Marking Scheme : Biology Paper 1 - Lower Six (6RS1) - 2017

Section A (15 marks)

1) B 6) C 11) A
2) B 7) A 12) B
3) A 8) A 13) A
4) B 9) B 14) C
5) D 10) D 15) C

Section B (15 marks)

Question Answer Marks

16)a  A is plasma membrane, B is centrioles, C is Golgi 1 correct 0 m

apparatus, D is rough endoplasmic reticulum 2 correct 1m
3 correct 1m
4 correct 2m
b  Consist of a pair of cylinders which each cylinder made of
triplets microtubule in ‘9+0’ arrangement. 1
c  Label the centrioles/ villus (the folded part of membrane) 1
d  Microscope magnification = diagram size 1
actual size
1cm =10000μm
 Actual size = 10000/12000
= 8.33 x 10-1 μm 1
e  Specific protein unable to synthesized by the liver cell,
such as specific enzyme, essential biochemical reaction
such as glycogenolysis unable to occur. 1

17)a  Embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 1

b  Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) 1
 FADH2 oxidised into FAD 1
c  Glycolysis / link reaction / Krebs cycle 1
d  Complex E (cytochrome oxidase) 1
 Cyanide act as non-competitive inhibitor bind to Fe3+ of
cytochrome a3 in cytochrome oxidase, it cannot accept and
release electrone, flow of electrone in electron transport
chain stop, chemiosmosis not occur, no synthesis of ATP. 1
e  Proton pump pumped H+ from mitochondrial matrix into
intermembrane space, proton concentration gradient
created, 1
 back flow of proton through ATP synthase (F), high
potential energy created, bind Pi to ADP to synthesis ATP,
oxidation phosphorylation. 1
Section C (30 marks)
Question 18(a)
Tertiary structure of protein
 Formed by folding and coiling of secondary structure of polypeptide
chains into 1
 3 dimensional and globular protein. 1
 Structure is maintained by ionic bond, hydrogen bond, disulphide
bond, hydrophobic interaction and Van der Waals interaction. 1
Quaternary structure of protein
 Consist of two or more tertiary subunit of polypeptide joined to form a
functional macrounit. 1
 Structure maintained by hydrophobic interaction and Van der Waals
interaction. 1
 Example is haemoglobin which consist of 2 α-polypeptide chains and 2
β-polypeptide chains. 1

Question 18(b)
 High cohesion and adhesion force 1
 Cohesion force is attraction force among water molecules by forming
hydrogen bond and water form continuous water column in xylem
vessel, adhesion force is water molecules able to adhere to xylem wall
to resist downward pull of gravity, enable transpiration pull occur in
xylem vessel. 1
 High latent heat of vaporization 1
 Transpiration happen on leaves surface, high amount of heat energy is
required to turn water from liquid to gas (vapour) form, supply cooling
effect to plant with minimal water loss. 1

Question 18(c)
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Similarities
 Both endocytosis and exocytosis transport required energy
supply from ATP. 1
 Both endocytosis and exocytosis transport substance into
(endocytosis) or out of the cell (exocytosis) in bulk. 1
 Does not transport substance follow concentration gradient. 1
There are three types of There is only one type of
endocytosis which are exocytosis
pinocytosis, phagocytosis and
receptor mediated endocytosis. 1
Involved invagination of plasma Secretory vesicle of the cell fused
membrane of cell and surrounds with the plasma membrane and
the particles to form vesicles into the content in the vesicle release
cell. out of cell. 1
Question 19(a)
 Cofactor is a nonprotein substance, can be organic or inorganic 1
which required by certain enzyme to function efficiently. 1

Question 19(b)
Coenzyme Prosthetic group Metal ions
Small, non-protein, Non-protein, organic Metal ions, inorganic
organic compound compound that bin substance that bind
that bind loosely and tightly and to enzyme with weak
temporarily to active permanently to ionic bond, attach
site of enzyme, can enzyme with covalent temporarily to
be reused. bond. enzyme, can be
reused. 2
Function: weaken the Function: involved in Function: speed up
bonds of the catalytic function of the enzyme reaction
substrate and enzyme. by drawn away
transfer chemical electron from
group, atoms and substrate, making
electron from one the bonds less stable
enzyme to another. and easily break. 2
Example : NAD+ Example : haem Example : Ca2+ found
found in malate found in enzyme in thrombokinase.
dehydrogenase. catalase. 2

Question 19(c)
 Graph shows curve of reaction velocity against concentration of
substrate with and without non-competitive inhibitor. 1
 Graph of Lineweaver-Burk plot. 1
 Non-competitive inhibitor does not compete with substrate because its
shape is not complementary to active site of enzyme. 1
 Non-competitve inhibitor bind to allosteric site of enzyme cause
changes of enzyme’s configuration and lose its active site. 1
 Mostly the inhibition is irreversible and cannot overcome by increasing
concentration of substrate. 1
 KM value of enzyme remain the same, affinity of enzyme towards its
substrate do not change, because non-competitve inhibitor does not
bind to enzyme’s active site. 1
 Vmax value decrease, because enzyme denature, formation of enzyme-
substrate complex decrease and the product formed also decrease. 1
Question 20 (a)
 Light-independent reaction in sugar cane (C4 plant) start with Hatch-
Slack pathway, when light intensity is low during the day, stomata
open, CO2 in the atmosphere diffuse into mesophyll cells in the leaves
and combined with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and form oxaloacetate
(4C molecule). 1
 This reaction is catalysed by PEP carboxylase which has high affinity
to CO2 even at low concentration of CO2. 1
 Oxaloacetate reduced into malate by NADPH + H+ 1
 Malate formed shunted through plasmodesmata into bundle sheath
cells. 1
 Malate in bundle sheath cells undergo oxidative decarboxylation into
pyruvate by removal of H and CO2 , and reduced the NADP+ into
NADPH + H+ . This will increase the concentration of CO2 in the stroma
of chloroplast of bundle sheath cells. 1
 CO2 enter Calvin cycle (2nd carbon fixation) and synthesis organic
molecule. Increase the concentration of CO2 in the stroma of
chloroplast of bundle sheath cells inhibits photorespiration thus
increase the rate of photosynthesis. 1
 Pyruvate from bundle sheath cells diffuse back into mesophyll cell and
phosphorylated to regenerate phosphoenolpyruvate. 1

Question 20 (b)
 Enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase) bind
to O2 which act as competitive inhibitor molecule when concentration of
CO2 in mesophyll cells is low. 1
 RuBP carboxylase has higher affinity to O2 than CO2 1
 RuBP carboxylase bind to O2 to form one glycerate-3-phosphate and
two phosphoglycolate. 1
 The two phosphoglycolate will undergo a series of reactions requiring
oxygen and ATP to produce one molecule of glycerate-3-phosphate
and release of carbon dioxide. 1
 Photorespiration is a wasteful product because ATP is needed and
reduce the potential photosynthetic yield from 20% to 50%. 1

Question 20 (c)
Chloroplast of mesophyll cell Chloroplast of bundle sheath
cell
Chloroplasts present in Chloroplasts present in bundle
mesophyll cell are fewer and has sheath cell are more in amount 1
smaller size. and has larger size.
Chloroplasts present in Chloroplasts present in bundle
mesophyll cell has larger grana sheath cell has smaller grana
and light-dependent reaction and light-dependent reaction
occurs at higher rate. occurs at lower rate. 1
Chloroplasts present in Chloroplasts present in bundle
mesophyll cell has less stroma, sheath cell has more stroma,
light-independent reaction occurs light-independent reaction occurs
at lower rate and produce less at higher rate and produce more
starch granules. starch granules. 1