activity

activity
 LOGIC
AND
FORMALI
Mathematics in the
Modern World
 What is

scien
logic?
art
An art is a
A science is a

ce
systematic study of
creative
some aspect of the
application of the
natural world that
principles of
seeks to discover laws
nature for the
(regularities,
production of
principles) by which
 • Logic could define as the study
of the principles of correct
reasoning and it is not a

logic
psychology of reasoning
• Determine the validity of ones
argument
• The proof of the theorem uses
the principle of arguments in
logic.
• So, in this case, we could say
actually that the language of
Language of
mathematics is

logic
 Heylighe
formality n F.

Dewaele
J-M
• An expression is completely formal when it is context-
independent and precise (i.e. non-fuzzy), that is, it represents a
clear distinction which is invariant under changes of context
 Mathematical logic
It is a statement about mathematical
objects that are taken seriously as
mathematical objects in their own
right.
 definition
theorem
Major part proof
of formality
proposition
Lemma
conjecture
 definition
When we say definition, it is a formal statement of the meaning of a
word or group of words and it could stand alone
 theorem
• A theorem is a statement that can be demonstrated to be true by
accepted mathematical operations and arguments.
• In general, a theorem is an embodiment of some general principle
that makes it part of a larger theory
 proof
• Proof is a rigorous mathematical argument which unequivocally
demonstrates the truth of a given proposition.
• The different methods on proof are as follows:
• 1. Deductive
• 2. Inductive
• 3. Direct Proof
• 4. Indirect Proof
• 5. Proof by Counterexample
• 6. Proof by Contradiction
 proposition
• It is a declarative statement that is true or false but not both.
• Different propositions that can be also said as logical
connectives are as follows:

Negation Conjunction Disjunction

Conditional Biconditional
 corollary
• it is also a proposition that follows with little or no proof
required from one already proven.
 lemma
• Lemma is a short theorem used in proving a larger theorem.
• an auxiliary proposition used in the demonstration of another
proposition.
•  it is also known as a "helping theorem" or an "auxiliary theorem".
 conjecture
• It is synonymous or identical with hypothesis also known as
educated guess.
• We can only disproved the truthfulness of a conjecture when
after using a counterexample we found at least one that says
the statement is false.
Thank
you!