Dyslexia

is a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in

being able to read and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological
awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or
naming.

Preschool-aged children

Children who exhibit these symptoms early in life have a higher likelihood of being
diagnosed as dyslexic than other children. These symptoms include:

• delays in speech
• slow learning of new words
• difficulty in rhyming words, as in nursery rhymes
• low letter knowledge
• letter reversal or mirror writing (for example, "Я" instead of "R")

Early primary school children

• Difficulty learning the alphabet or letters order

• Difficulty with associating sounds with the letters that represent them (sound-
symbol correspondence)
• Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in
words
• Difficulty segmenting words into individual sounds, or blending sounds to make
word
• Difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems
• Difficulty learning to decode written words
• Difficulty distinguishing between similar sounds in words; mixing up sounds in
polysyllabic words (auditory discrimination) (for example, "aminal" for animal,
"bisghetti" for spaghetti)

Older primary school children

• Slow or inaccurate reading (although these individuals can read to an extent).

• Very poor spelling
• Difficulty reading out loud, reading words in the wrong order, skipping words and
sometimes saying a word similar to another word
• Difficulty associating individual words with their correct meanings
• Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time when doing a certain task
• Difficulty with organization skills
• Tendencies to omit or add letters or words when writing and reading.
 Dyscalculia (or math disability)

is a specific learning disability involving innate difficulty in learning or comprehending

simple arithmetic. It includes difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to
manipulate numbers, learning math facts, and a number of other related symptoms.

• Frequent difficulties with arithmetic, confusing the signs: +, −, ÷ and ×

• Difficulty with everyday tasks like checking change and reading analog clocks
• Inability to comprehend financial planning or budgeting, sometimes even at a
basic level; for example, estimating the cost of the items in a shopping basket or
balancing a checkbook
• Difficulty with multiplication-tables, and subtraction-tables, addition tables,
division tables, mental arithmetic, etc
• Difficulty with conceptualizing time and judging the passing of time.
• Particularly problems with differentiating between left and right
• Often unable to grasp and remember mathematical concepts, rules, formulae, and
sequences
• An inability to read a sequence of numbers, or transposing them when repeated,
such as turning 56 into 65
• Difficulty keeping score during games
• Difficulty in activities requiring sequential processing, from the physical (such as
dance steps or sports) to the abstract (signaling things in the right order). May
have trouble
• Mistaken recollection of names. Poor name/face retrieval. May substitute names
beginning with same letter
 Dysgraphia
is a deficiency in the ability to write, primarily in terms of handwriting, but perhaps also
in terms of coherence. People with dysgraphia usually can write on some level, and often
lack other fine motor skills and may be cross dominant, finding tasks such as tying shoes
difficult. It often does not affect all fine motor skills. They can also lack basic grammar
and spelling skills (for example, having difficulties with the letters p, q, b, and d), and
often will write the wrong word when trying to formulate thoughts (on paper). In
childhood, the disorder generally emerges when the child is first introduced to writing.
The child may make inappropriately sized and spaced letters, or write wrong or
misspelled words despite thorough instruction. Children with the disorder may have other
learning disabilities, but they usually have no social or other academic problems.

Spatial dysgraphia

A person with dysgraphia due to a defect in the understanding of space has illegible
spontaneously written work, illegible copied work, but normal spelling and normal typing
speed

Symptoms of dysgraphia

• Sufferers do not know that it is unusual to experience this type of pain with
writing.
• If they know that it is different from how others experience writing, they feel that
few will believe them.
• Those who do not believe that the pain while writing is real will often not
understand it. It will usually be attributed to muscle ache or cramping, and it will
often be considered only a minor inconvenience.
• For some people with dysgraphia, they no longer write, and just type everything,
so they no longer feel this pain
 Developmental dyspraxia

is a motor learning difficulty that can affect planning of movements and co-ordination as
a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body

• Difficulties making speech sounds

• Difficulty sequencing sounds
o Within a word
o Forming words into sentences
• Difficulty controlling breathing
• Slow language development.
• Difficulty with feeding.
• Learning basic movement patterns.
• Developing a desired writing speed.
• Poor timing.
• Poor balance (sometimes even falling over in mid-step). Tripping over one's own
feet is also common.
• Difficulty combining movements into a controlled sequence.
• Difficulty remembering the next movement in a sequence.
• Problems with spatial awareness
• Some people with dyspraxia have trouble picking up and holding onto simple
objects such as picking pencils and things up
• Some people with dyspraxia have difficulty in determining left from right.
• Disability to ride a bicycle

• Not able to stop certain activity immediately

• Not able to change direction quickly while walking or running

• Frequency of falling is higher

• Poor grip while writing, holding cutlery, holding a bat etc.

• Requires longer time to do a specific activity including reading and writing

• Takes more time to learn new activities and things