RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

Relations- correspondence between two things Logic Puzzles can be solved by deductive
or quantities reasoning.
-shown by ordered pair, tables, mapping
Domain: set of all first coordinates Venn Diagram, Tables/Matrices
Range: set of al second coordinates Example:
Types of Relation Each of the four neighbors, Mark, Zen, Linda and
1. One to One Roy. Has a different occupation (teacher, banker,
2. One to Many chef or broker).
3. Many to One From the following clues, determine the
Function- is a relation such that each element of occupation of each neighbor.
the domain is paired with exactly one element of Clues
the range 1. Zen gets home from work after the banker but
-no ordered pair has the same first element before the broker.
Application: Input->Process->Output 2. Linda, who is the last to get home from work,
Example: is not the teacher.
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 3. The broker and Linda leave for work at the
Input Process Output same time.
2 4. The banker lives next door to Roy.
1 Polya: “The Father of Problem Solving”
0 • George Pólya was a Hungarian
-1 mathematician.
-2 • He made fundamental contributions to
Evaluating a function: combinatorics, number theory, numerical
-Substitute and simplify analysis and probability theory. He is also
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 3 noted for his work in heuristics and
𝑓 (0) = mathematics education.
𝑓 (1) = Polya's 4 Steps in Problem Solving
𝑓 (−2) = 1. Understanding the Problem
2. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 2. Devise a Plan-Strategize
𝑓 (4) = 3. Carry Out the Plan
𝑓 (0) = 4. Look Back
𝑓 (−3) = 1. Understand the problem
𝑓 (5) = • Do you understand all the words used in
• Variables, Algebraic Expressions, and Simple stating the problem?
Equations • What are you asked to find or show?
• Definition of a Variable: • Can you restate the problem in your own
Variable is…. A letter or symbol that stands for an words?
unknown number. • Can you think of a picture or diagram that
Examples: a , C, x, N, , might help you understand the problem?
• Algebraic Expressions • Is there enough information to enable you
• An expression consists of a combination of to find a solution?
numbers, operation symbols, and grouping 2. Devise a plan
symbols such as parentheses ( ). An algebraic • There are many reasonable ways to solve
expression is an expression that contains one or problems.
more variables. • The skill lies in choosing an appropriate
• Expressions: Algebraic Expressions strategy.
3+4 3 (c + 8) • This best learned by solving many
6–2 2a
problems. You will find choosing a
(6 + 3) -1 9–x
strategy increasingly easy.
• (You are going to create a list of strategies
in this session).
3. Carry out the plan
• This step is usually easier than devising
the plan. In general, all you need is care
and patience, given that you have the
necessary skills.
• Persist with the plan that you have
chosen.
• If it continues not to work discard it and
choose another. Don't be misled, this is
 how mathematics is done, even by We are looking for the age of Anne at present
professionals. where she is older than Betty, and last year, she
4. Look back was twice as old as Betty.
• Much can be gained by taking the time to 2. Devise a Plan
reflect and look back at what you have 2. Devise a Plan
done, what worked, and what didn't. Let x= age of Betty
• Doing this will enable you to predict what x+2= age of Anne
strategy to use to solve future problems. We can also use this table:
Problem Solving Strategies Last year, Anne was twice as old as Betty
• Guess and check Thus, the equation is: x+1=2(x-1)
• Look for a pattern 3. Carry out the Plan
• Make an orderly list 3. Carry out the Plan
• Draw a picture x+1=2(x-1)
• Eliminate possibilities x+1=2x-2
• Solve a simpler problem x=3 and x+2=3+2=5
• Use symmetry 4. Look Back
• Use a model 4. Look Back
• Consider special cases x+1=2(x-1)
• Work backwards 3+1=2(3-1)
• Use direct reasoning 4=2(2)
• Use a formula 4=4
• Solve an equation Therefore, Anne is 5 years old.
• Be ingenious
• Problem Set:
Sample Problems Answer the following in a short bond paper. Be
1. One number is 7 more than another. Twice the neat.
larger is equal to four times the smaller decreased If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
by 2. Find the numbers. I. Find
1. Understand the Problem 1) f(3)
We are looking for two numbers wherein one is 2) f(7)
more than another, and twice the larger is equal 3) f(10)
to four time the smaller less 2. 4) f(n+1)
2. Devise a Plan 1
5) f(− 𝑎2)
2. Devise a Plan
We can use the “formulate a plan” strategy II. Translate:
x= smaller number 6) nine plus a number t
x+7= larger number 7) fifteen decreased by a number n
Equation: 8) quotient of thrice y and seventeen
2(x+7)= 4x - 2 9) 2𝑏 + 5
3. Carry out the Plan 3𝑦
10)
3. Carry out the Plan 2
2(x+7)=4x-2 III. Problem Solving
2x+14=4x-2 11. Answer this Logic Puzzle:
14+2=4x-2x Deborah, Raelyn, Jenilyn and Randolph
16=2x were recently elected as the new class
x=8 smaller number officers (president, vice president,
x+7= 8+7=15 larger number secretary treasurer) of the sophomore
4. Look Back class of AFC College.
4. Look Back From the following clues, determine
2(x+7)=4x-2 which position each holds:
2(8+7)=4(8)-2 1. Randolph is younger than the
2(15)=32-2 president but older than the treasurer.
30=30 2. Deborah and the secretary are both
Therefore, the smaller number is 8 and the larger the same age, and they are the
number is 15. youngest members of the group.
Sample Problems 3. Jenilyn and the secretary are next-
2. Anne is 2 years older than Betty. Last year Anne door neighbors.
was 2 times as old as Betty, How old is Anne? 12. Apply Polya’s Steps in solving the
1. Understand the Problem problem.
1. Understand the Problem One number is 10 more than another. Twice the
smaller plus three times the larger, is 55. What
are the two numbers?