the dictionary meaning of

this word, then it says,the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of

something complex.

we refer to structure, it means a building or other object

constructed from several parts

The first one is ant colony, then bird nest, then wild comb
structure, then spider web, silk nest by moth and then termite colony
ant colony optimization
technique and that optimization technique is motivatedfrom ant colony

In fact (ther) now people are trying to make foundation of any structure very similar to
theroot structure of a tree, to make it more stable. The anatomy of ant is again very interesting
because you see ant can carry much-much more load then their weight. Andthe anatomyof ant
actuallyhelps them to do that
It always starts with concept of the structure, planning of the
Structure it is the architecture of the structure
understand feasibility of that model
Means how the model, how the structure may respond when it is subjected to actual
environment? And that step is analysis.

And once the analysis is done then you need toto design
the structure. Design means,if you look at the structure, if it is a food, then design is a recipe
for that food
translate the design in the form of a language
that can be understood by the people who will be executing the structure or will be
constructing the structure or fabricating the structure this language is design, this
language is drawing.
execute the structure and
finally you have the structure
analysis is a process of understanding how a structure may behave when it is subjected to a
particular environment or a particular threat

forward analysis, input is threat and

output would be response
inverse analysis input is response and threat
output would be
Lec2

physical system is very complicated, very complex. So dealing with the physical system
exactly the way it is, is very difficult. So what we do is, instead of taking the physical system
as it is, we take an idealized physical system. We take an ideal, simplified model of this
physical process
that idealization has to be based on certain assumptions. And assumptions of
any process is very important. Because you know it is the assumption which are the
limitations of any model
wherever that assumptions are not valid, the model cannot be applied.
Now, how accurate this solution is for this
physical process? It depends on assumptions at various stages, various steps
you need to idealize everything. You need to idealize the threat, you need to idealize the
structure and you need to idealize the responses as well.
we will idealize
them as two dimensional structure and perform the analysis on those two
dimensionalstructure. But that is not our restriction.
The reason why we perform analysis on two dimensional structure because through two
dimensional structure we can demonstrate the concept. We can learn this concept and once
we learn the concept then similar concept can be extended to any three dimensional structure.

The first load is called the dead load. Which is the self-weight of the structure itself. Andthen
live load. Live load means the loads which are live
we have earthquake load
wind load
we have earth pressure. If
you take a retaining wall which retain soil, then the soil can exert some pressure on this
retaining wall
water pressure as well. If you take any dam,then the water can exert
significant pressure on the dam
you have snow
load.
But it is not necessary
that you consider everything when you analyze a particular structure. These are the common
threats that you can have. But depending on the structure you need to choose the kind of
threats.
choice of different loads and their
combination depend on structure type and purpose and location, exposed environment etc

idealization of the threat.

the self-weight,this (stru) portion of the structure has some

self-weight and the self-weight is distributed over the entire length.
And this self-weight can be idealized as a uniformly distributed load on the structure
if it is earthquake load, it can be shown that earthquake load can be idealizedas
horizontal load at different stories. If we move from the ground this magnitude of the load
increases
Lec-3 Static equlibrium

degrees of freedom of a mechanical system is the number of independent coordinates

required to completely specify the configuration of the system.
Support
Tyes of sopport

Fixed support
Equation of static equlibrium
𝛴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝛴 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 0
𝛴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝛴 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0

these equations must be linearly independent, then we have a unique solution.

Such structures having no of unknown reaction are equal to no. of equilibrium equations are
determinant structures.
When no of equations are less then no. of unknown reactions then system of structure is
indeterminant
Reason for selecting indeterminant structures
1. fixed-supported beam will be subjected to a maximum moment of Mmax = PL>8,
whereas the same beam, when simply supported, will be
subjected to twice the moment, that is, Mmax = PL>4. As a result, thefixed-supported beam
has one fourth the deflection and one half the stress
at its center of the one that is simply supported.
2. Another important reason for selecting a statically indeterminate
structure is because it has a tendency to redistribute its load to its redundant
supports in cases where faulty design or overloading occurs. In these cases,
the structure maintains its stability and collapse is prevented. This is
particularly important when sudden lateral loads, such as wind or earthquake,
are imposed on the structure. To illustrate, consider again the fixed-end
beam in Fig. 10–1a. As P is increased, the beam’s material at the walls and
at the center of the beam begins to yield and forms localized “plastic
hinges,” which causes the beam to deflect as if it were hinged or pin
connected at these points.Although the deflection becomes large, the walls
will develop horizontal force and moment reactions that will hold the
beam and thus prevent it from totally collapsing. In the case of the simply
supported beam, Fig. 10–1b, an excessive load P will cause the “plastic
hinge” to form only at the center of the beam, and due to the large vertical
deflection, the supports will not develop the horizontal force and moment
reactions that may be necessary to prevent total collapse.

Disadvantages of selecting indeterminant structures

1. It increases cost of structure
2. Differential settlement of support causes internal stresses. In general, then, any
deformation, such as that caused by relative support displacement, or
changes in member lengths caused by temperature or fabrication errors,
will introduce additional stresses in the structure, which must be considered
when designing indeterminate structures.