, R4, R5
21 PROBLEM SOLVING
22 IV Vectorial representation of moments and couples
23 Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three dimensions
24 PROBLEM SOLVING –vector
6
UNIT III
PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS
25 Determination of Areas and Volumes –––––
First moment of area and the Centroid of sections –
26
Rectangle, circle, triangle from integration
First moment of area and the Centroid of sections – T
27 section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow section by
V using standard formula
second and product moments of plane area – Rectangle,
28
triangle, circle from integration
T section, I section, Angle section, Hollow section by
29
using standard formula
30 PROBLEM SOLVING
31 PROBLEM SOLVING
T1,R2
32 Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem
33 Principal moments of inertia of plane areas
VI
34 Principal axes of inertia & Mass moment of inertia
35 PROBLEM SOLVING
36 Relation of MMI to area moments of inertia.
UNIT IV
DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their
37
relationship .
38 Relative motion
39 VII Curvilinear motion& Newton’s law
40 PROBLEM SOLVING
41 Work Energy Equation of particles
44 Impulse and Momentum
T1, R5
45 Impulse and Momentum
VIII
46 PROBLEM SOLVING
47 Impact of elastic bodies
48 PROBLEM SOLVING
UNIT V
FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS
49 Frictional force
50 Laws of Coloumb friction
51 simple contact friction
IX T1, R4
52 simple contact friction
53 Rolling resistance
54 PROBLEM SOLVING
7
55 Belt friction
56 PROBLEM SOLVING
57 Translation and Rotation of Rigid Bodies
X
58 PROBLEM SOLVING
59 Velocity and acceleration
60 General Plane motion.
8
UNIT – 1 BASIC AND STATICS OF PARTICLES
PART – A
1. Define scalar and vector quantities?

(AUJUN’10,DEC’10,DEC’12)Scalar: Quantities which have only
magnitude and no direction. Eg. Mass, distance
Vector: Quantities which have both direction and magnitude. Eg. Velocity,
displacement.
2. Define parallelogram law of forces. What is the use of this law?AU

JUN’12,DEC’11
If two forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction
by the two sides of a parallelogram. Then the diagonal represents the resultant of
the forces both in magnitude and direction.
3. What is resolution of a force?AUJUN’09

Finding the components of a force in two given directions is called as
resolution of forces.
4. State triangle law of forces.AUJUN’12,DEC 10

If three forces acting a point be in equilibrium then they can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle taken in
order.
9
5. Define coplanar and non coplanar forces.AUDEC’09,JUN 09

Coplanar forces: Forces acting on a same plane.
Non coplanar forces: Forces have their line of action on different planes.
6. Define collinear and concurrent forces.AU MAY’11

Collinear forces: Forces which have the same line of action.
Concurrent forces: Forces whose line of action intersect at a common point.
7. State Lame’s theorem.AU MAY’11

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium then, each force will be
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.
P Q R
 
Sin1 Sin 2 Sin 3
8. Write the conditions for equilibrium for a particle in space.AU DEC’11
Algebraic sum of horizontal and vertical forces is zero, algebraic sum of
moments is zero.
 Fx  0,  Fy  0,  M  0
9. What is principle of transmissibility of forces?AUJUN’09, DEC’11

Force acting at a point on a rigid body can be replaced at any point along
the line of action of the forces without changing its effect..
10. What is cross product of two vectors? DEC 10

Cross product of two vectors is the product of magnitude of the vectors
and sine of the small angle between them. Cross product of two vectors is a
vector whose direction is governed by right hand screw law.
10
PART – B
1. The four coplanar forces are acting at a point as shown in fig. Determine the
resultant in magnitude and direction.AU JUN’10,
DEC’10,DEC’12
Given data:
F1 = 104 N θ1 = 10°
F2 =156 N θ2 = 76°
F3 = 252 N θ3 = 3°
F4 = 228 N θ4 = 81°
To find:
Resultant and Magnitude (R & θ)
Solution:
Fx1 =104 cos10° =102.42N; Fx2 =156 cos76° =-63.44N

Fx3 =-252 cos3° =-251.64N; Fx4 =-228cos81° =-35.66N
Fy1 =104 sin10° =18.06N; Fy2 =156 sin76° =142.5N

Fy3 =-252 sin3° =-13.18N; Fy4 =-228sin81° =-225.2N
Sum of vertical components ∑V = -77.82N

Sum of horizontal components ∑H = -248.32N
Magnitude of resultant R =  V 2   H 2 = 260.2N

 V 
Direction of resultant with X axis = tan 1   = 17.4°.
H 
11
2. The resultant of four forces which are acting at a point O as shown in fig
below is along Y axis. The magnitude of forces F1 ,F3 and F4 are 10kN, 20kN
and 40kN respectively. The angles made by the forces with x axis are 30°, 90°
and 120° respectively. Find the magnitude and direction of force F2 if
resultant is 72kN.AU JUN’10,DEC’10,DEC’12
Given data:
F1 = 10 KN θ1 = 30°
F2 = ? KN θ2 = ?
F3 = 20 KN θ3 = 90°
F4 = 40 KN θ4 = 120°
R = 72 KN θ = 90°
To find:
Force (F2) and its Magnitude (θ2)
Solution:
∑H = 10cos30° + F2cos x-40cos60° = Rcos90° = 72 cos90
∑V = 10sin30° + F2 sin x +20+40 sin 60° = R sin 90° =72 sin 90°
F2cosx = 11.34…..(i)
F2 sin x = 72 - 59.64 = 12.36….. (ii)
By solving eqni and eqn ii we get
F2 sin x 12.36

F2 cos x 11.34
Tan x =1.09
X = 47.46°
Applying x value in eqni
F2cos 47.46 = 11.34
F2 = 16.77 N
F2 = 16.77kN, x= 47.46°.
12
3. Two identical rollers each of weight 1000N are supported by an inclined

plane and a vertical wall as shown in fig below. Find the support reactions at
points A,B&C. assume all surfaces to be smooth.AU MAY’11,JUN’12
Given data:
W1 = W2 = 1000 N
To find:
Support Reactions (RA, RB,&Rc)
Solution:
Free body diagram of upper roller
By applying equations of equilibrium for the upper roller, we get
= 866.17 N
13
= 499.78 N
RA= 866.17N; RD = 499.78N
Free body diagram of lower roller
By applying equations of equilibrium for the upper roller, we get
RC - RB cos60 – RD cos30 = 0
RC - 0.5RB = 432.82 ----------- (1)
RB sin60 – 1000 – RD cos30 = 0

RB =
RB = 1443.25 N
Substitute RB value in eqn (1) we get,
Rc = 432.82 + 721.62
RC= 1154.45N; RB = 1443.3N
14
4. For the tripod shown in figure below, the end points are in ZX plane. A body
of weight 5000N is suspended from point P. find the force in each
leg.AUMAY’11,JUN’12
Given data:
W= 5000 N
From the diagram the co coordinates of A,B,C and P are

A(1.5,0,0); B(0,0,1.5); C(-1.2,0,-0.9); P(0,2,0)
To find
Force on each leg (T1, T2, T3& T4)
Solution:
Direction vector along AP = -1.5i+2j
Unit vector along AP = (-1.5i+2j)/2.5
Let force vector along AP be T1 = T1(-1.5i+2j)/2.5
Similarly
Let force vector along BP be T2 = T2(2j-1.5k)/2.5
Let force vector along CP be T3 = T3(1.2i+2j+0.9k)/2.5
Let the load be T4 = -5000j.
For equilibrium T1+T2+T3+T4 = 0
By solving the above condition
We get
T1=2083.4N; T2=1562.5N; T3=2604.2N
15
5. A Force F with a magnitude of 100 N is applied at the orgin ‘O’ of the axes
x-y-z as shown in Fig. The line of action of F passes through a point A whose
co-ordinates are 3m, 4m and 5m. Determine (i) the x,y,z scalar components
of F (ii) the projection of Fxyon F on the x-y planes (iii) the projections of F
along the line OB. (Anna University, Jan 2003)
Given Data:
Magnitude of force, F= 100 N, Coordinates of point A= (3,-4,5)
To find
(i) FX, FY, FZ
(ii) the projection of Fxyon F on the x-y planes
(iii) the projections of F along the line OB
Solution:

(i) OA  x2  x1 i   y2  y1  j  z2  z1 k
= 3i- 4j+5k

OA  OA  32   4  5
2 2

 OA 3i  4 j  5k 3i  4 j  5k
Unit vector n OA   
OA 3   4  5
2 2 2 50
To find force vector

 
Force Vector F  F . n OA
16
 3i  4 j  5k 
 100 
 50 
(i) Scalar Components of F are

 300  400  500 
F i j k
50 50 50
   
But F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k
300 400 500

 Fx  , Fy   , Fz 
50 50 50
(ii) The projection of Fxy on F on the xy planes.

 
Projection = 3 i  4 j
 
3i4 j
Unit Vector =
5
  
3i 4 j   
Force Vector = 100.   60 i  80 j
 5 
 
(iii) The projection of F along the line OB
O(0,0,0), B(6,-6,2)
   
OB  6 i  6 j  2 k

OB  OB 62   6  22
2
     
6 i 6 j 2 k 6 i 6 j 2 k
Unit Vector = 
6   6  2
2 2 2 76
100     
Force Vector = 6 i  6 j  2 k 
76  
6. ABCDE is a light string whose end A is fixed. the weights W1 and W2 are
attached to the string at B and C and the string passes round a small smooth wheel
at D carrying a weight 40 KN at the free end E. in the position of equilibrium, BC is
horizontal and AB and CD makes angle 150° and 120° with horizontal. Find (i) the
tension in the string AB, BC, CD and DE. (ii) Magnitude of W1 and W2.
17
Given:
Weight at E= 40 KN
θ1 = 150°
θ2 = 120°
To find:
Tension in the cable AB, BC, CD & DE
Weight W1 W2
Solution:
Free body diagram :
TDE = 40 KN
TCD = TDE =40 KN(Frictionless pulley)
18
Apply lami’s theorem:
TCD w2 T
  BC
sin 90 sin 120 sin 150
40 w2 T
  BC
40
w 2  sin 150
sin 90
TBC = 20 KN
19
Using lami’s theorem:
TBC w1 T
  AB
20 w1 T
  AB
20
w 1  sin 150
sin 120
w1 11.55 KN
20
TAB   sin 90
sin 120
TAB =20.09 KN
20
UNIT – 2EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
PART – A
1. What is a rigid body?AU Dec’09,Jun’10

A body whose deflection when subjected to loading is negligible when
compared to the dimensions of the body is called as a rigid body.
2. What is a free body diagram?AU JUN’09,DEC’09, MAY’11,DEC’12
Free body diagram is the isolated diagram of an object or system of

objects in the system in which all external forces and couple moments acting on it
are shown.
3. List some types of supportsAU JUN’09,Dec’11

Roller support, Hinged support, Fixed support.
4. List some types of loads.AU Dec’10,JUN’12

Point load, Uniformly distributed load, Uniformly varying load.
5. List some types of beams based on supports.AU MAY’11

Simply supported beam, Overhanging beam, cantilever beam
6. What is a couple?AU JUN’10
The turning effect produced by two equal and opposite force separated by
a distance constitute a couple.
7. What is a resultant force?AUJun’10,DEC’12

A single equivalent force which produces the same effect as that of two or
more forces is called as resultant.
8. What is equilibriant force? DEC’09
Equilibriant force is the force whichis opposite to the resultant force and
it brings the system to equilibrium.
9. Replace the force 50N acting in positive Y direction on the origin about the
point (5,0) by a force and moment. DEC’12
Force is 50N in positive Y direction and moment is 250Nm clockwise.
10. Write the conditions for equilibrium for a rigid body in space. JUN’09
Algebraic sum of horizontal and vertical forces is zero, algebraic sum of
moments is zero.
 Fx  0,  Fy  0,  M  0
21
11. State varignon’s theorem. Nov/Dec 2012
If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a body, the

sum of moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment
of the resultant force about the same point.
m = R X
22
PART – B
1. The figure below shows the coplanar system of forces acting on a flat plate.
Determine (i) the resultant (ii) x and y intercepts of the resultant.AU
Dec’10,JUN’12
Given data:
F1 = 1805 N θ1 = 33.67°
F2 = 1500 N θ2 = 60°
F3 = 2240 N θ3 = 63.43°
To find:
(i) R
(ii) x and y intercepts of the resultant.
∑H = 2240cos63.43° -1805cos33.67° -1500cos60° = -1250.3N.

∑V = -2240sin63.43° - 1805 sin33.67° + 1500sin 60° =-1705.1N.
Resultant R =  V 2   H 2 = 2114.4N.
 V 
Angle of resultant  = tan 1  
H 
=53.70°.
To find the intercepts of resultant on x and y axis.
Net moment about point O =(4 x 2240sin63.43°)–(3 x 1805cos33.67°) +(3 x
1805sin33.67°)
-(3 x 1500cos60°) - (2 x 1500sin60°)
∑Mo = 1659.55Nm clockwise
23
The angle of the resultant and its magnitude is shown in the figure above.
To find the intercept on x axis say when the resultant is on axis along its line of
action
∑Mo = x(R sin 53.77) = 1659.55Nm
From this intercept of resultant on x axis x=0.97m (right of point O)
Similarly
∑Mo = y(R sin 53.77) = 1659.55Nm
From this, intercept of resultant on Y axis y=1.32m (below the point O)
2. An overhanging beam is loaded as shown in fig. Find the support reactions

of the beam when a 35kNm couple acts at C as shown.AUDec’10,DEC’12
Given data:
C = 35 KN-m
To find
Support reaction of the beams (RA, RB)
Solution:
24
Free body diagram:
Applying the equations of equilibrium for a rigid body
∑MA =0
10(13) –RB (8) +35 +(3x4)(4/2) –(5x5)=0
RB= 20.5kN
+ ve ∑Fy= 0
-5 +RA –(3x4) + 20.5 -10 =0
RA = 6.5kN
3. A plate is acted upon by 3 forces and 2 couples as shown in fig. Determine

the resultant of these force- couple system and find co-ordinate x of the point
on the x – axis through which the resultant passes.(April/ May 2003)
25
Given data:
Loads:
F1= 3 KN
F2= 1.5 KN
F3= 2 KN
Couple
C1=100 N-m
C2=80 N-m
To find :
(i) R
(ii) x and y intercepts of the resultant.
Solution :
Sum of the forces in x direction Σ Fx
Σ Fx= 1500 – 3000 = -1500 N
Sum of the forces in y direction Σ Fy
Σ Fy= -2000 N
Resultant of forces.
R=  Fx 2   Fy 2 =  15002   20002 =2500 N
 Fy
Angle of resultant force with horizontal = tan-1
 Fx
=tan-1
 2000 = 53.13°
 1500
The above force couple system can be reduced into a single force system as
shown in fig.
Assume ‘R’
To find x
Take moment about O (Applying Varignon’sprinciple)
Clockwise negative; anticlockwise positive
26
“Varignon’s principle states that moment created by all forces and couples is
equal to the moment created by the resultant.”
-1500 x 0.2 – 2000 x 0.5 + 3000 x 0.3 – 100 – 80 = – 2000 x x
–580 = – 2000 x x
580
x= =0.29 m
2000
x = 0.29 m
Resultant 2500 N passes through a point A on x axis at a distance of 0.29 m from O.
4. Four tug boats are used to bring an ocean liner to its pier. Each tugboat exerts
a 5000 – N forces in the direction shown. Determine (a) the equivalent force –
couple system at the foremast O, (b) the point on the hull where a single, more
powerful tugboat should push to produce the same effect as the original four
tugboats.(June 2010)
Given data:
F1 = 5 KN, θ1 = 60° F2 = 5 KN, F4 = 5 KN, θ4= 45°

θ2 = tan-1(3/4) = 53.13
To find:
a) Force- Couple System at O
b) Single Tugboat
Solution:
(a)Force- Couple System at O
27
Each of the given forces is resolved into components in the diagram shown. The

force couple system at O equivalent to the give system of forces consists of a force R

and a couple M OR defined as follows:
F1 = 5 KN, θ1 = 60° F2 = 5 KN, θ2 = tan-1(3/4) = F4 = 5 KN, θ4= 45°

5 cos 60° = 2.5 KN 53.13 5 cos 45° = 3.54 KN
5sin 60° = 4.33 KN 5 cos 53.13° = 3 KN 5 sin 45° = 3.54 KN
5 sin 53.13° = 4 KN
 
R = F
      
= (2.50 i - 4.33 j ) + (3 i - 4 j ) +(- 5 j ) +(3.54 i + 3.54 j )
 
= 9.04 i - 9.79 j
  
M OR =  ( r x F )
         
= (-27 i +15 j ) x (2.50 i - 4.33 j ) + (30 i +21 j ) x(-3 i -4 j ) + (120 i +21 j ) x
    
(-5 j ) + (90 i +21 j ) x (3.54 i +3.54 j )

= (117 – 37.5 – 120 – 63 – 600 + 318.6 + 74) K

=310.9 - k
The equivalent force- couple system at O is thus

  
R = (9.04 KN) i - (9.04 KN) i
 
M OR = –(310.9kN.m) k or

R = 13.33 KN ˂ 47.3° ;

M OR = 310 .9 KN. m ↓
28
(b) Single Tugboat


The force exerted by a single tugboat must be equal to R , and its point of
application A

 R
must be such that the moment of R about O is equal to M O . Oberving that the position
vector of A is
  
r  x i  70 j
We write
  
r x R = M OR
    
(x i +21 j ) x (9.04 i -9.79 j ) = - 310.9 k
  
-x(9.79) k - 189.8 k =- 310.9 k
x= 12.4 m
29
5. Two beams AB and CD are shown in figure. A and D are hinged supports. B
and C are roller supports.
Sketch the free body diagram of the beam AB and CD and determine the reactions at the
supports A, B, C & D. [Nov/ Dec 2010]
Given data:
Udl=10kN/m
Point load=30kN, θ = 60°
To find
Reactions at each support (RA, RB, RC& RD)
Solution:
Consider upper beam CD
∑Fx=0
RDH=0
∑FY=0
RC+ RDv =20
∑MC=0
20x4-7 RDv=0
RDv=80/7
RDv=11.43kN
RC+ 11.43 =20
RC=8.57kN
30
Consider lower beam AB
∑Fx=0
RAH=15kN
∑FY=0
RAv + RB=34.67
∑MA=0
2x30sin600+5X8.57=8RB
RB=95.05/8
RB=11.88kN
RC+ 11.88 =20
RAv=34.67-11.88
RAv=22.79kN
31
UNIT – 3 PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS
PART – A
1. What is centre of gravity?AU DEC’09 ,DEC’12
The point at which whole weight of the body is assumed to have

concentrated is called as centre of gravity.
2. What is centroid?AU DEC’09,DEC’10,JUN’12

The point at which whole area of the body is assumed to have
concentrated is called as centre of gravity.
3. Write the formula for finding the centroid of a compound area about X and
Y axes.AUDEC’11
X 
 Ai xi ; Y   Ai yi =24.38mm.
A A
4. What is moment of inertia of an area?AU JUN’09,DEC’10,JUN’12
The second moment of area about an axes is called as moment of inertia.
It is the ability of an area to resist bending.
5. Write the formula for finding moment of inertia about X and Y axis.AU
JUN’10
I XX   y 2 dA I YY   x 2 dA
6. What is parallel axes theorem for moment of inertia?AU MAY’11

The moment of inertia about an axes in the plane is the sum of the
moment of inertia about a parallel axis passing through centroid and the product
of the area and square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
I AB  I G  Ad 2
7. What is perpendicular axes theorem for moment of inertia?AU

MAY’11,DEC’12
Moment of inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular to its plane at
any point is equal to the sum of moments of inertia about any two mutually
perpendicular axes about the same point in plane of the area. It is also known as
polar moment of inertia.
I ZZ  I XX  I YY
8. What is product of inertia?AU JUN’10,DEC’11

Product of inertia is the product of a elementary area with the x and y
coordinates of its centroid and then integrating it to cover the whole area.
32
I XY   xydA
9. What is principal moment of inertia?AU JUN’09
The values of moment of inertia about two perpendicular axes depends
on the orientation of the axis. At certain angle of orientation, the moment of
inertia will be maximum along one axis and minimum along the other. These
maximum and minimum moment of inertias are called as principal moment of
inertia.
 I  I YY   I  I YY 
2
I max/ min   XX    XX   I XY
2
 2   2 
10. What is mass moment of inertia?DEC 12

Mass moment of inertia of a body is the second moment of the mass about
an axis. It is the measure of resistance of a body towards angular acceleration.
I AB   r 2 dm
11. Determine the centroid of the rectangle lamina 55 mm × 25 mm.
X̅ = L/2 = 55/2 = 27.5 mm
Y̅ = b/2 = 25/2 = 12.5 mm
12. Define Radius of Gyration. Apr/May 2015
Radius of Gyration (k) is the distance from the axis of rotation to the point
where the entire area may be assumed to be concentrated.
Kx= √ (Ix /A)
Ky= √ (Iy / A)
33
PART – B
1. Determine the position of the centroid for the section with respect to the axes
shown in fig. AU JUN’10,DEC 12
Given data:
i) Rectangle (l = 200mm& b = 20mm)
ii) 2 Sectors ( Radius=100mm)
To find
Centroid of the section
Solution:
Component Area x y
1 200 x 20 0 -20/2
2 (лx1002)/4 (4x100) / (3л) (4x100) / (3л)
3 100x100 -50 50
4 -(лx1002)/4 -(100-(4x100) / 100-(4x100) /
(3л)) (3л)
34
X 
Axi i
= 20.39mm; Y
A y i i
=24.38mm.
A A
2. Locate the centroid of the plane area shown in figAU JUN’12
Given data:
Rectangle (l = 400 & b = 200)
Triangle (b = 100 & h = 80)
Circle (r = 40)
Semi-circle (r = 100)
To find
Centroid of the plane
Solution:
Component Area (mm2) x (mm) y (mm)

1 500 x 300 250 150
2 -(100 x 80)/2 100/3 80/3
3 Л x 1002/2 500+( (4 x 100
100)/(3л))
4 -Л x 402 250 200
35
X 
Axi i
= 284.85mm; Y
A y i i
=146.53mm.
A A
3. Calculate the centroidal moment of inertia of the shaded area shown in

figureAU DEC’10,JUN’12
Given data:
Triangles (30mmX15mm)
Square (a=30mm)
Semi-circle (D = 30)
To find
Moment of inertia of the given lamina.
Solution:
36
Comp Area X y Ixx Iyy y Y x X
(15 x
1 (15 x 30)/2 -(30/3) 10 (30x 153)/36 -5.8 -25
303)/36
(30 x (30 x
2 30 x 30 30/2 15 -0.8 0
303)/12 303)/12
30+(30/3 (15 x
3 (15 x 30)/2 10 (30x 153)/36 -5.8 25
) 303)/36
(4 x -
4 -(л x 152)/2 15 0.11 x 154 (л x 154)/8 0
15)/(3л) 8.634
X 
Axi i
= 15mm; Y
 Ai yi =15.8mm.
A A
IXX = ∑(Ixxi+ Aiyi) =73798.5mm4. IYY = ∑(Iyyi+ Aixi) =334494.6mm4.
4. Find the product of inertia about OX and OY axes of the trapezium shown
in figure.AUDEC’12, JUN’10
Given data:
Rectangle ( l = 120 & b = 60)
R. Triangle ( b =120 & h = 60)
To find
Product of inertia
Solution:
37
I XY  ( I xy1  x1 . y1 . A1 )  ( I xy 2  x 2 . y 2 . A2 )
= (0 +(60 x 30)(120 x 60)) + ((-1202 x 602/72) + (40 x 80)(120 x 60/2))
= 23.76 x 106 mm4.

5. Evaluate the moment of inertia of unequal Z section as shown in fig about
the centroidalaxes .also find the product moment of inertia and principal
moment of inertia at the centroid of section.AU DEC’11,DEC’12
Given data:
Rectangle1 (l = 4.2 cm & b = 2 cm)
Rectangle2 (l = 2 cm & b = 8 cm)
Rectangle3 (l = 6.2 cm & b = 2 cm)
To find
Moment of inertia of the centroid of the section
Solution:
38
Comp Area X y Ixx Iyy Xi  x  X Yi  y  Y

(4.2 x (2 x
1 4.2 x 2 2.1 11 -1.56 5.54
23)/12 4.23)/12
(2 x
2 2x8 3.2 6 (8 x 23)/12 -0.46 0.54
83)/12
(6.2 x (2 x
3 6.2 x 2 5.3 1 1.64 -4.46
23)/12 6.23)/12
X 
Ax i i
= 3.66cm; Y
A y i i
=5.46cm.
A A
IXX = ∑(Ixxi+ Aiyi) =601.4cm4. IYY = ∑(Iyyi+ Aixi) =112.46cm4.
I XY  ( I xyi )  ( X i .Yi . Ai ) = -167.27cm4.
 I  I YY   I  I YY 
2
Principal moment of inertia I max/ min   XX    XX   I XY

2
 2   2 
Imax = 653.15 cm4; Imin=60.71 cm4.
39
UNIT – 4 DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
PART – A
1. What is kinematics?AU,Dec’09
Study of motion without reference to the force which cause the motion is
called as kinematics.
2. Write down the equations of motion of a body.AU,Jun’09

1
v  u  at , s  ut  at 2 , v 2  u 2  2as
2
3. List the types of motion.AU,Jun’10,Jun’12

1.Rectilinear motion 2.Curvilinear motion
4. Define rectilinear, curvilinear motion.AU,Apr’11,DEC 10

Rectilinear: Body moves along a straight line path.
Curvilinear: Body moves along a curved path.
5. What is relative motion? and how is position of a body expressed in relation

with other body. AU,Dec’09
The position of a body with respect to another body which may be in
motion or may not is called as relative motion. The relativie position of a body A
with respect to the position of body B is expressed as rA/B.
6. A body a moves with a constant velocity of 5m/s along positive x axis and
body B moves along positive Y axis with a constant velocity of 3m/s.
Determine the relative velocity of A with respect to B. AU,Jun’10, Jun’12
VA= 5i, VB=3j,
Relative velocity VA/B= VA-VB = 5i-3j

Magnitude = 5 2  3 2 = 6m/s.
7. State Newton’s second law of motion.( De Alembert’s principle)AU,Dec’11

The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force
acting on the body.
F=ma.
8. Define projectile. Apr/ May 2015
A particle projected in space at an angle to the horizontal plane is called

“projectile”.
40
9. Define impulse & momentum. Nov/Dec 2013
Impulse is defined as the product of force and time.
Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity.
10. Define co-efficient of restitution. May/June 2012
relative velocity of seperation

Co- efficient of restitution =
relative velocity of approach
e= v v
2 1
u u
1 2
11. State law of conservation of momentum. Apr/May 2012
Total momentum before impact = total momentum after impact
m1u1+ m2u2= m1v1+ m2v2
12. A particle moves along X axis and its position is expressed as x=3.5t3-7t2
where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine
i) Determine the position at t=0, 1, 3 and 7seconds.
ii) Determine the displacement during t=3s to t=7s.
Solution:
i) Position at t=0, 1, 3 and 7s
x=3.5t3-7t2 ……… (1)
By substituting the value of t in eqn (1) the position can be found
xt=0 = 0, xt=1 = -3.5m, xt=3 = 31.5m, xt=7 = 857.5m,
ii) Displacement during t=3s to t=7s.
xt=7 - xt=0 = 826m.
41
PART – B
1. The acceleration of a particle moving along a straight line is defined by a=8-

x; The particle starts from rest at t=0 and origin x=0. Determine (a) Velocity
of the particle when x=10m (b) The position of particle when velocity
becomes zero. (c) Velocity of a particle when acceleration becomes
zero.AU,Dec’10,Jun’12
Given data:
Displacement (x) = 10 m
To find
i) v at x = 10 m
ii) x at v = 0
iii) v at a = 0
Solution:
a=8-x -------------------- (1)
a= dv/dt = (dv/dx). (dx/dt) = (dv/dx). v (dx/dt) = v
v.dv =a.dx
 v.dv   a.dx
v2
2 
 (8  x)dx
v2  x 
2
 8 x    C1
2  2 
v2= 16x-x2+2C1----------- (2)
Applying boundary conditions in eqn (2) at t=0, x=0 and v=0 (starts from rest)
We get C1=0, Substituting in eqn (2)
v2= 16x-x2----------- (3)
(a) Velocity when x=10
Vx=10=7.746m/s. (By substituting x=10 in eqn (3))
(b) Position of particle when v=0,

x=0m, x=16m (By substituting v=0 in eqn (3))
(c) Velocity of a particle when a=0
Find x by substituting a=0 in eqn(1)
At a=0; x=8m.
v= 8m/s (Substituting x=8 in eqn (3))
42
2. A stone is thrown up vertically from the foot of a tower of height 22m with a
velocity of 12m/s. St the same time, another stone is dropped from the top of
the tower. Find the height at which the two stones cross each other.
AU,Dec’11,JUN12
.
Given data:
SA= 22-h
SB=h.
hmax = 22 m
uA = 12 m/s
To find
h=?
Solution:
Let distance travelled by stone A be h, then distance travelled by stone B will be
22-h
SA= h; SB= 22-h.
1
S A  u At  gt 2 = h -------(1)uA=12m/s
2
1
S B  0  gt 2 =22-h --------(2)
2
By adding the equations (1) and (2) is found out
u At = 22
t= = 1.83 s
Substituting t = 1.83 s in eqn. (2) we get,
0.5 × 9.81 × 1.832 =22-h
h= 5.51375m. (the two stones meet at height 5.51375m from the base of tower.)
43
3. From the top of a 60m tower, a bullet os fired at an angle of 60° with the
horizontal, with a velocity of 120m/s. Calculate the maximum height attained
by the bullet and the time of its travel when it strikes the ground.AU,Apr’11
Given data:
u=120m/s;
α=60°
To find:
hmax, t
Solution:
(i) Maximum height attained
u 2 sin 2 
hmax 
2g
120 2 sin 2 60
hmax 
2 X 9.81
hmax=550.46m. (Height from the top of tower)
Maximum height attained from ground H = 550.46+60=610.46m
(ii) Time to hit the ground

While hitting the ground s=-60m.
1
s  ut  gt 2
2
1
s  120t  X 9.81Xt 2
2
From this t=21.75s
44
4. Two blocks A and b of masses 3 and 6kg respectively are placed one above
the other on a horizontal table and connected to a suspended mass M
through a frictionless pulley as shown in fig. The coefficient of static friction
between A and B is 0.3 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between block B
and table is 0.2. Find the maximum mass of the block M in order that b
accelerates over the table without A slipping over B.AU,Apr’11,Dec‘12
Given data:
mA = 3 kg
mB = 6 kg
µ1 = 0.3
µ2 = 0.2
To find:
Mass of the block ‘M’
Solution:
Considering equilibrium of block A
45
By newtons law ∑F=ma

Along vertical direction
NA-wA=0
From this NA=3 x 9.81 N
FA= 0.3 x NA
The maximum acceleration = mAx a = 0.3 x NA

From this Acceleration a= 2.94m/s2.
Considering free body diagram for block B
In the similar manner we get

NB= 9 x 9.81
FB= 9 x 9.81 x 0.2.
By applying Newtons law in the horizontal direction we get
T-(9 x 9.81 x 0.2) = m x a -------(1)
By considering free body diagram for mass M

Applying Newtons law we get
T=Mg-------(2)
By solving eqn (1) and (2)
We get
M=14.26kg.
46
5. A block of mass 60 Kg moving down a 35° inclined plane from rest. After
moving 1.3m, the block strikes a spring whose modulus is 20N/mm.
Determine (i) Maximum deformation of the spring (ii) Maximum velocity of
the block. Take µ as 0.15.
Given data:
Mass of the block m = 60 kg
Spring Modulus = 20 N/mm
µ = 0.15
To find:
Maximum deformation and Velocity of the spring.
Solution:
Work done = Energy stored in spring
(W cos45 –F) x (1.3+X) = ½ kx2
(60 x 9.81 cos65 –F) x (1.3 +X ) =½ kx2 ---------------(i)
F = µR = 0.15 x 60 x 9.81 sin65 = 482.15N.
Substituting in eqn (i) we get X = 0.199m.
Kinetic energy of block = Energy stored in spring
½ mv2 =½ kx2
From this we get the maximum velocity of spring as v= 3.39 m/s.
6. Direct central impact occurs between 300 N body moving to the right with
the velocity of 6 m/s and 150 N body moving to the left with the velocity of 10
m/s. Find the velocity of each body after impact if the coefficient of
restitution is 0.8. (AU – May/June 2010)
47
Given data:
u1 = 6 m/s; u2 = -10m/s
w1 = 300N; w2 = 150N
Coefficient of restitution (e) = 0.8
To find:
Velocity of each body v1& v2
Solution:
Total momentum before impact = Total momentum after impact.
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
183.49 – 152.91 = 30.58v1 +15.3v2
30.58v1 + 15.3v2 = 30.58 ………(i)
e= v1 – v2 = e(u1 – u2)
v1 – v2 = 0.8 (6-(-10)) = 12.8
v2 = 12.8 + v1…(ii)
Substitute this v2 is eqn. (i),we get
30.58v1 + 15.3(12.8 + v1) = 30.58
30.58v1 + 195.84 + 15.3v1 = 30.58
45.88v1 = -165.26
v1 = -3.602 m/s
Substitute v1 value in egn. (ii), we get
v2 = 12.8 + v1 = 12.8 -3.602 = 9.198 m/s
v2 = 9.198 m/s
48
UNIT-5 FRICTION&ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

PART-A
1. Statethelawsofdry(coloumb)friction.(AU,Jun’10)
 The frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to that in which the
body tends to move.
 The force of friction is equal to force applied to the body as long as the body
is at rest.
 The force of friction depends upon the nature of surfaces in contact.
 The frictional force does not depend on the area and shape of surfaces in
contact.
2. Definecoefficientof kineticfriction.(AU,Jun’09,Dec12)
When the bodies are in relative motion the co-efficient of friction is called
kinetic. The kinetic co-efficient of friction is always less than static co-efficient of
friction
3. What iscoloumbfriction?(AU,Jun’09)
The friction that exists between two unlubricated surfaces is called coulomb
friction.
4. Define:coefficient ofstaticfriction.(AU,Dec’10,Apr’11)
It is defined as the ratio of limiting forceof friction (F) to the normal reaction it is
denoted by µ.µ = limiting force of friction/ normal force = F/N
5. Listout thedifferent typesof

friction.Whatiscoefficientofstaticfriction?(AU,Dec’09)
The different types of friction are:
 Dry friction
 Fluid friction
Co-efficient of static friction is given by,
µ = F/R
6. When dowe saythat themotionofabodyisimpending?(AU,Dec’11,Dec’12,Jun’12)

When the applied force over a body is just sufficient to overcome the friction,
then the motion of a body is at impending stage
7. What isgeneralplane motion? (AU,Jun’10,Apr’11)
The motion of a rigid body is said to have general plane motion when the body
undergoes a combination of translation and rotation. in other words, any plane motion
which is neither a rotation nor a translation is referred to as a general plane.
8.
49
Arigidbodyisacteduponbyaforceof100N,thevelocityofbodychangesfrom15m/sto25m
/sduringaperiodof50s. Findthemassofbodyandthedistancemovedbythebody during
thetime ofinterval.(AU,Dec’09)
Given :
Force, F = 100N
Initial velocity, u = 15 m/s
Final velocity, v = 25 m/s
Time, t = 20 seconds
To find:
Mass, m = ?
Solution:
V = u + at
25 = 15 + a (50)
a = 0.2 m/s²
F = m .a
M = 100/0.2 = 500 Kg
V² - U² = 2as
(25)² - (15)² = 2 × 0.2 ×S
S = 1000m
9.
Arigidbodyrotatesaboutafixedaxis.Writetheexpressionforangularvelocitywhe
nthe rotationisuniformlyaccelerated.(AU, Dec’11)
The expression for angular velocity, when the rotation is uniformly accelerated is
given by
ω = 2πN/60
10. Define angle of repose. Apr/May 2015

It is defined as the maximum inclination of a plane at which the body remains in
equilibrium, over the inclined plane by the assistance of friction only.
11. Explain the rolling resistance. Nov/Dec 2013, 2014

Rolling resistance is the resistance to the motion of the roller moving without
slipping on a horizontal surface while supporting a load ‘W’ at the center.
50
PART-B
1. A force of 300 N is required just to move a block up a plane inclined at 20°

to the horizontal, the force being applied parallel to the plane of figure 15
(a). If the inclination of the plane is increased to 25°, the force required just
to move the block up is 340 N, (the force is acting parallel to the plane).
Determine the weight of the block and the coefficient of friction.
Given data:
F1 = 300 N θ1 = 20°
F2 = 340 N θ2 = 25°
To find:
i) Weight of the block (W)
ii) Coefficient of friction (µ)
Solution:
Condition: 1
51
Assume the body is in equilibrium
Resolve the forces parallel to the plane.
 Fx  0   F1  W sin 20  300  0
0
 R1  W sin 20o  300  0
Resolve the forces perpendicular to the plane
 Fy  0
R1 W sin 200  0
R1  W sin 200
Substitute (2) in (1)
 
  W cos 200  W sin 200  300  0
 
W sin 200   cos 200  300
Condition (2):
Assume the block is in equilibrium
  Fx  0; Fy  0
Resolve the forces parallel to the plane
 Fx  0
 F2  W sin 250  340  0
 R2  W sin 250  340  0
52
 Fy  0; R2  W cos 25  0
0
R2  W cos 250
Substitute (5) in (4)
 
  W cos 250  W sin150  340  0

W sin 250   cos 250  340 
Dividing equation (6) by equation (3)

W sin 250   cos 250

340 

W sin 20   cos 20
0 0
300 
sin 25 0

  cos 250
 1.133
sin 20 0

  cos 200

sin 250   cos 250  1.133 sin 200   cos 200 
0.423   x 0.906 = 1.133x0.3442+1.133 x  x0.939
0.423  0.906  = 0.3875 + 1.064
0.1578  = 0.0355
0.0355
 =  0.225
0.1578
 = 0.225
Weight of the body:
 = 0.225 apply in equation (6)

W sin 250   cos 250 =340 
W[0.423 + (0.225 x 0.906)]=340
0.62685 W = 340
W = 542.39 N
Weight of the block = 542.39 N
Coefficient of friction = 0.225
53
2. A 8m long ladder rests against a vertical wall making an angle of 50° with the
wall and resting on a floor, If a boy, whose weight is one half that of the ladder
climbs it, at what distance along the ladder will he be, when the ladder is about to
slip? The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the wall is 1/3 and that
between the ladder and the floor is 1/2. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Given data:
L=8m
µ1 = 1/3
µ2 = 1/2
To find,
Length of the ladder before slipping occurs (l)
Solution:
Let the boy climbs a length lof the ladder before slipping occurs.
Free body diagram is shown in Fig.
Writing the equations of equilibrium
 Fx  0;  Fy  0;  M  0
 Fx  0 , RA  RB=0; RA= 2RB………… (i)
W RB
 Fx  RA - W -  0 ………… (ii)
2 3
54
Taking moments about A,  M x  0
 M A  0; RB (8 sin 40) + RB (8 sin 40) - W (4 cos 40) - (lcos 40) =0
5.14 RB + 2.04 RB – 3.064 W – 0.383lW = 0 ………… (iii)
From (i) RA = 2RB,Substituting in (ii), we get
RB
2RB+  1.5W  0
3
RB = 0.643 W
Substituting RB value in (iii), we get
3.31+ 1.312- 3.064- 0.383l=0
l= 4.068 m
3.A pull of 250 N inclined at 30° to the horizontal plane is required just to move a
body kept on a rough horizontal plane. But the push required just to move the body
is 300 N. If the push is inclined at 30° to the horizontal, find the weight of the body
and the coefficient of friction. (May/June 2009 – AU)
Given data:
F1 = 250 N
F2 = 300 N
To find
W and µ
Solution:
Let,
W – Weight of the body in N
µ - Coefficient of friction
RN = Normal reaction
Case (i)
Pull 250 N inclined at 30° to horizontal
N + 250 sin30° = W
RN = W – 250 sin 30°
RN = W – 125
55
Force of friction, Ff = µ [RN]
= µ [W – 125]
⇒ 250 cos30° = Ff = µRN
216.5 = µ [W -125]
µ=
Case (ii)
If a push of 300 N is acting at an angle 30°, to the horizontal, then to find the
value of W and µ.
N = W + 300 sin30° = 150 + W
RN = 150 + W
0 sin30° = Ff = µ RN = µ (150 + W)
259.81 = µ (150 + W)
56
=
Equate (3) and (5), we get
0.8333 =
(150 +W) 0.8333 = W - 125
125 +0.8333 W= W-125
250 = 0.1667 W
W= =1500 N
W = 1500
Substitute W = 1500 in eqn (5), we get
= =0.1575
Weight of the body W = 1500 N
Coefficient of friction  = 0.1575
4.A block of weight 1290 N rests on a horizontal surface and supports another block
of weight 570 N on top of it as shown in fig. Find the force P applied to the lower
block that will be necessary to cause slipping to impend. Coefficient of friction
between block (1) and (2) is 0.25 and Coefficient of friction between block (1) and
surface is 0.4. (Nov/Dec 2008)
57
Given data:
W1 = 1290 N
W2 = 570 N
µ1 = 0.25
µ2 = 0.40
To find,
Impending force (P)
Solution:
tanθ =
θ = 36.86°
W1 = 1290 N, W2 = 570 N
µ1 = 0.4; µ2 = 0.25
Consider the block (2) is in equilibrium
-T cos 36.86 + F2 = 0
0.25 R2 – T × 0.8 = 0 - (i)
T sin 36.86 -570 + R2 = 0
R2 = 570 – T sin 36.86
Substitute R2 in equation (i)
58
0.25(570 – T sin36.86) = T × 0.8
- 0.149 T + 142.5 = 0.8 T
0.95 T = 142.5
T = 150 N
R2 = 570 – 150 × sin36.86 = 480 N
F2 = 0.25 R2 = 0.25 × 480 = 120 N
Consider block (1) is in equilibrium
-F1 – F2 + P = 0
P = F1 + F2
P = 0.4 R1 + 120
R1 – R2 – 1290 = 0
R1 = 1290 + 480 = 1770 N
P = (0.4 × 1770) + 120
P = 828 N
59
5. A rope is wrapped three times around a rod as shown in figure. Determine the
force required on the free end of the rope, to support a load of W = 20 kN. Take µ is
0.30. ( May/June 2010)
Given data:
W = 20 KN
µ= 0.3
To find,
T2
Solution:
T1 = 20 kN
µ = 0.3;
Number of revolution=3
θ = 3 × 3600 =10800
T2 = F
60
6.Twomassesof30kgand10kgaretiedtothetwoendsofalightstringpassingovera
compositepulleyofradiusofgyrationas70mmandmass4kgasshowninFigure
below.Find the pulls inthe two parts ofthe stringand the angularacceleration of the
pulley. (AU,Dec’09)
Given data:
Mass of the pulley, m = 4 kg
Radius of gyration, k = 70 mm
Mass of block A, mA = 10 kg
W1 = 10 × 9.81 = 98.1 N
Mass of block B, mB = 30 kg
W2 = 30 × 9.81 = 294.3 N
RA = 200 mm = 0.2 m
RB =100 mm = 0.1 m
To find:
Angular acceleration, α = ?
Pulls in two parts of string, TA= ? , TB= ?
Solution:
1. To find the angular acceleration, α :
From the given figure, it is clear that the pulley will rotate in the clockwise
direction since mass B is greater than A
aA = rA α = 0.2 α
aB = rB α = 0.1 α
61
The free body diagram of mass A and mass B is shown in the figures (a) and (b)
respectively.
Let TA and TB be the pulls (Tension) acting along the strings of mass A and mass
B respectively.
For block ‘A’
Resolving forces vertically,
TA – 98.1 – aA mA = 0
TA – 98.1 - 0.2 α × 10 = 0
TA = 98.1 + 2α---------- (1)
For block ‘B’
Resolving forces vertically,
TB + aBmB– 294.3 = 0
TA + (0.1 α × 30) -294.3 = 0
TB = 294.3 - 3α ---------- (2)
The free body diagram of pulley is shown in the figure
62
Taking moments about ‘O’
TA × 0.2 – TB × 0.1 + Iα = 0
Substituting the values of TA and TB,
(98.1 + 2α)0.2 – (294.3 - 3α)0.1 + Iα = 0
19.62 + 0.4α – 29.43 + 0.3α + Iα =0
Iα = 9.81 – 0.7α -------- (3)
I = mK2 =4 × 0.007 = 0.28 kg – m2
Put, I = 0.28 in eqn. (3)
0.28α = 9.81 – 0.7α
0.98α = 9.81
α = 10 rad/s2 (Ans)
2. To find pulls in two parts of string
Put, α = 10 rad/s2 in eqn. (1)
TA = 98.1 + 2α
= 98.1 + 2 × 10
TA = 118.1 N (Ans)
Put α = 10 rad/s2 in eqn. (2)
TB = 294.3 - 3α
= 294.3 – 3 × 10
TB = 264.3 N (Ans)
63
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2015 – 16 Even Semester

COMMON MINIMUM STUDY MATERIAL (MSM)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SUBJECT CODE: GE 6253

SUBJECT NAME: ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Regulation: 2013 Year and Semester: I and II

GE6253 ENGINEERING MECHANICS LTPC

UNIT I BASICS AND STATICS OF PARTICLES 12

UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 12

UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 12

UNIT IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 12

UNIT V FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS 12

GE6253 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

1. Aim and objective of the subject

2. Need and importance for study of the subject

3. Industry connectivity and latest developments.

DETAILED LESSON PLAN

Name of the Subject :GE 6253, ENGINEERING MECHANICS

24 PROBLEM SOLVING –vector

UNIT – 1 BASIC AND STATICS OF PARTICLES

1. Define scalar and vector quantities?

2. Define parallelogram law of forces. What is the use of this law?AU

3. What is resolution of a force?AUJUN’09

4. State triangle law of forces.AUJUN’12,DEC 10

5. Define coplanar and non coplanar forces.AUDEC’09,JUN 09

6. Define collinear and concurrent forces.AU MAY’11

7. State Lame’s theorem.AU MAY’11

9. What is principle of transmissibility of forces?AUJUN’09, DEC’11

10. What is cross product of two vectors? DEC 10

Fx1 =104 cos10° =102.42N; Fx2 =156 cos76° =-63.44N

Fy1 =104 sin10° =18.06N; Fy2 =156 sin76° =142.5N

Sum of vertical components ∑V = -77.82N

Magnitude of resultant R =  V 2   H 2 = 260.2N

3. Two identical rollers each of weight 1000N are supported by an inclined

By applying equations of equilibrium for the upper roller, we get

RA= 866.17N; RD = 499.78N

Free body diagram of lower roller

By applying equations of equilibrium for the upper roller, we get

RB sin60 – 1000 – RD cos30 = 0

From the diagram the co coordinates of A,B,C and P are

Force on each leg (T1, T2, T3& T4)

Direction vector along AP = -1.5i+2j

Unit vector along AP = (-1.5i+2j)/2.5

Let force vector along AP be T1 = T1(-1.5i+2j)/2.5

Let force vector along BP be T2 = T2(2j-1.5k)/2.5

Let force vector along CP be T3 = T3(1.2i+2j+0.9k)/2.5

Let the load be T4 = -5000j.

For equilibrium T1+T2+T3+T4 = 0

By solving the above condition

T1=2083.4N; T2=1562.5N; T3=2604.2N

Magnitude of force, F= 100 N, Coordinates of point A= (3,-4,5)

(i) FX, FY, FZ

(ii) the projection of Fxyon F on the x-y planes

(iii) the projections of F along the line OB

To find force vector

(i) Scalar Components of F are

300 400 500

(ii) The projection of Fxy on F on the xy planes.

(iii) The projection of F along the line OB

Tension in the cable AB, BC, CD & DE

Free body diagram :

TCD = TDE =40 KN(Frictionless pulley)