CONTENT

NO. Content Page

Content 1

1. Introduction 2

2. Objective 2

3. Score of work 2

4. Method 3-9

4.1 Site investigation

4.2 Soil classification

4.3 Available boring method

4.4 Foundation

5. References 10

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Soil is a particular kind of earth or ground consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed
with organic matter or any unconsolidated material that is the product of weathering and
mechanical disintegration of rocks, composed of discrete perticles with gases and liquids
interspersed between them is known as soil. Available type of soils are residual soil,
transported soil, alluvial soil, marine soil, glacial soil, Aeolian soil and organic soils.

Marine soil is heaped upon the beaches in coastal areas, materials eroded from the
beaches by tidal action of the waves and the materials carried out to the sea from streams
froms marines soils. These type of soil have a structure reflecting the saline condition during
deposition. In this soil shell fragments and micro organisms are prevalent.

The pH marine waters is close to 8.2, whereas the most natural freshwaters have pH
values in the range from 6.5 to 8.0. Most waters have some capacity to resist pH change
through the effects of the carbonate-buffer system. Thus, iron forms small crystals with a
yellow or red colour, organic matter decomposes into black humus, and manganese forms
black mineral deposits. These pigments paint the soil (Michigan State Soil)

2.0 OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this assignment as follows:

1. Identify construction techniques practiced in Malaysia and the various types of building
materials in the construction industry
2. Describe the importance of site investigation; the properties of soil and its significance
to type of building foundation
3. Discuss the principles of building construction and material technology applied at
commercial and industrial buildings

3.0 SCORE OF WORK

This assignment focuses on the site of the study by using marine soils types found in
Malaysia. In addition, this process beginson the site of the foundation study on a timely
basic by the prescribed constructions.

2
4.0 METHOD

4.1 SITE INVESTIGATION

Site investigation is process carried out to determine whether the land is suitable for
the construction also the weakness in the land, the improvements has to be done and various
tests have done to ensure the quality of the land to maintain in the quality of the building

a) Investigating using existing data sources

Reviewing existing data on a site can be helpful to determine boring location, boring
depths and to provide valuable geological and historical information which will be
useful in the geotechnical report also reviewing existing data sources minimizes the
surprises on the field.

 Subsurface investigation

Figure 1

Subsurface investigation means, investigating the soil condition below and near the
ground surface

3
  Geological survey maps and reports

Figure 2
Geological map is a special map created made to show geological features using
different symbols and colours

 Soil maps

Figure 3

Soils map is a map showing distribution of soil tyes and soil properties using different
colours

4
  Site plans

Figure 4

A site plan is an architectural plan, and a detailed engineering drawing of proposed

construction. Usually a site plan shows a buiding footprint, travel ways, parking,
drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, trails, lighting, and landscaping.

4.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Soil is a particular kind of earth or ground consistingof rock and mineral particles mixed
with organic matteror any unconsolidated material that is the product of weathering and
mechanical disintegration of rocks, composed of discrete particles with gases and liquids
interspersed between them is known as soil.

Available type of soil:

i. Residual soil
ii. Transported soil
iii. Alluvial soil
iv. Marine soil
v. Glacial soil
vi. Aeolian soil
vii. Organic soils

5
4.3 AVAILABLE BORING METHOD

Bore holes are usually used to classify and to identify the soil purposes or to take
samples, also bore holes are used determine the ground below depth.

 Rotary Boring

Most rock formations can be drilled, the drilling can be done

above and below the water table. The drilling depth is over 40m
water and mud supports unstable formations. A cutting bit
attached to the bottom is used to drill.

 Light Percussion Driling

Simple to operate and maintain coboremparing to other drilling
methods, can be used on variety of rocks. The drilling dept is
considerable but a relatively show method.

 Auger Boring

A simple and a economical boring method, the method is a dry

method and can be used only on soft soils. Handling should be
done carefully when taking the auger out because it may
generate suction in the borehole which can disturb the soil to be
sampled.

6
  Wash Boring

In this method soil remains undisturbed, the equipment is light

and inexpensive also an advantage is it can be used for small
and large holes.

 Water Jetting

This boring method makes the holes by jetting high pressured

water to the soil below casing. This method is fast, cheap and
requires only a little skill to handle. Disadvantage of using this
method is a volume of soil gets contaminated with water and the
soil gets highly disturbed

4.4 FOUNDATION

The foundation is a system comprised of foundation wall, footings and soil. The prime
purpose of an efficient dtructural foundation system is to transmit the building loads directly to
the soil without exceeding the bearing capacity of the soil.

a) Shallow foundation
There are 3 types of shallow foundation :
 Pad foundation
Pad foundation is also known as isolated
footing. The footing is provided under a
column, the shape of the footing usually is
circular, square and rectangular

7
  Strip foundation
Usually used to support a line of loads either due to load
from walls or pad footing are closer. Strip foundations can
also be constructed from unreinforced concrete.

 Raft foundation
Raft foundations are used when the load is needed to spread
to a large area, often used in soft soils with a low bearing
capacity. Using raft foundations are more economical and
convenient than using number of excavations.

b) Deep foundation
 Piles foundation
Deep foundations are the ones usually depths to go below
3m, piling is used to ensure the safety and the required load
bearing of the foundation. The cost is high relatively high
comparing to shallow foundation methods but the safety and
the durability is also high comparing to shallow foundations.
Using deep foundations depends on the load of the structure.

8
c) Retaining Structures

Retaining structures are engineered to retain soil and rock. They are commonly used
to accommodate changes in grades, provide increase in right-of-way buttress the toe
of slopes. In a broad sense, retaining structures can be classsifed according to their
face inclination; if it is greater than 70 degrees, they are typically characterized as
retaining walls, while slopes have face inclination flatter than 70 degrees. There are
several types of retaining structures, including gravity, sheet pile, cantilever, and
anchored earth/ mechanically stabilized earth (reinforced earth) walls and slopes.

9
REFERENCES
 https://extension.illinois.edu/soil/less_pln/color/color.htm

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274375870_Timber_use_practices_in_Mala
ysia's_construction_industry_Single-family_residential_building_sector

 http://landscape.soilweb.ca/marine-environment/

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-soil-definition-structure-types.html

10