WELL LOGGING

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Reporter:
COSIDON, IRISH
DALAYON, ALBERTO
DUMILAM, ANDREA
GAMONGAN, JHELLAI
LIWALIW, ANGELICA
 INTRODUCTION
WELL LOGGING
Also known as borehole logging, a technique
widely used in the oil and gas industry to
gather information about subsurface geologic
formations and the fluids they contain. Well
logging is a vital tool for exploration,
development, and production of hydrocarbon
resources. It provides valuable information
about the properties of the rocks and fluids in
the subsurface, which is critical for making
informed decisions about drilling and
completion operations, reservoir management,
and production optimization.
INTRODUCTION
 Basics of well logging, including
 The different types of logging tools and
their applications,
 Parameters measured during well
logging
 Principle
 Equipment and the interpretation of
well logs.
 Properties and method used.
BRIEF HISTORY
1927 – first electric log was recorded by
Schlumberger brothers namely Conrad and
Marcel.
1930s - Gamma-ray log
1940s - Neutron Logs
1950s and 1960s - Resistivity Logs, Acoustic
Logs, and Density Logs
1970s and beyond - development of more
sophisticated logging tools
WHAT IS LOG?
 A log is a record of information about the geological formations that have
been drilled through.
WHAT DOES WELL LOGGING
RECORD?
Among the properties and characteristics that well logs
record are:
A. Type of formation around the borehole
B. Formation thickness
C. Porosity
- Permeability
- Temperature
- Amount of water in the formation
- Pressure of the fluids contained in the formation
- Properties of the oil and gas encountered during
drilling
WHAT LOG CAN MEASURE?
1. Electron density of the rock
2. Acoustic- travel time of the rock
3. Resistivity
4. Neutron absorption rate
5. The self potential of the rock borehole fluid
interface
6. The size of the borehole drilled
7. The flow rate and density fluids in the wellbore
8. The other related properties
CONTROLLING PROPERTY
The controlling property of a well logging tool refers to the
physical parameter that the tool is designed to measure.
Different types of well logging tools are designed to
measure different properties of the rock and fluid
formations within the wellbore.
PRINCIPLE OF WELL
 A well log is a record of certain formation data versus depth.

 The appropriate down hole logging tools instrument called ‘sonde’ , about 3.5 inches in
diameters lowered into mud hole on logging cable.

 This tool will measure the electrical, acoustic, and radioactive properties of the

LOGGING
formation.

 The result will be analysed to determine which of the layers are porous and permeable
and likely to contain hydrocarbon.

 Survey is normally done from the

Well logging is the process of characterizing subsurface formations by

measuring physical properties such as resistivity, porosity, and density using
specialized tools that are lowered into a wellbore. The principles of well logging
are:
Accuracy
Interpretability
Depth control
Resolution
Safety
Cost - effectiveness
 PARAMAETERS
3 KEY PARAMETERS OF WELL LOGGING
1. POROSITY
2. PERMEABILITY
3. PRESENCE OF HYDROCARBON
IMPORTANCE OF WELL
LOGGING?
 Determination of Lithology
 Determination of reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity, saturation,
permeability)
 Determination formation dip and hole size
 Identification of productive zones, to determine the depth and thickness of
zones.
 Distinguish between oil, gas, or water in reservoir, and estimate hydrocarbon
reserves.
 Geologic maps developed from log interpretation help with determining facies
relationships and drilling locations
METHODS AND PARAMETERS
OF WELL LOGGING
TWO CATEGORIES OF LOGGING METHOD
According to casing operation:
The name OPEN HOLE is applied because logs are recorded in
the uncased portion of the well bore.
The CLOSED HOLE logs is applied because these logs are
recorded in the cased portion of the well bore.
The one used most frequently in hydrocarbon exploration are
called OPEN HOLE LOGS.
According to conductivity of the boreholes:
Conductive: water based drilling mud
Non- conductive boreholes: oil based mud, air drilled or cased
holes
APPLICATION OF WELL
LOGGING
Well logging is the technique of making petrophysical measurements in the subsurface earth
formation through the drilled borehole in order to determine the physical, structural and
chemical properties of rocks and the fluids they contain.
The main application of well logs are:
 Groundwater Drilling
 Environmental Applications
 Well logs are used in mining application
OTHER APPLICATIONS
1. Depth lithological 7. Rock strength
boundaries 8. In- situ stress orientation
2. Lithology identification 9. Fracture frequency
10. Porosity
3. Mineral grade/ quality
11. Fluid salinity
4. Inter- borehole
correlation
5. Structure mapping
6. Dip determination
WELL LOGGING EQUIPMENTS
The process of logging involves a number of elements:

Truck and the Rig Drill Bits and Drilling Mud

Cables or Wireline logging tool Apparent Water Resistivity Curve Tool
Sondes Spontaneous Potential Curve (Sp)
VIKIZ (induction logging tool) Resistivity Tool
Acoustic logging tool Neutron Porosity
Caliper logging tool Density Porosity
Gamma ray logging tool
 WELL LOGGING EQUIPMENTS
Well logging truck and the offshore unit Caliper Logging Tool Sondes Acoustic logging tool

VIKIZ (induction logging tool) Cable or Wireline logging tool Gamma Ray tool Resistivity tool
OPERATION
PETROLEUM DRILL BITS
(DIAMOND)
Core drilling a bit shape and number of diamonds depends on the dominant rock type being
penetrated. Some type of them are:
1. Large teeth for Shale
2. Short teeth for hard rocks
3. Button bit for every hard rocks.
 FORMATION EVALUATION
Geological evaluation of the lithology, stratigraphy, fluids and reservoir
properties are essential for exploration and field development.
 Critical information from a well comes from:
1. The mud logging (Wellsite Geology)
2. Coring
3. Cutting
4. Geophysical log
5. Logging While Drilling
6. Formation Testing
7. Cased Hole Logging
WHAT IS FORMATION
EVALUATION?
 Formation Evaluation (FE) is the process of interpreting a combination of measurements taken
inside a wellbore.
 FE data can gathered by logging while drilling (LWD) tools.

WHY FORMATION
EVALUATION?
 Provide continuous record of penetration rate, lithology, hydrocarbon shows and determine
the ability of a borehole to produce petroleum.
To evaluate hydrocarbons reservoir (oil, gas) and in petroleum exploration and development.
BASIC INFORMATION NEEDED IN
LOG INTERPRETATION
1. FORMATION WATER – (connate water in the formation) held by capillary pressure in the
pores of rock serves to inhibit the transmission of hydrocarbon.
2. WATER SATURATION (SW) – is the percentage of pore volume in a rock which is occupied by
formation water.
Formation water occupying p[ores
SW = Total pore space in the rock X 100 %
BASIC INFORMATION NEEDED IN
LOG INTERPRETATION
3. SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE – formation temperature (Tf) is important in log analysis because
the resistivity of the drilling mud, mud filtrate, mud cake and formation water change with
temperature.
The following are needed to determine formation temperature :
oFormation depth Tf can be obtained by graphical means or by calculating
oBottom hole temperature (BHT) using the linear aggression equation:

oTotal depth of the well Y= mx + c

Where: x = depth Y = temperature m = geothermal
oSurface temperature
gradient c = constant (surface temperature)
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
Where a hole is drilled into a formation, the rock plus the fluids in
it (the rock-fluid system) are altered in the vicinity of the borehole.
The borehole rock and the rock surrounding it are contaminated by
the drilling mud, which affects logging measurements.
TYPE OF THE
LOGS
PERMEABILITY AND LITHOLOGICAL LOGGING
Spontaneous Potential Logs
commonly used method to investigate the reservoir properties of oil
and gas fields.
The purpose of spontaneous (SP) log in well logging is to determine
the areas of the reservoir that are in contact with the well and to
predict the reservoir pressure near the well.
Caliper Logging
A caliper log is a device that measures the diameter along the length of
the well bore.
 The most common LWD tool is the caliper log.
Logging while drilling (LWD) is a technology used in the oil and gas
industry.
LWD tools are used to measure the characteristics of a borehole and
the surrounding rock formations.

Gamma Ray
Measure the natural radioactivity of rocks and minerals.
Help determine the type of rock and the amount of radioactivity in
the rock.
Measure the natural radioactivity of the formations surrounding the
well. The radiation is measured in API units.
POROSITY LOG
Density Logging (Induction)
Process of measuring density of a fluid in a well or a material
using a device called a densitometer.
Density logging uses a gamma ray source and detector to
measure the attenuation of the gamma rays as they travel
through the fluid.
Density logging is used to determine the porosity of the rock
surrounding the borehole and to identify fluid-filled fractures
and lithology.
The basic principle in density logging is that the denser a
formation is, the more gamma rays it will absorb.
Neutron Porosity Log
 Measure the amounts of hydrogen presents in the water atom of a
rock.
Uses neutrons to estimate the porosity of a rock.

Acoustic / Sonic Logging

Using sound waves to measure the properties of the formations
through which the sound waves travel.
Type of sonic logging :
A. Compressional-wave logging - measures the travel times of
compressional waves—sound waves that travel parallel to the
direction of the borehole.
B. Shear-wave logging - measures the travel times of shear waves—
sound waves that travel perpendicular to the direction of the
borehole.
NUCLEAR (RADIOACTIVITY) LOGS
 Record natural and induced radioactivity.
 Nuclear logs have fundamental advantage over most other logs (they can
be made in either cased or open holes filled with any type of fluids
 USES OF RADIOACTIVE LOGS
A. Determine shale volume.
B. Determine the quality and correlation
of lithology.
A. Determine the radioactive minerals.
B. Determination of bed boundaries.
ELECTRICAL LOG
Resistivity Well Logging
 Type of geophysical well log that is used to determine the
resistivity of the surrounding rocks.
 The resistivity well log is a tool that is used to help determine
the porosity of the rocks.
THE LOGGING CAN BE DONE IN TWO WAYS:
1. MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING (MWD) & LOGGING
WHILE DRILLING
Logging sensors are attached to the bottom of the drill string
and measurements of formation properties done continuously
during the drilling process.
2. WIRELINE LOGGING
Logging after the well has been drilled.
SAMPLE RESULT (BARNICARNDY 1)
REFERENCES
CSIRO PUBLISHING | THE APPEA JOURNAL
WELL LOGGING AND FORMATION EVALUATION" by Toby Darling
"INTRODUCTION TO WELL LOGS AND SUBSURFACE MAPS" by Jonathan C. Evenick
"BASIC WELL LOG ANALYSIS" by George Asquith and Daniel Krygowski
"FORMATION EVALUATION: GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF CORES, LOGS, AND
TESTS" by Philippe Theys and Jean-Jacques Royer
"WELL LOGGING HANDBOOK" by Oberto Serra and Giorgio Speranza.