CHEMISTRY

PROJECT

“PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS
OF COPPER SULPHATE AND IT'S
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.”

Name - Faraz Khan

Class - XI​th ​– C Roll No. - 28

1
 Session - 2018-2019

Chemistry investigatory project

on
‘Preparation Of Crystals Of Copper Sulphate’
SUBMITTED BY:
Faraz Khan
Roll No. : 28
Class: XI​TH​ – C
Session: 2018-19
Under the guidance of
Mrs Preeti Bahugana
( Chemistry Teacher )

2
 BANYAN TREE SCHOOL
LODHI ROAD, NEW DELHI - 110003

DECLARATION
I  hereby  declare  that  the  work  being 
presented  in  the  project  report  entitled 
“​PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS OF COPPER
SULPHATE AND ITS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ​” 
is  an  authentic  record  of  my  own  work 
carried  out  under  the  supervision  of  Mrs. 
Preeti  Bahugana,  Chemistry  Department, 
Banyan Tree School, Lodhi Road, New Delhi. 
 
3
  
Name : Faraz Khan   
Class : XIth​ ​ – C 
Roll No. : 28 
Banyan Tree School  
Lodhi Road , New Delhi - 110003 
 
INDEX

S.NO.  CONTENT  PAGE NO. 

1. Certificate 5
2. Acknowledgement 6
3. Aim 7
4. Introduction 8
5. Theory 9

11
6. Apparatus Required

7. Chemicals Required
Preparation of copper sulphate
8. 12
crystals
9. Procedure for Seeding 13
10. Analysis Of Lattice Structure 14
4
 11. Photo Gallery
11. Result
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography

CERTIFICATE
 
It is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine 
investigation work has been carried out to investigate 
about the subject matter and the related data collection 
and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely 
and satisfactorily by Faraz Khan of ​Class XI​th ​- C of 
Banyan Tree School, Lodhi Road , New Delhi
- 110014​ regarding his project titled “​PREPARATION
OF CRYSTALS OF COPPER SULPHATE AND ITS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS" 
 
 
 

5
 Mrs. Preeti Bahugana 
Chemistry Department 
Banyan Tree School, Lodhi Road 
New Delhi - 110003 
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT

It would be my utmost pleasure to

express my sincere thanks to Mr. Harish
Rautela (Chemistry Teacher), Mrs.
Preeti Bahuguna and Mr. Jaswant
Rawat (Lab Assistant) in providing a
helping hand in this project. Their
valuable guidance, support and

6
supervision all through this project titled
“​PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS OF COPPER
SULPHATE AND ITS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS​”,
are responsible for attaining its present
form.

​​AIM

7
 To Prepare Crystals 
Of Copper Sulphate 
And Analysing It's 
Structure. 
INTRODUCTIO
N
Have you ever wondered what the atoms look like in
the materials around you? Are they all lined up in neat
little rows or do they fit together in a cool pattern?
How can we find out if we don’t have a super powerful
microscope? One way to tell how the atoms are

8
 arranged is to grow crystals with the material. Many
everyday materials such as sugar and salt can be used
to grow crystals. Crystals are simply a structure where
all of the atoms are perfectly arranged on the atomic
scale. On the scale that we can see, this turns into very
smooth lines and unique shapes. For example, if the
atoms arrange themselves in a cube, with straight
columns and rows, the resulting crystal will be a cube
with smooth sides. In this activity you will grow a
couple different types of crystals using everyday
materials. You will then observe the shape of the
crystals and use them to picture how the atoms may
be arranged.

THEORY
Copper(II) sulfate, also known as copper
sulphate, are the inorganic compounds with
the chemical formula CuSO4(H2O)x, where x
can range from 0 to 5. The pentahydrate (x =
9
5) is the most common form. Older names for
this compound include blue vitriol, bluestone,
vitriol of copper, and Roman vitriol.
The pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the most
commonly encountered salt, is bright blue. It
exothermically dissolves in water to give the
aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which has
octahedral molecular geometry. The structure
of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric
structure wherein copper is again octahedral
but bound to four water ligands. The
Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by
sulfate anions to form chains. Anhydrous
copper sulfate is a white powder.

10
 APPARATUS
-> Beaker (250mL)
-> Weighing Balance
-> Filter Paper
-> Glass Rod
-> Funnel
-> Bunsen Burner
->Tripod stand
->China dish
->Wire gauge
->Water bath
11
 CHEMICALS
REQUIRED

​-> ​Copper Sulphate pentahydrate

( CuSO
-> ​Concentrated sulphuric acid

PREPARATION
1. Take a clean beaker (250 ml) and put the
powdered impure sample of copper sulphate

12
in it.

2. Add distilled water and stir the contents

gently with the help of a glass rod.

3. In order to make the solution more clear

add two or three drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid in it.

4. Heat the solution in the beaker to 60-700C

on a wire gauze.

5. Stir it continuously and add more impure

copper sulphate until no more of it dissolves.

6. Filter the solution and collect the filtrate in a

china dish.

7. Place the china dish over wire gauze kept

13
over a tripod stand and heat it gently (do not
boil).

8. As the solution gets heated, stir it with a

glass rod. This helps in uniform evaporation
and prevents the formation of a solid crust.

9. When the volume of the solution is reduced

to one-half, take out a drop of the
concentrated solution on one end of the glass
rod and cool it by blowing air. Formation of
thin crust indicates that crystallization point is
reached.

10. Turn off the burner, cover the dish with a

watch glass, and keep it undisturbed. As the
solution cools down, crystals separate out.
Slow cooling ensures better crystallization.

14
11. Decant the mother liquor and wash the
crystals with a thin stream of cold water with
the help of a wash bottle.

12. Dry the crystals by pressing them gently

between sheets of filter paper.

PROCEDURE FOR SEEDING

1) First, pour a small amount of the

saturated solution into a small plate.
The large surface area on the plate
helps the solution evaporate quickly,
so you will get numerous small
crystals quickly (within a couple of
15
 hours). Pick one or more of the best
crystals and carefully scrape them off
the plate. You can use a toothpick or
a butter knife. These are seed
crystals. They serve as “seeds” for
larger crystals.
2) Next, place these seed crystals into
a jar or bowl of the remaining
solution. If you use multiple seeds,
make sure they aren’t touching each
other or else put them in separate
containers. Check on the crystals
about every half a day. If crystals
start growing elsewhere on the
container, you can renove the
crystals to a clean container and pour
the solution onto them. If needed,
16
 you can prepare fresh solution to
help feed the crystal growth. If you
add new solution, be absolutely sure
it is saturated before you add it or it
may dissolve some of your growth! A
good way to be sure the solution is
saturated is to make sure no more
copper sulfate will dissolve and then
allow the solution to cool before
adding it to your crystal.
When you are satisfied with the crystals,
remove them and allow then to dry.
When the crystals are wet, they can be
scraped from their container easily
using a butter knife or gloved hand.

17
ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE

Ionic compounds are

made up of anions and
cations. Usually the larger
anions make up the
framework of the crystal
lattice and the smaller
cations then occupy the
spaces or holes left

18
between the framework of
anions. Packing
arrangements like simple
cubic (sc), cubic
close-packed (ccp),
hexagonal close-packed
(hcp) are examples of
structures which minimize
same charge interactions.
•A lattice is an infinite
array of evenly spaced
19
points
which are all similarly
situated. Each points are
regarded as similarly
situated in the rest of the
lattice
appears the same, and in
the same orientation when
viewed form them.
Octahedral

20
The octahedron is a
polyhedron made from 8
regular triangles. The
polyhedron can be
constructed by one sphere
surrounded by 6 equal
spheres. If you connect
the six centers of the
surrounding spheres you
generate the
octahedron.Face-centered
21
cubic (fcc) lattice
structures provide a
framework for octahedral
holes. A typical example of
this setting is sodium
chloride (NaCl). The
chloride ions form
octahedral holes which the
smaller sodium ions
occupy. There are 4
octahedral holes in a fcc
22
with a relationship of one
octahedral hole per anion.
In the solid CuSO4.5H2O,
the copper ion is
surrounded by four water
molecules in square
planar geometry. There
are also weak interactions
with the sulphate ions in
the axial positions. The 5th
water molecule is
23
hydrogen bonded to the
sulphate ion. That means
the two water molecules
on the axial positions are
completely eliminated and
substituted by sulphate
ions while forming the
solid.

PHOTO GALLERY

24
RESULT
After preparing the crystal of copper
sulphate pentahydrate it is observed

25
that it has an octahedral lattice
structure.

CONCLUSION​.
WE developed a technique for growing
CuSO4 ⋅5H2O single crystals of optical
quality. Samples of crystals were grown.

USES OF COPPER
SULPHATE

26
1)As a fungicide and
herbicide Edit
Copper sulfate
pentahydrate is used as a
fungicide.However, some
fungi are capable of
adapting to elevated levels
of copper ions.
2) Analytical reagent Edit
Several chemical tests
utilize copper sulfate. It is
27
used in Fehling's solution
and Benedict's solution to
test for reducing sugars,
which reduce the soluble
blue copper(II) sulfate to
insoluble red copper(I)
oxide. Copper(II) sulfate is
also used in the Biuret
reagent to test for
proteins.

28
3)Organic synthesis Edit
Copper sulfate is
employed at a limited level
in organic synthesis.The
anhydrous salt is used as
a dehydrating agent for
forming and manipulating
acetal groups. The
hydrated salt can be
intimately mingled with
potassium permanganate
29
to give an oxidant for the
conversion of primary
alcohols.
4)Dyeing Edit
Copper sulfate can be
used as a mordant in
vegetable dyeing. It often
highlights the green tints
of the specific dyes.

30
5) Electronics

An aqueous solution of
Copper sulfate is often
used as the resistive
element in Liquid resistors.
6) Niche uses :-
● In printing it is an
additive to book binding
pastes and glues to

31
 protect paper from insect
bites.
● in building it is used as
an additive to concrete
to provide water
resistance and
disinfectant qualities.
● Copper sulfate can be
used as a coloring
ingredient in artworks,

32
 especially glasses and
potteries.
● It corrects copper
deficiencies in the soil
and animals and
stimulates farm animals'
growth.
● Copper sulfate is used
as an anti-fungal agent
to protect seeds against
fungus and to protect
33
horse hooves from
infection. It inhibits
growth of bacteria such
as Escherichia coli.

34
BIBLIOGRAPHY

➔ https://en.m.wi

kipedia.org/wik
i/Copper(II)_su
lfate

35
➔http://chemim
agic.blogspot.
com/2014/08/jt
e2.html?m=1
➔https://www.c
hem.wisc.edu/
areas/clc/gene
36
 ral/103/crystal
Lattices/lattice
s.htm
➔https://www.re
searchgate.net
/publication/25
7853386_Gro
37
 wth_of_CuSO
4_5H2O_singl
e_crystals_an
d_study_of_so
me_of_their_p
roperties
➔ www.google.com
38
➔ Class 12 chemistry
lab manual

39