Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

Koya University
College of Engineering
School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department

Well Logging Analysis

Pre-Logging Requirments

Farhad Abdulrahman
Assistant Lecturer

Logging Objectives
 A well is drilled to a pre-determined objective:

 An exploration well targets a suspected reservoir.

 An appraisal well evaluates a discovery.

 A development well is used for production.

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 2

© Farhad Khoshnaw 1
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

The Reservoir

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 3

Requirements of a Reservoir
 A reservoir should fulfil the following:

 Source of organic material (terrestrial or marine)

 Suitable combination of heat, pressure and time.

 A free-oxygen environment

 A suitable basin

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 4

© Farhad Khoshnaw 2
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

The Major Elements of A Reservoir

Permeable
 stores the hydrocarbon

Source Rock
 produces hydrocarbon

Impermeable Rock
 traps hydrocarbon

Trap
 captures fluids

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 5

Borehole Environment
 The borehole environment, where logging
measurements are made, is of some interest from the
standpoint of logging tool designs and the operating
limitations placed upon them.

 Furthermore, it is important in terms of the

disturbance in the surrounding formation in which
properties are being measured.

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 6

© Farhad Khoshnaw 3
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

Type of Completion

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 7

Characterisation of the Borehole

 Well depths are ordinarily between 1,000 and 20,000 ft,
with diameters ranging from 5 to 15 inches.

 A truly vertical hole is rarely encountered, and generally

the deviation of the borehole is between 0° and 5°.

 More deviated wells, between 20° and 60° are often

encountered offshore.

 The temperature, at full depth, ranges between 100 °F and

300 °F

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 8

© Farhad Khoshnaw 4
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

The Drilling fluid

 The drilling fluid, or mud, ranges in density between 9
and 16 lb/gal; weighting additives such as Barite
(BaSO4) or Hematite are added to ensure that the
hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore exceeds the fluid
pressure in the formation pore space to prevent
disasters such as blowouts.

 The salinity of the drilling mud ranges between 1,000

and 200,000 ppm of NaCl.

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 9

Borehole - Fluids
 The borehole fluid can be
- water based mud fresh
- salt saturated
- oil based mud
- varying quantities of water
- air
- foam
 In addition there are a
number of additives to
increase weight, viscosity and
so on.

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 10

© Farhad Khoshnaw 5
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

Invasion Process
 The result of the
invasion process is
conveyed by:

 The permeable zones.

 Imbalance in
hydrostatic pressure

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 11

Open Hole Measurements

1) The traditional wireline logging (WL)
 Here the tools are lowered into the well on the end of an
electrical line. Once the measurement is made, the tool will be
pulled out of the hole.

2) Logging While Drilling (LWD)

 These tools are built into drill pipe. Logging is made while
drilling the hole and data is stored in downhole memory as well
as being transmitted up hole.

3) Logging on drill pipe (TLC)

 Here the standard wireline tools are attached to drill pipe. A
cable is still used for data transmission. Logging is made both
down and up.

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 12

© Farhad Khoshnaw 6
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

Open-hole Logs and Applications

Open Hole Logs Formation Properties
 Resistivity  Rock type
 Nuclear  Porosity
 Acoustic  Permeability
 Nuclear Magnetic  Fluid type
Resonance  Fluid volume
 Sampling  Formation tops
 Fractures

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 13

Data Acquisition

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 14

© Farhad Khoshnaw 7
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

Measuring Situations
 The formation to be measured is masked by the
borehole.

 The borehole contains fluids and is of an irregular

shape.

 The sensor has to be able to measure the formation

property accurately and send the information to
surface.

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 15

Logging Unit

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 16

© Farhad Khoshnaw 8
Koya University - FENG - DPTE 24/11/2016

Logging Tools

11/24/2016 Logging History and Types 17

© Farhad Khoshnaw 9