Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
NOTE:
All pictures and graphic illustrations taken from the internet are properties of the
original owners and are used only as supplemental materials for educational purposes.
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Technology and Livelihood Education
Agriculture and Fishery Arts – Horticulture &Crop Production
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
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PRE-ASSESSMENT
3 2 1
1. Using farm tools and equipment.
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
2. Selecting farm site
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in applying this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
3. Preparing land
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
4. Planting methods
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
5. Applying fertilizer
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
6. Weeding
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
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How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
9. Harvesting crops
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
10. Marketing produce
How much do I know about this?
How skilled am I in using this?
How interested am I in learning more about this?
LEARNING GOALS/TARGETS
My Goals:
_______________________________________________
My Targets:
_______________________________________________
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CROP PRODUCTION
Lesson 1
FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT AND THEIR MAINTENANCE
What to know
You are now about to learn the basic knowledge and
skills in Horti-Crop Production. Good luck!
Activity # 1
Below are some of the farm tools and equipment in agricultural crop production. Draw a
smiling face if the tool is familiar to you and a sad face if it is not in the opposite
box under remarks. Put a if you know how to use it and if you don’t in the next
box.
Remarks
Farm Tools and Equipment
I know it I can use it
1. Spade
2. Hand Fork
3. Rake
4. Wheelbarrow
5. Sickle/scythe
6. Bolo
7. Dibber or dibble
8. Shovel
9. Pruning shear
10. Sprayer
11. Spading fork
12. Hand trowel
13. Sprinkler
14. Grub hoe
15. Pick mattock
Activity # 2
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Choose three of the given farm tools and equipment in Activity 1 which you are familiar
with. Describe your experiences in using each of them.
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
Farm tools and equipment play a very important role in every farm practice and
operation. Hence, as a learner you should be able to know, identify, and learn their uses
to become a successful farmer someday.
A. Hand Tools
Hand tools are the most simple tools since they are used with your bare
hands in performing farm operation and practices in a small farm or vegetable
garden in the backyard or in school.
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Hand trowel is a gardening tool which
is used for loosening the soil, digging
small holes, transplanting seedlings
and other similar task.
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Spading fork is a gardening tool with a
handle and strong tines which is used
for loosening the soil, digging out root
crops and turning over the materials in
a compost heap.
Wheelbarrow is a hand-propelled
vehicle used for hauling trash, manure,
fertilizers, planting materials and other
equipment.
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Pail or can is a container used for
hauling soil, compost, chemical fertilizer
and even water.
B. Farm Implements
These are accessories which are pulled by working animals or mounted
machineries (hand tractor, tractor) and which are usually used in the preparation
of land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal.
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Harrow. The native wooden harrow is
made of wood with metal teeth and
pulled by a carabao, while the disc
harrow is made of metal mounted to a
tractor. Harrows are used for tilling and
pulverizing the soil.
C. Farm Machinery
1. Combined Harvester - is a machine which is used in harvesting grain crops.
It is the combination of harvesting—reaping, threshing, and winnowing. It is
one of the most economically important labor-saving inventions, enabling a
small fraction of the population to be engaged in agriculture.
Visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5KnL2Td4xc to view how combine
harvester works.
2. Hand Tractor
3. Four wheeled hand tractor
What to process
Activity # 1
Your group is tasked to prepare a vegetable garden at the back of your classroom.
You and your friend are assigned to get the tools and equipment in the tool room that will
be needed for the task. List down the tools and equipment that you will get and explain
how each one isused in accomplishing the job.
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Tools/Equipment Needed Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Point
Able to list down and explain the uses of all the needed tools in accomplishing
5
the task
Able to list down and explain the uses of 90%-99% of all the needed tools in
4
accomplishing the task
Able to list down and explain the uses of 80%-89% of all the needed tools in
3
accomplishing the task
Able to list down and explain the uses of 70%-79% of all the needed tools in
2
accomplishing the task
Able to list down and explain the uses of 69% below of all the needed tools in
1
accomplishing the task
Activity # 2
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Activity # 3
List down the common tools and equipment and do a research on how to
maintain them. You may go and visit the school library or surf the internet.
Write your output in your notebook.
Activity # 4
Activity # 5
Activity # 1
A video presentation of how each of the following tools and equipment are used will be
shown to you. Observe carefully how each tool is used. You need to make a story of what
you have seen which may answer the following questions:
1. What is the video presentation about?
2. How was each tool used in the presentation?
3. Why is it important to know the different tools and equipment and how to use them?
4. Was there an application of appropriate safety measures while using the tools or
equipment and while working in the farm?
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What to transfer
Activity # 1
Your school, Leuteboro National High School, is a participant in the “Search for
Best Gulayan sa Paaralan Implementers”. The cluster evaluation to choose the cluster
winner will be in the month of November to choose the cluster winner. As the school level
TLE President, you need to visit the existing vegetable garden in the school and take note
of the things in order to improve, develop and produce vegetables before the visitation.
Make a project plan on how to address your findings and perform the needed action by
using the appropriate tools in the implementation of the plan.
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Lesson 2
SELECTION OF SITE
What to know
You’re doing fine now. After knowing the farm tools and
equipment, continue the lesson in selecting the site.
Activity # 1
Given the scrambled letters below, rearrange them to get a word or a group
of words related to factors in selecting the site. Write your answer opposite each item.
1. YOPHTPGROA - __________________________
2. LOSI PTYE - __________________________
3. ESCLIBACSTIYI- __________________________
4. FANLRILA - __________________________
5. ERTAW PLUSYP - __________________________
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5. Water supply – this refers to both distribution and amount of water for
irrigation.
6. Socio-economic consideration – these determine the profitability of the
enterprise.
a. Peace and order situation
b. Cost and availability of labor
c. Prevalence of infectious diseases
d. Price of land
What to process
Activity # 2
Make an interview with an experienced crop producer in the locality on how he
selects the site for his crop production. The results of the interviewwill be discussed in
class to answer the following questions.
1. What are the factors to consider in choosing the location of your farm?
2. Why is it necessary to consider such factors?
3. How do these factors affect your production?
Activity # 1
Visit a farm in your locality and observe its location. Make a report about the
description of the farm you have visited. Draw the farm site. Is the place suited for crop
production? Why or why not? If you were the owner of the farm, would you choose the
same site? Why or Why not?
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What to transfer
It’s your turn now. Show off what you’ve learned.
Activity # 1
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Lesson 3
LAND PREPARATION AND PLANTING METHODS
A. Land Preparation
What to know
Activity # 1
Agri-Puzzle
L A C O M P O S T P
A N D P E L I T I A
N S C B E T H D L P
D H L S H A N E L A
I S E R E S T Y I N
N H A R R O W I N G
E A R M A I M A G N
V N I A N L E P I E
T L N E E L N A H S
A E G S H E R W I N
Picture/Illustration Steps
1. Clearing – clear the area of weeds, humps,
rocks, and other debris by using bolo,
scythe, and other tools needed. A clean
area will make planting, weeding, and
fertilizing easier.
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2. Tilling – till the soil by plowing or by using
light hoe or pick mattock depending upon
the physical condition of the soil. This is
done to eradicate weeds, to help the plant
roots penetrate deeper into the soil for more
nourishment and better anchorage. Other
barriers for plant growth are also removed.
Tilling is done at the beginning of the rainy
months.
What to process
Activity # 1
Demonstrate the steps in preparing the land. You will be rated using the rubric
below.
4 3 2 1
Clearing
Tilling
Harrowing
Applying
compost
Layouting
Activity # 1
1. Mang Rolly is a beginner farmer preparing his farm for crop production. Help him
explain the steps in preparing the land by filling up the ladder from step 1 to step
5?
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5
What to transfer
Activity # 1
Mang Rolly is not able to get your explanation of the steps in preparing
the land. He asks you if you can demonstrate the steps to him. In the previous
lesson, you have already identified the best site for your vegetable garden,
demonstrate now the steps in preparing the land in the presence of Mang Rolly.
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Your performance will be rated using the following rubric:
5
Able to demonstrate properly all the steps in preparing the land
Able to demonstrate properly only three of the steps in preparing
4
the land
Able to demonstrate properly only two of the steps in preparing
3
the land
Able to demonstrate properly only one of the steps in preparing
2
the land
Was not able to demonstrate any of the steps in preparing the
1
land
B. Planting Crops
Mensuration and Calculation
What to know
2. Fully matured - a mature seed comes from a ripe and mature fruit which has
grown from a healthy plant.
3. Fresh - its germinating power must be preserved.
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4. True to type - this means the seeds are not mixed with other varieties.
5. Free from seed-borne disease
6. Damage-free
7. Free from weed seeds and other foreign matter.
After inspecting the seed box, you find that only 85 seeds germinated out of 100
seeds that you have sown. The percentage of germination will be
Percentage of germination=
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This means that only 85 percent of the total number of seeds germinated.
To calculate the exact amount of seeds needed to plant a hectare, use the
following formula:
Where:
Example:
The recommended seeding rate of pole beans is 35 kg per hectare and the
percentage of germination is 85. The new seeding rate will be;
Activity # 2
Mang Kimho sowed 50 seeds. After inspecting the seed box you find that only 35
seeds germinated out. What is the percentage of germination using the formula below:
Percentage of germination=
Methods of planting:
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1. Direct planting means that the seeds are planted
directly in the field where they will grow
permanently up to harvesting. This is usually done to
plants with big seeds such as beans, corn, peanuts,
okra, patola, upo and ampalaya. Many big farms and
commercial growers use this method to make the
work easy.
However, if seedlings sown in direct planting
exceed the normal number of plants per hill,
thinning is done. Thinning is the removal of excess
seedlings, which germinated or are spaced too
closely for better growth. Seedlings thinned out can
be used as replacement. In the case of seedlings planted in seedboxes or seedbed,
pricking-off can be applied. Pricking-off means planting apart to give the seedlings
greater space in which to grow prior to transplanting in the field especially if they sprout
too close to each other.
Transplanting
Transplanting is done when
seedlings have attained 12 -15 cm in
height and 3 – 4 leaves have developed.
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5. Water the seedlings at the soil surface with a gentle stream of water to settle the
soil around the roots.
Activity # 3
Activity # 4
1. How many seedlings will you need to plant tomato in your 500 sq.m. area if
the distance of planting is 50 X 100 cms.?
2. If you have 100 sq. m. lot, how many seedlings of cabbage will you need
following 50 X 76 cms . as the distance of planting?
3. What must be the distance of planting if you have 100 seedlings in order to
plant your 25 sq. m. garden?
Activity # 3
Below are pictures of different crops. Write DP if the method of planting
for the said crop is direct and IP if it is indirect opposite each photo.
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What to process
Activity # 1
How do you differentiate direct seeding from indirect planting?
______________________________________________________________________________
How do you differentiate thinning out from pricking off of seedlings?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Activity # 1
A B
Using the illustrations above, answer the following questions.
1. Which picture shows that vegetable plants can attain their right size abundantly? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
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2. How do we prepare the soil in order to avoid the occurrence in picture B?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
What to transfer
Tools Needed:
1. Prepare a plan for a vegetable garden. Design the location of different plants based
on available space. Add rows and beds in the garden separated by narrow paths
through which you can walk. Make sure the beds are not wider than 3 feet and 6
feet long.
2. Clear the land of stones, rocks, and plant debris. Make sure it has well-drained soil
and receives at least six hours of direct sunlight every day.
3. Test the soil to determine the pH value that provides the indication of the amounts
of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium present. Do this by sending
a sample to your local DA (Department of Agriculture ) officer. The result will tell
you if you need to add fertilizer.
4. Dig the soil with light hoe, shovel, or pick mattock to a depth of 6 to 8 inches.
Pulverize after by using a hand trowel, bolo or hand cultivator.
5. Spread 2 to 3 inches of organic compost or well rotted manure over the area. Rake
the area to ensure the organic fertilizer be mixed with the soil.
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Able to demonstrate properly only two of the steps in preparing
3
the land
Able to demonstrate properly only one of the steps in preparing
2
the land
Was not able to demonstrate any of the steps in preparing the
1
land
Seedbox, 1 sachet of eggplant seeds (1/20 K),sand, compost, loam soil, water, net
Procedure:
Activity # 3
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What are the things to consider in using the tools in the garden?
Activity # 4
Write the Do’s and the Don’t’s in the use of tools to ensure
safety?
Lesson 4
CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS
What to know
How are plants maintained in order to attain their optimum
growth? Find out.
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A .Large amount of substances or nutrients needed by plants
B. Small amount of substances or nutrients needed by plants
C. Substances that come from decayed plants
D. Organic or inorganic material added to soil to improve soil fertility
5. Green manuring refers to:
A. leguminous plants that are plowed under to serve as fertilizer when
decomposed.
B. applying chopped green leaves in the field.
C. collecting green colored animal manure to fertilize the field.
D. letting the rice straws decomposein the field.
A. Applying fertilizer
Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material that is added to soil to supply
nutrients essential to the growth of plants. A good fertilization program strives to
maintain the current supply of nutrients to optimum levels and in correct proportion for
economical production. It is achieved by proper timing and rate of application; thus,
gives assurance for better yield of the crops.
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Two kinds of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer – derived from vegetable and animal waste and
decomposed plants and animal remains. Example: decomposed animal
manure, green manure, worm castings
2. Inorganic – man-made fertilizer. Example: Urea, Ammonium Sulfate
The amount and kind of fertilizer to be added to the soil depends primarily
upon:
1. The nutrient requirement of the crop, and
2. How much nutrient the soil can apply
B. Weeding
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Weeds are enemies of plants. They lower crop yield and compete with crops
for light and carbon dioxide and water and soil nutrients as well.
Kinds of weeds:
1. Grasses
2. Sedges
3. Broad leaf weeds
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Methods of irrigation
1. Surface irrigation – the water is
applied on the surface of the soil
either in furrows or by flooding.
This is the most economical
method of irrigation.
D. Crop Protection
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1. Insect pests cause great damage to crops. They chew, suck and lap the leaves,
flowers and fruits hence decreasing the yield and quality of produce. They also
transmit disease to man and crops as well.
Beetles ( Coleoptera)
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Grasshopper and crickets (Ortoptera)
Ants (Hymenoptera)
Control methods:
a. Cultural methods
Use of resistant varieties
Use of hand picking
Use of botanical insecticides
Use of crop rotation
Use of intercropping
b. Chemical method
c. Biological method
Use of trap plants ex. Amarillo
Use of plant attractants ex. Basil (amaranth),
sunflower, cosmos, zinnia
Safety measures in using chemicals:
a. Use least hazardous products
b. Dispense and mix chemicals in well-ventilated areas
c. Use appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
2. Diseases
Disease is more detrimental than insect pest. Its presence is unnoticed at
first but when noticed, it is already in its advanced stage. Detection of the causal
organism is not easy as well; hence, controlling the disease is not easy.
Plant disease is either parasitic or non-parasitic.
1. Parasitic diseases are due to:
Fungi Nematodes
Bacteria Virus
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Either lack or excess of minerals
Unfavorable soil- water relations
Environmental factors such as air pollution, low or high temperature
Note: Injury from non-parasitic diseases serves as entry of parasitic diseases.
Methods of preventing diseases:
1. Use of resistant varieties 6. Planting in well –prepared, fertile
2. Use of disease – free seed stock fields
3. Seed treatment 7. Weed and insect control
4. Crop rotation 8. Practice cleanliness in the field
5. Soil sterilization
Common diseases:
2. Downy mildew in
1. Blossom – end rot of
cucurbits
tomato
4. Cucumber mosaic
3. Pre-emergence virus in tomato
damping-off seedlings
5. Post – emergence:
rapid rotting at the base 6. Fruit rot in eggplant
of the enlarged seedling
causing it to fall
8. Leaf blight
7. Bacterial spot in pepper
What to process
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Activity # 1
2. If water is not available in the farm area, what are you going to do to obtain it
and how?
What are the precautionary measures in the application of insecticides and other
chemicals in the farm? Write your answers in your notebook.
Activity # 1
Watch a video presentation showing the different cultural practices in crop
production. Make a web concept map on how well you understand what you have seen.
Be guided by the questions given below. You may use a similar web concept map below.
1. What are the cultural practices in the presentation?
2. How will you describe each of the cultural practices?
3. Why do you think it is important to know and understand the different cultural
practices in crop production?
Cultural Practices Description Importance
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Activity # 2
Analyze the situation and give your best solution to the problem.
Your friend Sherwin owns a hectare of land which is planted with vegetables. He
told you that he noticed different insects in his farm aside from some of the affected parts
of the vegetables.
What to transfer
Activity # 1
Activity # 2
Maintain a vegetable garden in the school and at home. Apply the different cultural
practices. Make a report on the activities done and the results.
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Lesson 5
HARVESTING AND MARKETING
What to know
A. Harvesting
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B. Marketing
4 M’s of Production
a. Manpower – This is by all means the most important resource in production. If you
have good people you can make saleable products.
b. Machine- After acquiring highly capable people, you must acquire a good if not the
best machine. Nowadays, it is very important to acquire technologically
updated machines.
c. Methods- Today, we see that every business tries to keep track of technology.
Businesses are trying their best to be updated with the current market
trends.
d. Materials- A businessman must not forget that in order to produce a product
continuously, abundant raw materials should be available.
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What to process
Activity # 1
1. How is physiological maturity different from commercial maturity?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. You are a farmer who just harvested 100kgs of tomatoes and 200kgs of
eggplants. If you are to choose how you will market your commodities,
which would you prefer, wholesale or retail? Why?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3. Give the 4 M’s of production and explain its importance in crop production.
a. ____________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________________
Activity # 1
Conduct an interview with the nearest crop producer in the locality about
harvesting and marketing practices. Make a narrative and pictorial report of the
conduct of the interview for reporting in class. Be guided by the following questions
below:
1. What are the crops grown in the farm?
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2. When is the right time to harvest each crop?
3. How do we know that they are ready for harvest?
4. What are precautionary measures observed to protect and maintain the
quality of the produce?
5. How does the crop producer market the commodities? Why does he prefer
such?
Your report will be rated using the given rubrics below:
CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Exceptional Generally Lacks clarity, Unclear,
ly clear, clear, quite difficult to impossible to
Clear
easy to easy to understand understand
understand understand
What to transfer
Is proper way of harvesting and marketing clear to you
now? Great! Be ready for the hands-on activity.
GRASPS
Goal – Your goal is to help students in a Crop Production class understand how to
properly harvest and market crops.
Role - You’re an agriculturist who was invited to be a resource person.
Audience– The target audience is the Grade 7 students taking up Crop Production as
exploratory subject in TLE.
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Situation – You need to demonstrate the proper way of harvesting and marketing crops
Product/Performance – Proper demonstration of:
A. Harvesting; and
B. Marketing crops.
Standard – You will be assessed using the given rubric below.
Your performance for harvesting will be rated using the following rubric:
Works independently and able to demonstrate properly with
5 ease and confidence at all times the proper way of harvesting
and marketing.
Works independently and able to demonstrate with ease and
4 confidence most of the time the proper way of harvesting and
marketing.
Works independently and able to demonstrate with ease and
3 confidence sometimes the proper way of harvesting and
marketing.
Works and able to demonstrate with assistance from others the
2
proper way of harvesting and marketing.
Was not able to demonstrate any of the proper way of
1
harvesting and marketing.
SUMMARY
GLOSSARRY OF TERMS
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Crop rotation - planting of different crops in succession on the same
piece of land
Soil - loose and friable material of the earth surface
Insecticide - a chemical used for killing insects
Herbicide - a chemical used to eradicate weeds
Compost - decomposed plants and animal manures mixed with
soil
Green manuring - the process of plowing leguminous crops as fertilizer
under the soil during their flowering stage to improve
soil fertility
Producer - one who creates products
Consumer - end user of a product
Produce - harvested products
Product - refers to manufactured goods or items for
use/consumption
Commodity - refers to harvested produce in this module
Market - place where buyers and sellers meet
target customers
Irrigation - artificial application of water to the field
Drainage - removal of excess water in the field
Congratulations!
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REFERENCES:
Books
Others
1. http://business.inquirer.net/1796/manpower-development-for-agriculture-
entrepreneurs%E2%80%93part-1
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle
3. http://www.agribusinessweek.com/agri-entrepreneurship-simplified/
4. http://www.bukisa.com/articles/134282_harvesting-and-marketing-vegetables
5. http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/entrepreneur/entrepreneur/characteristics.html
6. http://www.gardentoolcompany.com/small-hand-forks/
7. http://www.google.com.ph
8. http://www.google.com.ph/search?
9. http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?
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