NANO

LETTERS

Patterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces: 2006

Vol. 6, No. 6
Toward a Synthetic Mimic of the Namib 1213-1217
Desert Beetle
Lei Zhai,‡ Michael C. Berg,† Fevzi Ç. Cebeci, Yushan Kim,‡ John M. Milwid,‡
Michael F. Rubner,*,‡ and Robert E. Cohen*,†

Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, and the
Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

Received March 22, 2006; Revised Manuscript Received April 19, 2006

ABSTRACT
The present study demonstrates a surface structure that mimics the water harvesting wing surface of the Namib Desert beetle. Hydrophilic
patterns on superhydrophobic surfaces were created with water/2-propanol solutions of a polyelectrolyte to produce surfaces with extreme
hydrophobic contrast. Selective deposition of multilayer films onto the hydrophilic patterns introduces different properties to the area including
superhydrophilicity. Potential applications of such surfaces include water harvesting surfaces, controlled drug release coatings, open-air
microchannel devices, and lab-on-chip devices.

In areas of limited water such as the Namib Desert, nature
has developed elegant schemes for harvesting water from
the atmosphere. For example, the Stenocara beetle in the
Namib Desert uses the hydrophilic/superhydrophobic pat-
terned surface of its wings to collect drinking water from
fog-laden wind. In a foggy dawn, the Stenocara beetle tilts
its body forward into the wind to capture small water droplets
in the fog. After these small water droplets coalesce into
bigger droplets, they roll down into the beetle’s mouth,
providing the beetle with a fresh morning drink. Parker and
co-workers found that the structure of the beetle’s back
enabled this unique water collecting ability.1 The Stenocara
beetle’s back consists of an array of surface bumps decorated
on top with hydrophilic spots (about 100 µm in diameter)
on a superhydrophobic background. The small water droplets
in the morning fog accumulate on the hydrophilic area and
coalesce. When the weight of a growing droplet is sufficient
to overcome the binding forces of the hydrophilic region, it
detaches and rolls down the superhydrophobic surface to the
beetle’s mouth. Besides this amazing water capturing ap-
plication, surfaces patterned with different wetting properties
(hydrophobic vs hydrophilic) have applications in micro-
fluidic channels2 and the rapid evaluation of complex
bioactivities.3-7
Patterned surfaces with dissimilar wetting properties have
been achieved using techniques such as microcontact print-
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: recohen@mit.edu
(R.E.C.); rubner@mit.edu (M.F.R.).
† Department of Chemical Engineering.
‡ Department of Materials Science and Engineering.
10.1021/nl060644q CCC: $33.50 © 2006 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 05/02/2006
ing,8,9 chemical vapor deposition,10 and photolithography.11-13
However, these approaches often involve complicated pro-
cedures to introduce functional groups to the patterned areas
or are limited by the range of functional groups that can be
introduced to the patterned areas. Therefore, a simple and
more effective route to generate arrays of patterns with
different wetting properties and chemical functionalities is
highly desirable. Furthermore, surfaces with extreme wetting
properties such as superhydrophilic patterns on a superhy-
drophobic surface offer new possibilities in the fabrication
of novel devices such as planar microcanals (open-air
microfluidic channels).14 Open-air microfluidic channels offer
advantages such as the facile handling of small amount of
liquids, the possibility of massive parallel processing, direct
accessibility, and ease of cleaning.14-16 The availability of
patterned surfaces with superhydrophobic and superhydro-
philic regions would greatly enhance the utility and function
of such devices and move us beyond nature’s impressive
accomplishment with the Namib beetle. Currently, there is
only one report of a patterned superhydrophobic/superhy-
drophilic surface with limited capability for surface func-
tionalization.11
A superhydrophobic surface has a water droplet advancing
contact angle of 150° or higher. In addition, the contact angle
hysteresis is very low (receding contact angles are within
5° of advancing angles).17,18 Many surfaces in nature,
including those of the lotus leaf and duck wings, derive their
superhydrophobic characteristics from a multilength scale
surface texture over-coated with hydrophobic materials.19,20
These structures have inspired scientists to generate super-
hydrophobic surfaces using a variety of methods.21-34 In
contrast, a superhydrophilic surface typically exhibits water
droplet advancing contact angles less than 5°,35-38 and in
some cases, the time for complete wetting by small droplets
of water has been observed to be less than 0.5 s.38 A number
of approaches have been explored to generate superhydro-
philic surfaces oftentimes for applications in self-cleaning.35-38
We now report a simple method to create hydrophilic or
superhydrophilic patterns on an otherwise superhydrophobic
surface. This is accomplished by selectively delivering
polyelectrolytes to the surface in a mixed water/2-propanol
solvent. This approach can be used to create patterned
surfaces that mimic the water harvesting structure of the
Stenocara beetle’s back. In addition, specific functional
groups or layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte multi-
layers can be selectively and easily introduced onto the
patterned areas.
We have previously reported the fabrication of stable
superhydrophobic coatings using polyelectrolyte multilayer
films (advancing contact angles as high as 172° with receding
contact angles of about 169°).32 In our superhydrophobic
coatings, rough microporous poly(allylamine hydrochloride)
(PAH)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) microstructures decorated
with PAH/silica nanoparticles (PAH/SiO2) are covered with
a hydrophobic network of semi-fluorosilane molecules
(designated as PAA/PAH/silica nanoparticle/semi-fluorosi-
lane). With this structure in mind, we reasoned that if we
could deliver polyelectrolytes through the semi-fluorosilane
network, then they would form electrostatic bonds with the
underlying PAH or the silica nanoparticles. At the same time,
part of the charged polymer chains would remain on the
superhydrophobic surface, changing the local wetting proper-
ties of the surface.
To test this strategy, we created a hydrophilic domain on
a superhydrophobic surface by using poly(fluorescein isothio-
cyanate allylamine hydrochloride) (FITC-PAH). The super-
hydrophobic surface is not wettable to a 1% FITC-PAH
aqueous solution. However, Mohammadi et al. reported that
aqueous solutions of various surfactants could wet a super-
hydrophobic surface since the surfactant reduced the surface
tension of the solution.39 Soeno and co-workers also reported
the wetting of their superhydrophobic surfaces with a water/
ethanol mixture.40 In our case, FITC-PAH was dissolved into
a mixture of water with a low surface tension organic solvent,
2-propanol (the surface tension of 2-propanol is 21.7 mJ/m2
while the surface tension of water is 72.2 mJ/m2).41 Figure
1 shows the variation of the contact angle of a water/2-
propanol drop on a superhydrophobic surface with varying
2-propanol concentration. The surface tension decreases with
increasing 2-propanol concentration, leading to a decrease
of contact angles. Since a wetting solution with minimum
spreading on a superhydrophobic surface is required in our
patterning scheme, we used a water/2-propanol (60/40 v/v)
mixture (contact angle ) 77°) as the solvent to make our
1% polyelectrolyte solutions.
To pattern a hydrophilic region on the superhydrophobic
surface, a pattern of microdrops of 1% FITC-PAH solution
1214
Figure 1. Contact angles of water/2-propanol mixtures on a (PAA/
PAH/silica nanoparticle/semi-fluorosilane) superhydrophobic sur-
face. Water/2-propanol droplet size: 6 µL.
was micropipeted onto the surface. After the solvent evapo-
rated, the patterned surface was rinsed with deionized water
to remove any loosely bound polyelectrolytes. The fluores-
cence intensity of the fluorescein isothiocyanate was analyzed
to monitor the density of FITC-PAH on the surface. The
fluorescence intensity of the patterned domains decreased
after the rinse step, suggesting the removal of loosely bound
polyelectrolyte. However, since some FITC-PAH still stayed
on the superhydrophobic surface, the contact angle and
contact angle hysteresis of the patterned domains changed
significantly (advancing contact angle ) 149°, receding
contact angle ) 66°), generating a hydrophobic contrast
between the patterned area and its surroundings. X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to examine the
relative atomic composition of the superhydrophobic surface
and the hydrophilic region. After patterning, the atomic
concentration of nitrogen in the patterned area increased from
1.0% to 2.6% and the atomic concentration of carbon
increased from 24.0% to 26.6%. These results indicate that
FITC-PAH molecules anchored on the superhydrophobic
surface are responsible for the altered wetting characteristics
of the patterned domains.
A structure mimicking the Stenocara beetle’s back was
built by depositing an array of hydrophilic spots with size
of 750 µm onto a superhydrophobic surface by using a poly-
(acrylic acid) (PAA) water/2-propanol solution. The advanc-
ing water contact angle in the patterned region was 144°,
whereas the receding contact angle was 12°. These hydro-
philic patterns mimic the wax-free areas on the Stenocara
beetle’s back, which are known to collect small water
droplets from the fog. Figure 2 demonstrates the behavior
of small water droplets on a PAA patterned superhydrophobic
surface. Spraying a mist of water onto the surface leads to
small water droplets (∼250 µm) that do not wet the
superhydrophobic surface and form nearly perfect spheres.
Most of the droplets bounced and rolled on the superhydro-
phobic regions and eventually stuck to the patterned hydro-
philic regions where large water droplets were formed. This
process mimics the water-capturing capabilities of the
Stenocara beetle’s back and can be used for capturing very
small drops of water and converting them into larger drops.
Nano Lett., Vol. 6, No. 6, 2006
Figure 2. (a) Small water droplets sprayed on a (PAA/PAH/silica
nanoparticle/semi-fluorosilane) superhydrophobic surface with an
array of hydrophilic domains patterned with a 1% PAA water/2-
propanol solution (scale bar ) 5 mm). (b) Sprayed small water
droplets accumulate on the patterned hydrophilic area shown in
(a) (scale bar ) 750 µm).
In addition to polyelectrolytes, we investigated the ability
of charged small molecules to bind to a superhydrophobic
surface and to change the surface properties. A superhydro-
phobic surface was patterned with a 0.1% 2-propanol solution
of methylene blue (a positively charged dye) and a 0.1%
2-propanol rose bengal (a negatively charged dye) solution.
The patterned areas became hydrophilic after the dye was
deposited on the surface. However, unlike the area patterned
with polyelectrolytes, these areas regained their superhydro-
phobic properties after the dyes were washed away with
water. This is attributed to the fact that charged small
molecules do not have the long polymer chains needed to
bind electrostatically with the underlying polyelectrolytes or
silica nanoparticles. Some amount of the dye, however, was
conveyed into the semi-fluorosilane network by the 2-pro-
panol and became trapped inside the polyelectrolyte multi-
layer structure, as indicated by the color that remained in
the patterned area. Rinsing with water does not redissolve
the trapped dye because the superhydrophobic surface
prevents water from penetrating into the structure. However,
if the surface is rendered hydrophilic by using a PAA water/
2-propanol solution, then these dyes can be released from
the hydrophilic regions upon immersion into water. This
approach can be employed to load chemicals through the
superhydrophobic surface into the underlying multilayer
structure. The porous polyelectrolyte multilayer structure then
behaves as a reservoir for these chemicals which can be
released to an aqueous medium through subsequently created
hydrophilic portals, potentially leading to controlled drug
release applications.
When a patterned superhydrophobic surface is exposed
to an aqueous solution of a chemical, the hydrophobic
contrast between the hydrophilic domains and the superhy-
drophobic background directs molecules to the hydrophilic
domains. This phenomenon was tested by assembling poly-
electrolyte multilayers selectively onto the hydrophilic pat-
Nano Lett., Vol. 6, No. 6, 2006
Figure 3. Selective deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayers onto
an array of hydrophilic domains patterned on a (PAA/PAH/silica
nanoparticle/semi-fluorosilane) superhydrophobic surface. Top:
fluorescence intensity as a function of the number of deposited
layers of (FITC-PAH/PAA) multilayers (R2 ) 0.966). Bottom:
fluorescence micrograph of (FITC-PAH/PAA) multilayers built onto
patterned superhydrophobic multilayer films (80 layers) (scale bar
) 500 µm).
terns by using the layer-by-layer technique. In this process,
a patterned superhydrophobic film was completely sub-
merged in both the polymer and rinse baths. The nonwetting
superhydrophobic background acted as a resist to multilayer
buildup. The construction of PAH/PAA multilayers was
monitored by incorporating 0.01% FITC-PAH into the PAH
solution. Figure 3 shows a linear increase in fluorescence
intensity as more layers were built onto the patterned regions
along with a micrograph of patterned dots of fluorescently
labeled multilayers. The selective deposition of multilayers
onto the patterned surface was confirmed by the large
fluorescence intensity contrast between the patterned regions
and the superhydrophobic background. It is important to note
that the surface was subjected to more than 240 sequential
exposures to polycation, polyanion, and water solutions.
A superhydrophobic surface containing hydrophilic do-
mains with 40 assembled bilayers of PAH/PAA (advancing
contact angle ) 71°, receding contact angle ) 25°) was
examined by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the
AFM images of the superhydrophobic regions (parts A and
B of Figure 4), 20 nm diameter silica nanoparticles can be
clearly observed. However, they are no longer visible in the
AFM images of the hydrophilic domains over-coated with
polyelectrolyte multilayers (parts C and D of Figure 4). This
observation was made on both the tops of the hills and the
bottoms of the valleys of the microtextured hydrophilic
regions. The decrease of RMS surface roughness from 54
to 40 nm after the multilayer deposition further supports the
idea that polyelectrolytes can be selectively assembled onto
the patterned area.
The fabrication of a surface with patterns of extreme
wetting properties was performed by building superhydro-
1215
Figure 4. AFM images of a (PAA/PAH/silica nanoparticle/semi-
fluorosilane) superhydrophobic surface (A height, B phase) and a
hydrophilic domain selectively over-coated with 80 assembled
layers of (PAA/PAH) (C height, D phase) (size of each image )
1 µm).
philic canals on a superhydrophobic background. To create
superhydrophilic canals, superhydrophilic mutlilayers need
to be deposited selectively onto hydrophilic stripes previously
patterned on a superhydrophobic surface. We have recently
reported the fabrication of stable superhydrophilic coatings
(water contact angle drops below 5° in less than 0.3 s) by
the layer-by-layer assembly of PAH and silica nanopar-
ticles.38 In the present work, we have exploited the hydro-
phobic contrast between hydrophilic areas and the superhy-
drophobic background to direct the deposition of PAH and
the silica nanoparticles selectively onto the patterned hy-
drophilic regions; in this way, superhydrophilic coatings were
built exclusively on the patterned area using the previously
reported layer-by-layer deposition scheme.
The water wetting behavior of microcanals with various
numbers of PAH/SiO2 bilayers was examined by using a
video contact angle instrument. In a microcanal with four
bilayers of PAH/SiO2 (Figure 5A), it took more than 10 s
for a water droplet to spread 1 cm along the 750 µm wide
microcanal. The observation of a small bulge at t ) 0.21 s
in Figure 5A indicates that the capillary force of the coating
cannot distribute the water fast enough to make the canal
superhydrophilic. However, in a microcanal with 14 bilayers
of PAH/SiO2 (Figure 5B), water spread completely along a
6 cm long microcanal in 2 s (see Supporting Information
for a video of this effect). This observation is consistent with
our previous report that a sufficient number of PAH/SiO2
bilayers is needed to create stable superhydrophilic behav-
ior.38
As water is added to a superhydrophilic microcanal, the
water level increases with a continuously increasing contact
angle at the edge of the canal. When the contact angle
exceeds 90°, stability is lost and a bulge forms in the channel.
The bulge disappears when the contact angle falls below 90°.
Our observation is in good agreement with the work of Gau
and co-workers who reported that stable semicylinder
1216
Figure 5. 750 µm wide canals built on a patterned superhydro-
phobic surface: (A) A water droplet (1.5 mm diameter) spreads
along a hydrophilic canal comprised of 4 bilayers of PAH/SiO2;
(B) A water droplet (1.5 mm diameter) spreads along a superhy-
drophilic canal comprised of 14 bilayers of PAH/SiO2.
structures of water in a microcanal required a contact angle
at the edge below 90°.14 Gau et al. also reported the
construction of liquid bridges between adjacent canals
through the coalescence of bulges. These liquid bridges can
be used to mix the solutions in the canals.14 However, without
a superhydrophobic background, the liquid bridge can wet
the area between two canals and contaminate the surface. In
our system, since the canals were constructed on a super-
hydrophobic surface, the bridge can be broken by simply
withdrawing solution from the canals without leaving any
solution outside of the canals.
Patterns with extreme wetting properties can generate
densely packed small reaction sites for the rapid evaluation
of complex biomolecular interactions.3-5 In these applica-
tions, the patterned area should have a consistent and uniform
morphology and have no interactions between adjacent sites.
The high wetting contrast between the patterned area and
the background as well as the cytophobicity and protein
adsorption resistance of a superhydrophobic background
make our patterned superhydrophobic surfaces good candi-
dates for such applications. Figure 6 shows an array of
circular hydrophilic spots with diameter of 750 ( 30 µm on
a superhydrophobic surface. Solution of 2 µL of various UV-
excitable fluorescent dyes [AMCA (7-amino-4-methylcou-
marin-3-acetic acid, blue), rhodamine (red), and fluorescein
(green)] were deposited onto the individual spots. Through
the use of the same technique, a specific functionalizing
reagent could be delivered to a spot, providing a simple
approach to explore cell viability, adhesion, and response to
different reagents.
In conclusion, we have created hydrophilic patterns on
superhydrophobic surfaces with water harvesting character-
istics similar to the Namib Desert beetle. Various properties
Nano Lett., Vol. 6, No. 6, 2006

Figure 6. Patterned superhydrophobic surface with hydrophilic
domains spotted with various dye-containing solutions [AMCA (7-
amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid, blue), rhodamine (red), and
fluorescein (green)] (scale bar ) 10 mm).
and chemical functionalities can be introduced to the
patterned area by selective delivery of chemicals or multi-
layer films onto the area, providing a general approach to
generate patterns with desired properties including superhy-
drophilicity. These patterns can be created in a number of
ways compatible with current technologies including ink-
jet printing, micropipeting, and microcontact printing (results
to be published).
Acknowledgment. This work was supported in part by
the DARPA BOSS Program and the MRSEC Program of
the National Science Foundation under Award Number DMR
02-13282. We also made use of the Shared CMSE Experi-
mental Facilities supported in part by the MRSEC Program
of the National Science Foundation under Award Number
DMR 02-13282. F.C. acknowledges the Istanbul Technical
University President Office Grant to Support Long Term
Research Activities Abroad For Researchers. J.M. acknowl-
edges the MIT/MRSEC/MPC REU program.
Supporting Information Available: Detailed information
on fabricating a superhydrophobic surface, patterning a
superhydrophobic surface, building superhydrophilic micro-
canals on a superhydrophobic surface, and a video of water
traveling in a superhydrophilic canal. This material is
available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
References
(1) Parker, A. R.; Lawrence, C. R. Nature 2001, 414, 33.
(2) Lam, P.; Wynne, K. J.; Wnek, G. E. Langmuir 2002, 18, 948.
(3) Orner, B. P.; Derda, R.; Lewis, R. L.; Thomson, J. A.; Kiessling, L.
L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10808.
(4) Ito, Y.; Nogawa, M. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 3021.
(5) Niemeyer, C. M.; Blohm, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 2865.
Nano Lett., Vol. 6, No. 6, 2006
(6) Pirrung, M. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1276.
(7) MacBeath, D.; Schreiber, S. L. Science 2000, 289, 1760.
(8) Lopez, G. P.; Biebuyck, H. A.; Frisbie, C. D.; Whitesides, G. M.
Science 1993, 260, 647.
(9) Drelich, J.; Miller, J. D.; Kumar, A.; Whitesides, G. M. Colloids
Surf., A 1994, 93, 1.
(10) Sun, T.; Wang, G.; Liu, H.; Feng, L.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2003, 125, 14996.
(11) Tadanaga, K.; Morinaga, J.; Matsuda, A.; Minami, T. Chem. Mater.
2000, 12, 590.
(12) Kim, H.; Kreller, C. R.; Tran, K. A.; Sisodiya, V.; Angelos, S.;
Wallraff, G.; Swason, S.; Miller, R. D. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4267.
(13) Kim, H.-C.; Wallraff, G.; Kreller, C. R.; Angelos, S.; Lee, V. Y.;
Volksen, W.; Miller, R. D. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1169.
(14) Gau, H.; Herminghaus, S.; Lenz, P.; Lipowsky, R. Science 1999,
283, 46.
(15) Hsu, C.-H.; Chen, C.; Folch, A. Lab Chip 2004, 4, 420.
(16) Seemann, R.; Brinkmann, M.; Kramer, E. J.; Lange, F. F.; Lipowsky,
R. PNAS 2005, 102, 1848.
(17) Chen, W.; Fadeev, A. Y.; Hsieh, M. C.; Oner, D.; Youngblood, J.;
McCarthy, T. J. Langmuir 1999, 15, 3395.
(18) Oner, D.; McCarthy, T. J. Langmuir 2000, 16, 7777.
(19) Cassie, A. B. D.; Baxter, S. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1944, 40, 546.
(20) Barthlott, W.; Neinhuis, C. Planta 1997, 202, 1.
(21) Lau, K. K. S.; Bico, J.; Teo, K. B. K.; Chhowalla, M.; Amaratunga,
G. A. J.; Milne, W. I.; McKinley, G. H.; Gleason, K. K. Nano Lett.
2003, 3, 1701.
(22) Feng, L.; Li, S.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhai, J.; Song, Y.; Liu,
B.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. AdV. Mater. 2002, 14, 1857.
(23) Feng, L.; Song, Y.; Zhai, J.; Liu, B.; Xu, J.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Angew.
Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 800.
(24) Feng, L.; Li, S.; Li, H.; Zhai, J.; Song, Y.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Angew.
Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1221.
(25) Li, H.; Wang, X.; Song, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Q.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Angew.
Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1743.
(26) Thieme, M.; Frenzel, R.; Schmidt, S.; Simon, F.; Hennig, A.; Worch,
H.; Lunkwitz, K.; Scharnweber, D. AdV. Eng. Mater. 2001, 3, 691.
(27) Youngblood, J. P.; McCarthy, T. J. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6800.
(28) Morra, M.; Occhiello, E.; Garbassi, F. J. Colloid Inerface Sci. 1989,
132, 504.
(29) Erbil, H. Y.; Demirel, A. L.; Avci, Y.; Mert, O. Science 2003, 299,
1377.
(30) Shiu, J.-Y.; Kuo, C.-W.; Chen, P.; Mou, C.-Y. Chem. Mater. 2004,
16, 561.
(31) Jisr, R. M.; Rmaile, H. H.; Schlenoff, J. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
2005, 44, 782.
(32) Zhai, L.; Cebeci, F. Ç.; Cohen, R. E.; Rubner, M. F. Nano Lett. 2004,
7, 1349.
(33) Shi, F.; Song, Y.; Niu, J.; Xia, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X. Chem. Mater.
2006, 18, 1365.
(34) Ma, M. L.; Hill, R. M.; Lowery, J. L.; Fridrikh, S. V.; Rutledge, G.
C. Langmuir 2005, 21, 5549.
(35) Wang, R.; Hashimoto, K.; Fujishima, A.; Chikuni, M.; Kojima, E.;
Kitamura, A.; Shimohigoshi, M.; Watanabe, T. Nature 1997, 388,
431.
(36) Gu, Z.-Z.; Fujishima, A.; Sato, O. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 5067
(37) Zhang, X.-T.; Sato, O.; Taguchi, M.; Einaga, Y.; Murakami, T.;
Fujishima, A. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 696.
(38) Cebeci, F. C.; Wu, Z.; Zhai, L.; Cohen, R. E.; Rubner, M. F. Langmuir
2006, 22, 2856.
(39) Mohammadi, R.; Wassink, J.; Amirfazli, A. Langmuir 2004, 20, 9657.
(40) Soeno, T.; Inokuchi, K.; Shiratori, S. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2004, 237, 543.
(41) Weast, R. C.; Astle, M. J. CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry,
63rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1982.
NL060644Q
1217