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Introduction To Logic PDF
Introduction To Logic PDF
What is
1. 9 is an odd number.
2. 4 + 4 = 8
3. 10 − 1 = 8
4. 6 − 6 = −1
5. The square root of 4 is 1.
A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simple
propositions using logical connectors or some combinations of
logical connectors. Logical connectors involving propositions p
and/or q may be expressed as:
not p
if p then q
p and q
p if and only if q
p or q
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further
into other component propositions.
Example:
For each of the propositions, determine whether it is a simple
or compound proposition. If it is compound proposition,
identify the simple components.
Simple or Compound Proposition?
p ~𝑝
Truth Table for Negation T F
F T
BASIC L O G I CA L O P E RAT O R S :
Examples: Write the negation of each of the following statements.
4. 3 times 7 = 20
Negation: 𝟑 × 𝟕 ≠ 𝟐𝟎
5. January has 31days
Negation: January does not have 31 days.
6. Eleven is not a prime number.
Negation: Eleven is a prime number.
BASIC L O G I CA L O P E RAT O R S :
Conjunctions
Answer: Fishes live in the moon if and only if birds can fly.
(False because p is false and q is true)
Examples:
Construct the biconditional statement and write its truth value.
p q 𝒑 ⊕𝒒
T T F
Truth Table of Exclusive-or Statement T F T
F T T
F F F
Examples of exclusive-or
TRUE FALSE
Determine if the statement is true or false.
2. Manny Pacquiao is a boxer if and only if
December is a summer month in the
Philippines.
TRUE FALSE
Determine if the statement is true or false.
3. Cigarette smoking causes cancer or Filipino is
the universal language.
TRUE FALSE
Determine if the statement is true or false.
4. If ice cream is sweet, then cake is bitter.
TRUE FALSE
Determine if the statement is true or false.
5. Success follows from being hardworking.
TRUE FALSE
CONSTRUCTING TRUTH TABLES
1. 𝑝 ˅ ~𝑞
2. ~𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
3. 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞 ˄~𝑟
4. ~𝑝 ˄~𝑞 → (𝑟˄~𝑞)
TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION & CONTINGENCY
Tautology
A compound statement that is always true, regardless
of the truth values of its components, is called a
tautology.
TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION & CONTINGENCY
Tautology
The proposition 𝑝 ˅ ~𝑝 is a tautology as the following table illustrates.
p ~𝒑 𝒑 ˅ ~𝒑
T F T
F T T
Contradiction
Contradiction
The proposition 𝑝 ˄ ~𝑝 is a contradiction as the following table
illustrates.
p ~𝒑 𝒑 ˄~𝒑
T F F
F T F
Contingency
A contingency is neither a tautology nor a contradiction.
Example:
1. 𝑝 ˅ ~ 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
2. ~𝑝 ˅ 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
3. 𝑝 ˅~𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
4. (𝑝 → 𝑞)˄(𝑞 → 𝑝)
EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS
p q 𝑝→𝑞 ~𝑞 ~𝑝 ~𝑞 → ~𝑝
T T T F F T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T
EQUIVALENT STATEMENTS
Another examples:
Determine if each of the following is equivalent by
constructing their truth tables.
1. ~ 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝑝 ˅ ~𝑞
2. ~ 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝑝 ˄~𝑞
3. 𝑝 → 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ~𝑝 ˅ 𝑞
ASSIGNMENT
Construct a truth table and determine if the following is a
tautology, contradiction or contingency. (1 whole short BP)
1. 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞) → (~𝑝 ˅ 𝑞
2. 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞)˄ (~𝑝 → 𝑞
3. ~(𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) → ~𝑝
An argument is an assertion that a given series of s
𝑃1 ,𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑚 called premises yields (has a consequence)
another statement Q, called the conclusion. The premises
are intended to demonstrate or at least provide some
evidences for the conclusion.
Example:
Some of the following are arguments. Identify their premises
and conclusions.
The truth table above shows that we have a valid argument, since the compound
statement is a tautology.
Consider the following arguments. Verify if it is valid or invalid.
Law of Contraposition
Consider each of the following argument. Identify the form of
valid argument that establishes its validity.
Law of Detachment
Consider each of the following argument. Identify the form of
valid argument that establishes its validity.
Law of Syllogism
Consider each of the following argument. Identify the form of
valid argument that establishes its validity.
Law of Contraposition
DETERMINE THE VALIDITY OF THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENT BY:
T T T T T F F T T T
T T F T F F T F T T
T F T F T F F F T T
T F F F T F T F T T
F T T T T T F T F F
F T F T F T T F T T
F F T T T T F T F F
F F F T T T T T T T
The truth table above shows that we have an invalid argument, since the
compound statement is a not a tautology.