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(b) (i) 1
= 1
= 1313 kJ mol-1 1
(ii) The energy required is much higher because the nuclear 2
charge of He+ ion is higher
10
3 (a) (i) 1
(ii) (8 x 2 x 1/8) + (6 x 2 x ½) = 8 1
(b) (i) A set of temperature and pressure values where solid, 1
liquid and gas exist in equilibrium
(ii) 3
1
= 30.9 kPa 1
Pt = 30.9 + 93.7 = 124.6 kPa 1
10
(iii) 1
= 55.9 1
(b) (i) 2.25 x 105 – 1.50 x 10-5 = 7.50 x 104 kPa 1
(ii) Assume ideal gas, pV = nRT, n = m/Mr 1
1
= 20.0 g 1
(iii) 1
10
7 (a) (i) 1
(ii) Bent/V-shaped 1
(iii) 2
10
11 (a) (i)
( )
( )
-7
= 1.097 x 10 (1 – 0.25) 1
u = 8.228 x 106(3.00 x 108)
= 2.47 x 1015 s-1 1
(ii) For one electron
E = hu
= 6.63 x 10-34 x 2.47 x 1015
= 1.64 x 10-8 J 1
12 (a) Graph:
Labelled axes 1
Points and curve 1
2 half-lives similar – reaction is first order with respect to 1
NO or t1 = t2
Half-life = 5 min 1
(b) The concentration of fluorine is decreased by 1.5/1.0 = 1.5
times
AND
The half-life is increased by 7.5/5.0 = 1.5 times 1
Order with respect to fluorine is 1 1
(c) To save energy or money (by allowing process to run at 1
lower temperature)
Goes faster/save time/allows the process to run 1
continuously
(d) Gold is a heterogenous catalyst 1
Lowers the activation energy/ adsorbs the reactants on its 1
surface
10
25
(b) (i) Mg+ 1
(ii) No of protons = 12 1
Number of neutrons = 12, 13 and 14 respectively 1
Ar of magnesium =
1
= 24.3
10
14 (a) (i) The element X contains isotopes 1
(ii) Let the percentage abundance of 79X be x% 1
Percentage abundance of 81X = (100 – x)%
79.99 =
1
x = 50.5
Percentage abundance of isotope 79X is 50.5%
81 1
X is 49.5%
1
(iii) 2
(ii) 1
(c) 3
10
16 (a) (i)
= 0.48 1
1
Units = = mol-3 dm9 s-1
(ii) 2
17 (a) N2 + O2 2NO 1
Kc = [NO]2/[N2][O2] 1
(b) As temperature increases Kc increases 1
Hence reaction is endothermic 1
(c) (i) 2NO + O2 ↔ 2NO2 1
(ii) Change in equilibrium position: displaced to the right 1
Change in rate constant: no change 1
(d) (i) B 1
C 1
(ii) Cresolphthalein or thymolphthalein 1
10
(iii) 3
(b) 2
10
20 (a) (i) 1
(ii) All carbons that have only single bonds are sp3 hybridized 1
The three carbons that have double bonds are sp 2 1
hybridized
(b) (i) Ionic: RbCl 1
Non-polar covalent: S8, F2 1
Polar covalent: PF3, SCl2, SF2 1
(ii) SCl2, SF2, PF3 1
(c) PCl5: trigonal bipyramidal, 90o and 120o 1
PCl4+ ion: tetrahedral, 109.5o 1
PCl6- ion: octahedral, 90o 1
10
(ii) 2