EE6351 – ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROL

2 Marks and 16 Marks Question and Answer

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Basic Elements – Types of Electric Drives – factors influencing the choice of electrical
drives – heating and cooling curves – Loading conditions and classes of duty – Selection of
power rating for drive motors with regard to thermal overloading and Load variation
factors

Two Marks
1. What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples. (April/May 2015)
In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor. This motor also
imparts motion to various other parts of the machine. Ex. Single spindle drilling machine,
Lathe machines etc.
2. How heating occurs in motor drives? (April/May 2015)
The heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while converting the
electrical power into mechanical power and these losses occur in steel core, motor
winding & bearing friction
3. Name the types of electric drives (Nov/Dec 2014)
a. Group electric drives (Shaft drive),
b. Individual Drives,
c. Multi motor electric drives.
4. Write the expression for thermal overload factor? (Nov/Dec 2014)

where KT is called as thermal overload factor equal to the losses under short time and
continuous service conditions
5. What are the basic elements of electric drives? (May/June 2014)
Electric drives consist of following basic elements.
 Source
 Power modulator
 Motor
 Sensing device
 Controlling device
6. List the factors to be considered for the selection of electrical drives. (May/June
2014, 2013) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Any motor select as a electric drive for particular application it should depend on the
following factors a. Steady state operation b. Transient operation c. Related with source
d. Need of cost e. Life period f. Reliability g. Location and environment.
7. Draw the block diagram of an electric drive? (Nov/Dec 2013)
8. Give the examples where continuous duty at constant load is required. (Nov/Dec
2013)
Paper Drives, Compressor, Conveyer, Centrifugal Pumps and Fans
9. What are the types of electrical drive? (May/June 2013)
It consist of three types such as
 Individual drive
 Group drive
 Multi motor drive
10. Define cooling time constant of an electrical machine. (May/June 2013, 2012)
(Nov/Dec 2012)
It is defined as the time taken by the machine for its temperature rise to fall to 0.368 of its
original value.
11. Name the four commonly used methods for the determination of power rating of
motors. (Nov/Dec 2012)
a. Continuous Duty
b. Fluctuating Loads
c. Short-Time and Intermittent Duty
12. Define the thermal overload factor for a motor working on short time duty?
(May/June 2012)

where KT is called as thermal overload factor equal to the losses under short time
and continuous service conditions
13. What do you mean by pull in current and drop out voltage of a voltage relay?
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Pull In Current:
In order for a relay to positively “pull in” the armature to actuate the contact(s), there
must be a certain minimum amount of current through the coil. This minimum amount is
called the pull in current.
Drop Out Voltage:
The dropout voltage of a voltage regulator is the smallest possible difference between
the input voltage and output voltage to remain inside the regulator's intended operating
range.
14. What are the main factors influencing to select the electric drives for a particular
applications? (Nov/Dec 2011, April/May 2011, 2013) (April/May 2017)
Any motor select as a electric drive for particular application it should depend on
the following factors a. steady state operation b. Transient operation c. Related with
source d. Need of cost e. Life period f. Reliability g. Location and environment.
15. Explain heating and cooling curves. (April/May 2011) (or) Define heating time
constant and cooling time constant. (April/May 2017)

Heating time constant

Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain 0.623
of its final steady temperature rise.

Cooling time constant

Cooling time constant is, therefore, defined as the time required cooling the machine
down to 0.368 times the initial temperature rise above ambient temperature.
16. Define heating time constant? (Nov/Dec 2010)
Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain 0.632 of its
final steady temperature rise. The heating time constant of the machine is the index of the
time taken by the machine to attain its final steady temperature rise
17. What is meant by continuous rating? (Nov/Dec 2010)
The maximum rating to which equipment can be operated continuously to the motor
without any intermittent called as continuous rating.
18. State the advantages of electric drive. (April/May 2010)
 Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few watts to mega
watts.
 Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of speeds.
 Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to make them
compatible to any type of load.
19. Give the formula for computing power requirement for a linear movement.
(April/May 2010)
P=Fv/75η HP
=Fv/102ηkW
20. Define Drives
A particular system employed for motion control is called drive. Eg. Transportation
systems, fans, etc.
21. Define electric Drive(or) What is an Electrical drive?(Nov/Dec 2016)
A system employed for motion control by using electric motor as a primemover is called
electric drive.
22. Write the functions of power modulators.
It modulates the power flow from source to load through motor.
It converts D.C in to A.C or A.C in to D.C according to the needs.
23. Define individual drive.
A single motor is used to drive a single load is called individual drive.
24. Define group drive.
A single motor is drive a several machines is called group drive.
25. Define multi motor drive.
In this type of drive system separate motors are used for operating different parts
of the same load are called multi motor drive.
26. What is heating curve?
The curve is drawn between temperature rise Vs time, when drive is loaded
Called heating curve.
27. Mention the different types of classes of duty.
 Continuous duty
 Short time duty
 Intermittent duty
 Intermittent duty with starting
 Intermittent duty with starting & braking
28. What are the applications of electrical drives?
o Paper mills
o Electric traction
o Cement mills
o Steel mills
29. What are the types of enclosures?
o Screen protected type
o Drip proof type
o Totally enclosed type
o Flame proof type
30. What is meant by overload current capacity of motor?
It is generally greater than the full load current capacity of the motor during the short
time period, the motor can withstand by applying overload.
31. Compare AC and DC drives.
DC drives:
 The power circuit and control circuit is simple and in expensive
 It require frequent maintenance
 Power/weight ratio is small
AC drives:
 The power circuit and control circuit are expensive
 It require less maintenance
 Power/weight ratio is large
32. What is meant by intermittent duty?
There are certain loads which require motors to be run for a certain period of time and
then switched off for a small period. This type duty is called intermittent duty.
33. Write the best choice of electric motors for the following application:
 Pump load, Elevator
 Pump load- single phase or three phase cage induction motor
 Elevator –DC series motor, Slip ring induction motor.
34. What are the advantages of the group drive?
a A single large motor can be used instead of a number of a small motor. b. The rating
of the single large motor may be approximately reduced.
35. Define the term ‘short time rating’. (Nov/Dec 2016)
Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating P for continuous operation can be
loaded for a short time duty (Psh) that is much higher than P, if the temperature rise is the
consideration.
UNIT 1
Sixteen Marks
1. What is an electrical drive system? How are electric drive classified? List its advantage and
disadvantages. (April/May 2015)
2. Explain heating and cooling curves of an electric drive. (April/May 2015)(or) Derive the
heating and cooling cure of an electrical machine. (Nov/Dec 2011)
3. What is called heating time constant? Graphically determined. (Nov/Dec 2014)
4. Explain various classes of motor duties? (Nov/Dec 2014) (May/June 2013)
5. Explain the selection of power rating for drive motor with regard to continuous duty loads.
(May/June 2014)(or) Describe the selection of motor rating for continuous Duty load.
(May/June 2013)
6. Explain the thermal model of an electric motor for (i) Heating the electric motor when
starting from cold (ii) cooling the electric motor when it is switched off from the mains.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
7. A constant speed drive operating at a speed of 500 rpm has a cyclic loading as given below:
200 N-m for 10 minutes
300 N-m for 20 minutes
150 N-m for 20 minutes
No load for 10 minutes. Estimate power rating of the motor. (Nov/Dec 2013)
8. Explain what is meant by group drive? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
(Nov/Dec 2012)
9. The enclosure of a 10kW motor is equivalent is a cylinder of 70 cm dia and 100 cm length.
The motor weight 500 kg assuming that the specific heat is 700 J/kg/C° and that the
peripheral surface of the enclosure of the motor alone is capable of heat dissipation of 12.5
W/m2/C°. Calculate the heating time constant of the motor and its final temp rise, assume
the efficiency of the motor as 90 percent. (Nov/Dec 2012)
10. A motor has a thermal heating time constant of 45 minutes. When the motor runs
continuously on full load, its final temperature rises to 80° i) What would be the temperature
rise after 1 hour, if the motor runs continuously on full load? ii) If the temperature rises on 1
hour rating is allowed to be 75°. Find what would be the new steady state temperature at this
rating. (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. Explain the various factors that influence the choice of electric drives. (May/June 2012,
April/May 2010)(or) Discuss in detail the various factors, which affect the selection of
electrical drive for a particular application. (Nov/Dec2010)(or) Briefly explain the various
factors that will influence the choice of an electric drives. (April/May 2010)(or) What are
the factors that influence the choice of electrical drives? (April/May 2015, Nov/Dec
2014)(or)What are the various factors, which decide the choice of an electronic drive for
industrial application? (6) (Nov/Dec 2016)
12. The heating and cooling time constants of electric motor are 100 and 150 minutes
respectively. The rating of the motor is 120 KW .if it is working on duty cycle of 15 minutes
on load and 80 minutes on no load. Determine the permissible overloading of the motor.
Assume the losses are given by the expression Pc+x2Pcu (May/June 2012)
13. Sketch the load time diagram and temperature time diagram for the following classes of
duties of a motor: (or) Discuss different classes of duty cycles.(7) (Nov/Dec 2016)
(i) Continuous duty and Short time duty
(ii) Intermittent periodic duty
 (iii) Intermittent periodic duty with starting
(iv) Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking
(v) Continuous duty with Intermittent periodic loading
(vi) Continuous duty with starting and braking
(vii) Continuous duty with periodic speed changes. Mention the expression for duty
factor wherever necessary. (May/June 2012)
14. With a neat sketch explain the construction and characteristics of HRC fuses. (Nov/Dec
2011)
15. With a neat diagram explain the construction and working of a clapper type contactor.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
16. Select the power rating of a motor, which has the following load pattern.
i) For the first 7 sec the torque is constant and equal to 40 kg-m. ii) For the next 30 sec
the torque drops linearly with time from 35 kg-m to 17 kg-m.
iii) For the last 40 sec the torque is constant and equal to 8 kg-m. (Nov/Dec 2011)
17. Define heating and cooling time constants. How the thermal rating of the motor is defined?
(April/May 2011)
18. The temperature rise of a motor after operating for 30 minutes in full load is 20°, after
another 30 minutes on the same load the temperature rise becomes 30°. Assuming that the
temperature increases according to an exponential law, determine the final temperature rise
and the time constant. (April/May 2011)
19. Explain how the rating of the motor is determined working on a given duty cycle.
(April/May 2011)
20. Based on the rms torque, estimate the KW rating of a 750 rpm motor used for driving
equipment having the following load torque curve. (i) for the first 10 sec, the torque is
constant at 40kg-m. (ii) for the next 30 secs, the torque varies linearly with time from 35kg-
m to 15kg-m. (iii) for the last 50 secs, the torque is constant and equal to 10kg-m.
(April/May 2011)
21. Explain the disadvantages of using a motor of wrong rating?(Nov/Dec2010)
22. The temperature rise of a motor when operating for 25 min. on full load is 25 °C and
becomes 40 °C when the motor operates for another 25 min. on the same load. Determine
heating time constant time constant and steady state temperature rise (Nov/Dec 2010)
23. Explain the methods of estimating equivalent continuous power rating of a motor for short
time load applications. (April/May 2010)
24. Draw the pattern of temperature rise characteristics under steady state for
(i) Short time duty(Nov/Dec 2016)
(ii) Intermittent duty and explain the equivalent current method of estimating motor
rating(13) (Nov/Dec 2016)
25. (a) Draw and explain how to classify the drives according to their duty cycle and give
examples.(13) (April/May 2017)
26. (b)(i) The enclosure of a 10kW motor is equivalent to a cylinder of a 70cm diameter and
100cm length. The motor weighs 500kg assuming that specific heat is 700J/kg/°C and that
the peripheral surface of the enclosure of the motor alone is capable of heat dissipation of
12.5W/m2/°Calculate the heating time constant of the motor and its final temperature rise.
Assume the efficiency of the motor as 90%.(5) (April/May 2017)
(ii) Show that for an electric motor, the relationship between temperature rise and time is an
exponential function.(8) (April/May 2017) (Nov/Dec 2012)
 UNIT II DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Mechanical characteristics – Speed-Torque characteristics of various types of load and

drive motors – Braking of Electrical motors – DC motors: Shunt, series and compound -
single phase and three phase induction motors.

Two Marks
1. Why DC shunt motor is termed as a constant speed motor? (April/May
2015)
The shunt wound dc motor falls under the category of self excited dc motors, where the
field windings are shunted to, or are connected in parallel to the armature winding of the
motor, as its name is suggestive of. And for this reason both the armature winding and the
field winding are exposed to the same supply voltage, though there are separate branches
for the flow of armature current and the field current
2. What are the different types of electric braking? (April/May 2015, Nov/Dec 2013)
(May/June 2013)
 Dynamic or Rheostatic braking,
 Counter current or plugging and
 Regenerative braking
3. What is the necessity of braking? (Nov/Dec 2014)
Mechanical braking is left out here because as it is an electrical engineering site, we
should only focus on electrical braking here. In mechanical braking the speed of the
machine is reduced solely by mechanical process but electrical braking is far more
interesting than that because the whole process is depended on the flux and torque
directions.
4. What is meant by plugging? (Nov/Dec 2014)
The plugging operation can be achieved by changing the polarity of the motor there by
reversing the direction of rotation of the motor. This can be achieved in ac motors by
changing the phase sequence and in dc motors by changing the polarity.
5. Draw the speed armature current characteristics of DC series motor. (May/June
2014)

6. Draw speed torque charactersitics of constant torque type load. (May/June 2014)
7. Draw the mechanical characteristic of three phase induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2013)

8. Draw speed torque charactersitics during regenerative braking of induction motor?

(May/June 2013)

9. Write down the equation for the back emf of dc motor in terms of flux per pole and
speed. (Nov 2012)
Eb= ϕZNP/60A
10. List the different types of single phase induction motor? (Nov 2012)(Apr/May 2017)
 Split- phase motors
 Capacitor motors
 Capacitor –start motors
 Capacitor-Start Capacitor run motors
 Shaded –pole motors
11. Single phase induction motor is not self-starting motor why? (May/June 2012)
when the main winding is excited from a single phase supply, it produces an alternating
magnetic field instead of rotating magnetic field in two phase and 3 phase induction
 motor. According to double field revolving theory any alternating vector can be resolved
into two vectors rotating in opposite directions, each having magnitude equal to one half
the magnitude of the actual vector. The vectors will be rotating in such a way that their
resultant will be zero at every instant. Thus a single phase induction motor fails to
produce a net starting torque, and is not self starting.
12. It is said that the speed of a DC motor depends on the back emf and on the flux
produced. State what kind of proportionality exits between these quantities.
(May/June 2012)

13. What are the various methods available for speed control of three phase Induction
motor? (Nov 2011)
The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified
as:
 V / f control or frequency control.
 Changing the number of stator poles.
 Controlling supply voltage.
 Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.
The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further classified
as:
 Adding external resistance on rotor side.
 Cascade control method.
 Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.
14. Define regenerative braking.(Nov/Dec 2011)
Regenerative braking is a system in which the electric motor that normally drives a
hybrid or pure electric vehicle is essentially operated in reverse (electrically) during
braking or coasting. Instead of consuming energy to propel a vehicle, the motor acts as a
generator that charges the onboard batteries with electrical energy that would normally be
lost as heat through traditional mechanical friction brakes.
15. Draw the speed torque characteristics of (a) dry friction load (b) viscous friction
load (c) Fan type load (d) constant power load. (April/May 2011)
 a. b.

c. d.
16. Discuss briefly about counter-current braking of DC shunt motor. (April/May 2011)
If the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor armature is reversed while it is rotating
in the initial direction, then the armature induced back emf . It has the same polarity as
before but the polarity of the input voltage V is reversed
17. State the advantage of electric braking (Nov/DEC 2010)
 High efficient method.
 Low maintenance.
 Braking is very smooth
18. Draw the speed-torque characteristics of DC shunt and DC series motor. (Nov/Dec
2010) (Apr/May 2017)
DC Shunt motor.

DC Series motor
19. Write down the torque equation of a dc shunt motor and give the significance of
flux. (April/May 2010)
Ta= 0.159 Ia(PZ/A)
Ia- Armature current
P- Poles
Flux is directly proportional to the torque.
If flux increases the torque also increases
20. A 6 pole, 3 phase induction motor operating on a 50Hz supply has rotor emf
frequency as 2Hz. Determine (a) slip (b) rotor speed.
f 50 50
Synchronous speed, n s = = = = 16.667 rev/s
p 6 3
2
f æ6ö
n= or frequency of the rotor induced e.m.f.’s, f = n  p = (16.667– nr) ç ÷ = 2 Hz
p è2ø
nr=16 rev/sec

æn -n ö æ 16.667 -16.00 ö
Hence, slip, s = çç s r
÷÷ ´100% = ç ÷ ´100% = 4%
è ns ø è 16.667 ø
21. What is meant by dynamic braking?
In this method the armature of shunt motor is disconnected from the supply and is
connected across a variable resistance R. The braking torque is controlled by the
resistance R.
22. What is meant by plugging in DC motor?
In this method, connections of the armature terminals are reversed so that motor tends to
run in the opposite direction therefore the braking torque is produced.
23. What are mechanical characteristics of a motor?
Speed torque characteristics of a motor are called mechanical characteristics of motor
24. Why a motor characteristic is important?
To select the electric motor for a particular application it is necessary to know the
characteristics of electric motors. Only the performance of DC motor can be
judged from its characteristics curve.
25. State the different modes of operation of three phase induction motor.
 Motoring mode
 Braking mode
 Generating mode
26. Give the application of DC motors
 DC shunt motor- Over head cranes
 DC series motor-Traction
 DC compound motor-Pressing machine
27. What are the operating characteristics of DC series motor?
 High starting torque
 Low speed at high loads and dangerously high speed at low loads.
28. What are the operating characteristics of DC shunt motor?
 Medium starting torque
  Approximately constant speed.
29. What is the relation between speed and flux of a dc motor?
The speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to field flux.
N α 1/Φ
30. How will you change the direction of rotation of a DC shunt motor?
DC motor speed can be changed by reversing the armature terminals or field terminals.
31. Why the series motors used for traction purpose?
For traction purpose, we require high starting of DC motor. The DC series motor has high
starting torque. That is why, series motor used in traction purpose.
32. What are the classifications of load torque?
 Active load torque
 Passive load torque.
33. What are the advantages of squirrel cage induction motor over DC motor?
 Simple construction
 Less maintenance
 Low cost
 High efficiency.
34. What are the various components of load torque?(Nov/Dec 2016)
 Friction torque
 Windage torque
 Torque required to the useful mechanical work
35. What are the two types of dynamic braking?
 SS DC braking
 AC braking
36. What do you understand by electric braking?(Nov/Dec 2016)
Electrical Braking is usually employed in applications to stop a unit driven by motors in
an exact position or to have the speed of the driven unit suitably controlled during its
deceleration. Electrical braking is used in applications where frequent, quick, accurate or
emergency stops are required.
UNIT 2
Sixteen Marks
1. List out the advantages and disadvantages of electrical braking over mechanical braking.
Discuss any one method of electrical braking of DC machines. (April/May 2015)
2. Explain the speed /torque characteristics of three phase induction motor with neat diagrams.
(April/May 2015)
3. Explain about the quandrantal diagram of speed torque characteristics for a motor driving
hoist load. (April/May 2015)
4. With neat diagrams and derivations, construct the speed torque characteristics of dc shunt
motors. (Nov/Dec 2014)
5. With necessary diagrams and derivations, explain the dynamic or rheostatic braking of an
induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2014)
6. With circuit diagram explain plugging method of braking of DC shunt motor and its torque -
speed characteristics (May/June 2014)
7. Describe speed torque characteristics of dc dynamic braking of three phase induction motor.
(May/June 2014)
8. Explain the speed torque chara of different types of load with graph. (May/June 2013)
9. Explain the speed torque chara of DC series motor under dynamic braking? (May/June
2013)
10. Explain with necessary circuit diagram the reverse current braking and the braking chara of
the following. (i) DC shunt motor (ii) DC series motor. (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. A 250 V, Dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.05 ohm, and with rated field
ecvitation has a back emf of 245 V, at a speed of 1200 rpm, it is coupled to an overhauling
load with a torque of 200 N-m. determine the lowest speed at which the motor can hold the
load by regenerative braking. (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. Sketch the speed torque chara of a three phase induction motor and explain its motoring
mode, generative mode, braking mode of operation. (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. A 15 KW, 415V three phase , 4 pole, 50Hz induction motor has a speed of 1455 rpm, at full
load, the mechanical losses are 600 watt and the stator losses are 750 watt. Find ( full load
slip (ii) total input power ot the motor (iii) current drawn at full load, if the power factor is
0.8 lagging (iv) net torque developed at output at full load. (Nov/Dec 2012)
14. Explain with a neat circuit diagram the rheostatic braking of dc shunt motor, sketch also the
braking characteristics. (May/June 2012)
15. A 35 KW, 440V dc shunt motor is braked by plugging. Armature resistance is 0.1 ohm: full
load armature current is 100A and full loads speed is 600rpm. Calculate the value of the
resistance to be placed in series with the armature circuit to limit the braking current to 150A.
Also find the corresponding braking torque. (May/June 2012)
16. Sketch neat circuit diagrams of the long shunt dc compound motor and the short shunt dc
compound motor. Write down the relation between the voltage, armature current and the
current through shunt winding in each case. (May/June 2012)
17. State the difference between the cumulative compound motor and differential compound
motor. Which one is commonly used? Why? (May/June 2012)
18. Sketch the chara of compound motors shown the relations of torque Vs Ia, Speed Vs Ia,
speed Vs Torque where Ia is the armature current. (May/June 2012)
19. Draw and explain the speed torque characteristics of DC series motor and three phase
induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2011)
20. The rotor of 8 pole 50 Hz three phase induction motor has a resistance of 0.35 ohms per
phase and runs at 800 rpm. If the load torque remains unchanged, calculate the additional
rotor resistance that will reduce its speed by 12%. Neglect stator impedance. (Nov/Dec 2011)
21. Derive the torque equation of a three phase induction motor and obtain the slip Vs torque
chara. (Nov/Dec 2011)
22. A 220 V shunt motor with an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm is excited to give constant main
field. At full load the motor runs at 500 rpm and takes an armature current of 30A. If a
resistance of 1.0 ohm is placed in the armature circuit. Find the speed at full load torque.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
23. Draw the modified speed torque characteristics of a 3 three phase induction motor with
variation of supply frequency and discuss in detail. (April/May 2011)
24. A 220V DC shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm and takes a current of 40 A
on full load. By how much must be the main flux is reduced to raise the speed by 50% if the
developed torque is constant. (April/May 2011)
25. Explain with necessary diagrams the difference between regenerative braking and dynamic
braking with DC shunt motor. (April/May 2011)
26. A 400 V, DC shunt motor takes full load armature current of 150 A and has an armature
resistance of 0.1 ohm. It is braked by plugging while running at 500 rpm. Calculate the value
of the resistance to be placed in series with the armature to limit the initial current to 200A
and initial value of braking torque. (April/May 2011)
27. A dc series motor runs at 1000rpm taking 100A at 400V. A diverter having double of the
resistance of the field winding is then connected in parallel with it. Estimate the change in
speed if the torque varies as the square of the speed. Assume unsaturated field and neglect
losses.
28. Explain the Speed-Torque characteristics of three phase induction motor with neat diagrams.
29. Explain about the speed-torque characteristics of a DC Shunt Motor with Suitable graphs
and diagrams.
30. Explain the various methods of braking of induction motors.
31. Draw and explain various load characteristics of DC Shunt Motor.
32. Explain various methods of braking of DC Shunt Motors with neat diagrams.
33. Explain various methods of braking of DC Series Motors with neat diagrams.
34. Draw and explain the speed torque characteristics of DC series motor and three phase
induction motor.
35. The rotor of an 8 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor has a resistance of 0.35 ohms per
phase and runs at 800 rpm. If the load torque remains unchanged. Calculate the additional
rotor resistance that will reduce its speed by 12 %.Neglect stator impedance.
36. Describe the various methods of electrical braking of a DC shunt motors. Compare their
relative merits and demerits.
37. A DC series motor runs at 1000 rpm taking 100 A at 400V. A diverter having doubled the
resistance of the field winding is then connected in parallel with it. Estimate the change in
speed if the torque varies as the square of the speed. Assume the unsaturated field and
neglect losses.
38. Explain with necessary diagrams the difference between regenerative braking and dynamic
braking with DC shunt motor.
39. Explain, with necessary circuit diagram, the reverse current braking and the braking
characteristics of the following:
 i) DC shunts motor.
ii) DC series motor
35. Sketch the speed-torque characteristics of a 3 phase induction motor and explain the its
motoring mode, generating mode and braking mode of operation.
36. A 250V, DC shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.05 ohm and with rated field
excitation has a back emf of 245V at a speed of 1200 rpm. It is coupled to an overhauling load
with a torque of 200 N-m. Determine the lowest speed at which the motor can hold the load by
regenerative braking.
37. A 15 KW, 415 V, 3 phase, 4 pole, 50 hz induction motor has a speed of 1455rpm at full load.
At this load, the mechanical losses are 600 watt and the stator losses are 750 watt. Find
i) Full load slip.
ii) Total input power to the motor.
iii) Current drawn at full load, if the power factor is 0.8 lagging
iv) Net torque developed at output at full load.
38. Describe various methods of braking used for shunt ,series and compound motors.(13)
(NOV/DEC 2016)
39 (i) For drives,classify the types of load torques available and sketch few speed torque curves
of typical leads.(7) . (NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Explain the four quadrant opeartion of a motor driving a hoist.(6) . (NOV/DEC 2016)
40. Explain the torque slip and speed torque charecterstics of three phase induction motor.(13)
(APR/MAY2017)
41 What are the different electrical braking methods used in electrical drives?Explain the
methods applied to dc shunt motor.(13) (APR/MAY2017)
 UNIT III STARTING METHODS

Types of D.C Motor starters – Typical control circuits for shunt and series motors – Three
phase squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors.

Two Marks
1. Why starters are required? (April/May 2015)
Or
What is the necessity of starter for AC motors?( (April/May 2017)
If an AC motor is stated as full voltage it will draw from two to six times its normal
running current. Because the motor is constructed to withstand the shock of starting no
harm will be caused by this excessive flow of current. However vary large motors it is
generally desirable to take some measure to reduce the starting current otherwise damage
may be done to the machinery driven by the motor & line disturbances may be created
that affect the operation of other motors on the same line.
2. What are the objectives of rotor resistance starter? (April/May 2015)
To include resistance in the rotor circuit their current at starting. This can be implemented
only by reducing the induced rotor on a slip ring induction motor
3. What are the different types of dc motor starters? (Nov/Dec 2014) May/June 2014)
 Two point Starter
 Three point Starter
 Four point Starter
4. What are the methods of starting three phase squirrel cage induction motor? (Nov/Dec
2014)
 D.O.L Starter (Direct Online Starter)
 Star-Delta Starter
 Auto Transformer Starter
 Reactance or Resistance starter
 Stator Rotor Starter (Rotor Resistance Starter)
5. What is the basic principle of primary resistance starter used in three phase induction
motor? (May/June 2014)
When 3 phase induction motor is switched on at normal supply voltage, heavy current
will flow through the motor because at the time of starting, there is no back emf. An
induction motor, when directly switched on, takes 5 to 7 times its full load current and
develops only 1.5 to 2.5 times full load torque. This will affect the operation of other
electrical equipments connected to the same line. Due to this, starters are used for the
three phase induction motors.
6. Draw the basic automatic starter arrangement for shunt motor starting. (Nov/Dec 2013)
7. What are the two types of rotors of three phase induction motors? (Nov/Dec 2013)
 Squirrel cage rotor
 Wound rotor or slip ring rotor
8. What is the basic principle in DOL for three phase induction motor? (May/June 2013)
The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all starting
methods and is usually used for squirrel cage induction motors. It directly connects the
contacts of the motor to the full supply voltage. The starting current is very large,
normally 6 to 8 times the rated current. The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2 times
the full load torque. In order to avoid excessive voltage drops in the supply line due to
high starting currents, the DOL starter is used only for motors with a rating of less than
5KW.
9. What is the basic principle in starting three phase induction motor using rotor
resistance starter? (May/June 2013)
This starter is used with a wound rotor induction motor. It uses an external
resistance/phase in the rotor circuit so that rotor will develop a high value of torque. High
torque is produced at low speeds, when the external resistance is at its higher value. At
start, supply power is connected to stator through a three pole contactor and, at a same
time, an external rotor resistance is added.
10. Why is starter necessary for a DC motor? (Nov/Dec 2011, 2010, 2012, Ma/June 2012)
(or) Why dc motors should not be started without starters?(NOV/DEC 2016)
A DC motor is directly switched on, at the time of starting; the motor back emf is zero.
Due to this, the armature current is very high. Due to the very high armature current, the
motor become damaged. The starting current can be limited by using starter.
11. Name the different types of starter used in three phase induction motors. (May/June
2013, 2012, Nov/Dec 2011) (Nov/Dec 2010)
 DOL starter
 Stator resistance starter
 Star delta starter
 Auto transformer starter and Rotor resistance starter
12. What are the functions of starter of a dc motor? (Nov/Dec 2012)
Starter is generally used to reduce the high initial current to the safer limit. When we start
motor, starting current is usually 6-8 times the full load current. To reduce this initial rush
of current starters are used there are various types of starters are as under:
DOL Starter
Star Delta Starter
Rehostat Starter
Auto Transformer Starter
13. What are the advantages of three phase slip ring induction motor? (Nov/Dec 2012)
 High Starting torque with low starting current. Maximum starting can be attained in the
slip ring motor compared to squirrel cage motor by inserting an external resistance in
each phase of the rotor circuit and cutting the resistance during starting
 Speeds can be adjusted in the case of slip ring (wound rotor) induction motor by inserting
a resistance. Hence slip ring motors are considered as variable speed motors.
 Slip ring motors have high over loading capacity, smooth acceleration under heavy loads,
and no abnormal heating during starting
14. What is the necessity of a starter for DC shunt motor? (April/May 2011)
In its simplest form, the starter of a dc motor is a variable resistance in series with the
armature circuit of dc motor to reduce the high starting current so that the armature
winding does not get overheated and burnt while the motor is getting started.
15. Draw the circuit diagram of a star – delta starter of a three phase induction motor.
(April/May 2011)

16. Write the speed equation of DC motor.

The speed equation of the dc motor is given by
N=(V-Ia Ra)/Φ or Eb/Φ, Where, N=Speed of dc motor Ia=Armature current
Ra=Armature resistance, Φ=flux.
18. What is the function of a starter in dc motor?
 To limit the starting current
 To protect the motor against low voltage and over load condition.
19. State the advantages of DOL starter
 High starting torque
  Low cost
 Simple operation
20. What are the different types of protection provided in starter used for a three phase
induction motor?(NOV/DEC 2016)
 No voltage release coil
 Over load release coil
21. Name and mention the function of protective devices that are used to protect the motor.
a. No volt release coil (NVR):
Under low voltage condition, the coil should be deenergise and motor disconnected from
the supply
b.Over load release (OLR):
Under over load condition, the coil should be deenergise and motor disconnected from
the supply.
22. Name the different types of starters used in DC motors
 Two point starter
 Three point starter
 Four point starter.
23. What are the advantages and disadvantages of auto transformer starter?
Advantages:
 Reduced line current
 Smooth starting
Disadvantages:
 Cost is high
 It is used for large motors only.
24. What is the objective of rotor resistance starter?
 To limit the starting current
 To control the starting torque and to vary the motor speed.
25. What type of starter is used for slip ring induction motor?
Rotor resistance starter
26. Name the type of induction motor which produces high starting torque.
Slip ring induction motor
27. What are the advantages and disadvantages of star delta starter?
Advantages:
 This method of starting is simple, cheap, effective
 The reduced voltage is not variable.
Disadvantages:
 The reduction in voltage is fixed and starting torque is also low
 This method is unsuitable for line voltage exceeding 3000V
28. Write the difference between three point and four point starter
Three point starter:
 The NVR coil is connected in series with the shunt field winding.
 The exiting current through the NVR coil in three point starter is same as
shunt field of the motor.
Four point starter:
  The NVR coil along with a high resistance is connected across the supply
voltage.
 The exciting current through NVR coil of a four point starter is directly
proportional to the supply voltage and independent on shunt field current.
29. What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and starting
torque?
Addition of external resistance to the rotor circuit gives two advantages
 Reduces the starting current.
 It improves the starting torque.
30. What is the advantage of a four point starter over a three point starter used for dc
motors?
The main advantage of the four point starter is the dc motor used for field
Control (above the normal speed)
31. Is it possible to include external resistance in the rotor of a squirrel cage induction
motor?
External resistance can not be connected in the rotor of the squirrel cage induction motor
because the rotor out cage is already short circuited by end rings.
32. Why, large current is drawn by three phase induction motor at the time of starting?
When 3 phase induction motor is switched on at normal supply voltage, heavy current will
flow through the motor because at the time of starting, there is no back emf. An induction
motor, when directly switched on, takes 5 to 7 times its full load current and develops only
1.5 to 2.5 times full load torque .This will affect the operation of other electrical equipments
connected to the same line. Due to this, starters are used for the three phase induction motor
33. Explain the rotor resistance starter allows fast start with heating of induction motor.
In slip ring induction motor is normally started with rotor resistance starter. Here we can
apply full voltage to the stator winding. Due to this, motor start with fast as well as heating
of the motor.
34. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many I-phase induction motors.
In I-phase induction motors, we need auxiliary winding for starting purpose. Once the motor
attained 75% of synchronous speed auxiliary winding is disconnected from the main
winding by the use of centrifugal switch
35. Draw the block diagram of soft starter for an induction motor.
 36. Draw the circuit diagram of a star delta starter of 3 phase induction motor. (April/May
2011)

37. List out the different types of starters used for 3 phase slip ring induction motors.
 Rotor resistance starter.
 Star Delta starter and DOL starter.
38. What is the advantage of 3 phase slip ring induction motor? (Nov/Dec 2012)
 The main advantage of a slip ring induction motor is that its speed can be controlled
easily.
 "Pull-out torque" can be achieved even from zero RPM.
 It has a high starting torque when compared to squirrel cage induction motor.
Approximately 200 - 250% of its full-load torque.
A squirrel cage induction motor takes 600% to 700% of the full load current, but a
slip ring induction motor takes a very low starting current approximately 250% to
350% of the full load current
40. What are the protective devices in a DC motor starter?(APR/MAY 2017)
 No voltage release coil
 Over load release coil
UNIT 3
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the theory of three point and four point starters? (April/May 2015)
2. Explain DOL, auto transformer, star delta starters for AC motors? (April/May 2015)
3. What is the necessity of starter? Explain what are the different types of dc motor starters?
With neat diagram, explain the working of a three point starter. (Nov/Dec 2014)
4. With neat diagram explain the rotor resistance starter for three phase induction motor?
(Nov/Dec 2014) (May/June 2014)
5. Explain operation and contruction of 4 point starter? (May/June 2014) (May/June 2012)
6. A starter is required for a 220V shunt motor. The maximum and minimum ranges of
current values are 50A and 30A respectively. Fid the number of sections of starter
resistance required and the resistance of each section. The armature resistance of the
motor is 0.5 ohms. (Nov/Dec 2013)
7. Explain the different starting methods for three phase squirrel cage induction motor.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
8. Describe with diagram working of three point starter for DC shunt motor (May/June
2013)
9. With diagram explain auto transformer starter for three phase induction motor.
(May/June 2013)
10. Explain the function and working of “Over load Release” in a three point starter for shunt
motors. (Nov/Dec 2012)
11. A 250V, 37 KW, DC shunt motor is allowed to exert a maximum of 150 percent of the
full load torque during the starting period. The resistance of armature is 0.2 ohm and the
full load efficiency is 84 percent. Number of sections of resistances in the starter is 7.
Determine:
i) The upper and lower limits of current during starting.
ii) The values of resistances of each section of the starter. (Nov/Dec 2012)

12. With help of neat circuit diagram, explain the working of star delta starter. (Nov/Dec
2012)
13. A three phase induction motor has a ratio of maximum torque ot full load torque as 2.5:1
the rotor resistances and standstill reactance per phase are 0.4 ohm respectively.
Determine the ratio starting toque fo full load torque, if a star delta starter is used.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
14. With a neat sketch, explain the working of a four point starter for a DC shunt motor.
(May/June 2012)
15. A 230 V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohm. The starting armature
current must not exceed 50A.if the number of sections of resistane in the starter is 5, find
the value of resistance in each section. (May/June 2012)
16. Sketch a schematic circuit diagram of a direct on line starter for a three phase induction
motor and explain its working how the protection against overload works?. (May/June
2012)
17. A delta connected 400V, 36KW, 750 epm, squirrel cage motor takes a full load current
of 50 A and has a full load slip of 4.5 percent.. the impedance per phase is 2.5 ohm.
Determine the starting torque and the staritn line current if the motor is started by (i)
 DOL starter (ii) star delta starter (iii) Auto transformer starter with 70% tapping.
(May/June 2012)
18. Draw a neat schematic diagram of a four point starter and explain its working. (Nov/Dec
2011)
19. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of three point starter. (Nov/Dec 2011)
20. Explain the various starting methods of slip ring induction motor with neat sketches.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
21. Explain the various starting methods of slip ring induction motor with neat sketches.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
22. With a neat diagram explain the principle of operation of 3 point starter which is used for
DC shunt motor. (April/May 2011)
23. Calculate the resistance steps of a 250 V DC shunt motor starter. The resistance of the
armature is 0.08 ohm. The maximum current to be limited to 300 A and minimum current
to 180 A. (April/May 2011)
24. Discuss in detail the principle of operation of 3 phase slip ring induction motor starter
with suitable diagrams. (April/May 2011)
25. A 3 phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, 1420 rpm, 100 A delta connected squirrel cage induction
motor takes 8 times full load current and develops 2.2 times full load torqueat stand still
when started direct on line. What will be the motor current and starting torque as a ratio
of full load torque when the motor is started by star-delta starter? (April/May 2011)
26. Discuss different types of DC motor starters (Nov/Dec2010)
27. Discuss the various method of starting of induction motor and compare their relative
merits and demerits (Nov/Dec 2010)
28. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working principle of a 4 point starter.
(April/May 2010)
29. Explain the typical control circuits for DC Series and Shunt motors. (April/May 2010)
30. Discuss the various methods of starting of induction motors and compare their relative
merits and demerits. (April/May 2010)
31. Discuss,with circuit diagrams, the star delta starter and auto transformer starter on the
basis of starting torue and starting currrent.(NOV/DEC 2016)
32. Describe with suitable diagrams the function of (i) 2 point starter anad (ii) 3 point starter.
(NOV/DEC 2016)
33. With neat diagram,explain any three types of AC starters.(13). (April/May 2017)
34. What is the necessity of DC starters? Explain with neat sketches,the principle of
operation of 3-point starter. (13) (April/May 2017)
 UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF D.C.
DRIVES
Speed control of DC series and shunt motors – Armature and field control, Ward-Leonard
control system - Using controlled rectifiers and DC choppers –applications.

Two Marks
1. What are the main applications are of ward Leonard system (April/May 2015)
 It is used for colliery winders
 Excavators
 In elevators
 Main drives in steel mills and bloomin and paper mills.
2. Name the basic methods of speed control of dc motor. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Field control - By varying the flux per pole. -for above rated speed
Armature control-by varying the terminal voltage-for below rated speed
3. What is the advantage of dc chopper drive? (Nov/Dec 2014)
A chopper is essentially an electronic switch that turns on the fixed-voltage dc source for
a short time interval and applies the source potential to motor terminals in series of
pulses.
4. Define armature control method of DC shunt motor? (May/June 2014)
A resistance is connected in series with armature. By varying the controller resistance R,
the potential drop across the armature is varied. Therefore, the motor speed also varied.
5. Define duty cycle of dc chopper (May/June 2014)
Duty cycle is defined as the ratio between on time of chopper and total time of chopper.
6. Why is armature voltage control used below rated speed? (Nov/Dec 2013)
The main disadvantages of the above method is, the speed up to zero is not possible as it
requires a large rheostat in series with the armature which is practically impossible. If
speed control from zero to the rated speed is required, by rheostatic method then voltage
across the armature can be varied by connecting rheostat in a potential divider
arrangement as shown in the Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Potential divider arrangement

When the variable rheostat position is at 'start' point shown, voltage across the armature
is zero and hence speed is zero. As rheostat is moved towards 'maximum' point shown,
the voltage across the armature increases, increasing the speed. At maximum point the
voltage is maximum i.e. rated hence maximum speed possible is rated speed..
7. Draw the basic circuit for chopper controlled separately excited dc motor drive.
(Nov/Dec 2013)

8. Draw the speed torque chara of DC series motor by armature resistance method
(May/June 2013)

9. Draw the block diagram of phase controlled rectifier fed dc drives. (May/June 2013)

10. What is DC chopper? (Nov/Dec 2012)

It converts the fixed dc voltage in to variable dc voltage.
11. Enumerate the limitation of field control in DC motors (Nov/Dec2012)
It can be used for only above the rated speed (ii) Understand the operation of field control
suppose that the dc motor running at a constant speed. If the field current is reduced by
reducing the voltage across the field coil, the flux density will be reduced. This will
reduce the back emf instantaneously and will cause armature current to increase resulting
 in the motor speed increasing. Consequently the back emf will increase and a new
equilibrium will be established at a higher speed. With field control one can achieve as
high a speed as five times the rated speed.
12. What are the various methods of speed control in DC motor? (May/June 2012)
Armature control
Flux control
Voltage control
13. A single phase 230V, 50Hz, source drives a dc motor through a fully controlled
rectifier. Find the average voltage applied to the motor for a firing angle delay of 30’
if continuous current operation is assumed. (May/June 2012)
Va=(2Vm/ π)Cos α
=89.66 V
14. Define duty ratio (Nov/Dec 2011)
Duty cycle is defined as the ratio between on time of choppermand total time of chopper
α=Ton/T
15. What are the advantages of solid states over conventional drives? (Nov/Dec 2011)
 Basic operation is simple and reliable
 Time response if faster
 Operating efiiciency is high
 Small size
 Less weight
 Low initial cost
16. Draw the torque speed characteristics at different firing angles for a full converter
feeding a separately excited DC motor.(April/May 2011)

17. Draw the circuit diagram of a chopper controlled DC series motor drives.
(April/May 2011)

18. What are the fields of application of ward leonard drive? (November/December
2010)
This method normally adopted in very sensitive speed control like electric
excavators, elevators, coil winders, main drives in steel mills and paper mills.
19. State the different methods of speed control of dc series motor. (April/May 2010)
 Variable resistance in series with motor.
 Flux control method
 Field divertor
 Armature divertor
 Tapped field control
20. What are the applications of DC motors?
 Electric traction
 Machine tools
 Steel mills
 textile mills
21. What are the advantages of dc drives?
 Low cost
 Reliability
 Simple control
22. What are methods of speed control of DC motors?
 Armature control
 Flux control
 Voltage control
23. What is meant by armature resistance control?
A resistance is connected in series with armature. By varying the controller resistance R,
the potential drop across the armature is varied. Therefore, the motor speed also varied.
24. What is meant by flux control method?
The speed of the dc motor can be controlled by varying the field flux. This method of
speed control can be used for increasing the speed of the motor above its rated speed,
because the speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the field flux.
25. What is meant by Ward leonard control system?
The speed of the DC motor is controlled by armature and field control method. The
armature control can be achieved by varying the field of the DC generator. The flux
control method can be achieved by vayying the field of the controlled DC motor.
26. What is meant by controlled rectifier?
It converts fixed ac voltage in to variable dc output voltage.
27. What is meant by DC drives?
A dc motor speed can be controlled by using power electronic converters. It is called as
dc drives.
28. What are the different types of dc drives?
a. Single phase dc drives b. Three phase dc drives c. Chopper drives
29. What are the two methods of speed control of dc motors?
The DC motor speed controlled by (a) armature voltage control (b) Flux control method.
30. What is DC chopper?
It converts the fixed dc voltage in to variable dc voltage.
31. What are the different types of single phase dc drives?
Single phase half controlled DC drives
Single phase full controlled DC drives
32. Name the solid state controllers used for the speed control of dc shunt motor and
series motor.
 Phase controlled rectifier fed DC drives
Chopper fed dc drives
33. How is chopper used in speed control of dc motor?
DC chopper converts fixed DC voltage in to variable DC output voltage. The variable
output voltage can be obtained by varying the duty cycle of the chopper. This variable
voltage is fed to the motor. Due to this, DC motor speed can be changed.
34. What are the electrical parameters affecting the speed of the DC motor?
Armature, voltage, Field current
35. State control strategies of choppers.
Time ratio control
Current limit control
36. Define firing angle.
The firing angle is defined as the angle between zero crossing of the input voltage and the
instant the thyristor is fired. The firing angle is denoted as α.
37. What are the fields of application of ward Leonard system.
This method normally adopted in very sensitive speed control like electric
excavators, elevators, coil winders, main drives in steel mills and paper mills.
38. Compare the chopper control and phase control for DC drives.(or) Compare
chopper control and phase control schemes for dc motor drives. (April/May 2010)
Chopper control
The variable DC voltage is controlled by varying the ON-OFF times
The chopper i/p is battery.
IGBT, GTO and SCRs are used.
Phase control:
Varying the applied voltage changes the speed.Reversing the applied voltage
The field time constant is better than the armature constant.
39. State the different methods of speed control of DC series motor.
 Variable resistance in series with armature.
 Flux control method
 Field diverter.
 Armature diverter
 Tapped field control.
40. What are the advantages of solid state drives over conventional drives?
A solid state drive (SSD) is a storage device that stores non volatile data using solid-state
memory. Solid-state memory is composed of electronic components that are based
entirely on semiconductors. Since these drives do not have any moving parts they offer
significantly reduced risk of mechanical failures resulting in improved system reliability.
They can also withstand extreme shock, high altitude and vibration, and other harsh
operation environments.
41. Enumerate the limitations of field control in DC motors. (April/May 2015)
(April/May 2017)
It can be used for only above the rated speed
Understand the operation of field control suppose that the dc motor running at a constant
speed. If the field current is reduced by reducing the voltage across the field coil, the flux
density will be reduced. This will reduce the back emf instantaneously and will cause
armature current to increase resulting in the motor speed increasing. Consequently the
 back emf will increase and a new equilibrium will be established at a higher speed. With
field control one can achieve as high a speed as five times the rated speed.
42. List the various methods of conventional and solid state speed control of D.C
motors.(NOV/DEC 2016)
Conventional
a. Armature voltage control
b. Excitation(field control method
SSD
a. Thyristor bridge rectifier(converters) supplied from ac supply
b. Chopper fed from dc supply
43. Compare armature control and field control.(NOV/DEC 2016)
Armature Control for DC Motors
With armature control the voltage is varied using several methods. One way is by
implementing armature resistance, which involves connecting a variable resistance in
series to the circuit of the armature. Once resistance has been increased, the current flow
through the circuit is reduced and the armature voltage drop is less than the line voltage.
This in turn reduces the motor speed in proportion to the voltage that’s being applied.
The armature resistance control method is used in applications that require speed
variation for shorter periods of time, not continuously. Other methods of armature
control are armature voltage control and shunt resistance control.
Field Control Method
When using the field control method for DC motors, the field is weakened to increase the
speed or it can be strengthened to reduce the motor’s speed. Attaining speeds that are
above the rated speed can be achieved by providing variable resistance in series to the
field circuit, varying the reluctance of the magnetic circuit, or by varying the applied
voltage of the motor to the field circuit (with constant voltage being supplied to the
armature circuit).
44. Why chopper based dc drives give better performance than rectifier controlled
drives? (April/May 2017)
The d.c. motor performed almost as well when fed from a phase-controlled rectifier as it
does when supplied with pure d.c. The chopper-fed motor is, if anything, rather better
than the phase-controlled, because the armature current ripple can be less if a high
chopping frequency is used.
UNIT 4
Sixteen Marks
1. Discuss the ward leonard speed control system with a neat diagram. Also mention its
advantages and disadvantages. Explain its operation at starting stopping and reversing
state the merits and demerits of this scheme. (Nov/Dec 2010) (April/May2015)
(May/June2014) (Nov/Dec2014) (Nov/Dec2016) (May/June 2013) (Nov/Dec 2012)
(Nov/Dec, April/May 2011)
2. Explain the single phase half wave converter drive speed control for dc drive with
waveforms(April/May2015)
3. A 220V, 70A dc series motor has combined resistance of armature and field resistance of
0.12 ohm. Running on no load with field winding connected to a separate source it give
the following magnetization.
IF : 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Vt::64 118 150 170 184 194 202 210
Motor is controlled by chopper with a source voltage = 220V. Calculate (i) motor speed
for a duty ratio of 0.6 and motor current of 60A (ii) torque for a speed of 400 rpm and
duty ratio of 0.65. (April/May2015)
4. A 220V DC shunt motor takes 5A on no load and runs at 750 rpm. The resistances of the
armature and shunt field windings are 0.2 ohm and 110 ohms respectively. Calculate the
speed when motor is loaded and taking a current of 50A. Assume the armature reaction
weakens the field by 3%. (Nov/Dec2014)
5. Explain with neat sketch the operation of chopper fed dc series motor drive. Also derive
the expression for average motor current. (Nov/Dec 2014)
6. Explain the operation of single phase full converter fed separately excited dc motor drive.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
7. With neat circuit diagram explain the chopper fed four quadrant dc drives. (Nov/Dec
2013)]
8. Explain first quadrant chopper control of separately excited motor for continuous
conduction. (May/June 2013) (Nov/Dec 2016)
9. Describe the working of step down DC chopper, with the help of suitable circuit diagram
and waveform diagrams. State the relation between output and input voltages. How the
speed of a DC motor is controlled using a step down chapper? (Nov/Dec 2012)
10. A DC series motor having an armature resistance of 1 ohm, runs at a speed of 800 rpm at
200V with a current of 15 A. Find the speed at which it will run, When a 5 ohm
resistance is connected in series, at the same supply and taking the same current.
(NOV/Dec 2012)
11. A 100V shunt motor has armature resistance and field resistance of 0.4 ohm and 100
ohm respectively. At a particular constant torque load, it takes a current of 25 A at the
speed of 1200 rpm. A chopper is used to control the speed of the motor. Find T-on to
reduce the speed to 800 rpm at a chopper frequency of 500 Hz. (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. Sketch schematic circuit for the field diverter method of controlling the speed of a dc
series motor. State clearly whether the speed will increase or decrease and prove your
statement. (May/June 2012)
13. Sketch the circuit of a single phase full wave controlled rrectifier for DC drives. Explain
its operation with necessary waveform diagrams. (May/June 2012) (May/June2014)
14. A dc series motor drives a load, the torque of which varies as the square of the speed.
The motor takes a current of 20A, when the speed is 800 rpm. All the motor losses may
be neglected. Assume that the magnetic circuit is unsaturated. Calculate the speed and
current, when a field diverter is used. Take the resistance of the field diverter same as that
of the field winding. (May/June 2012)
15. A dc shunt motor draws a current of 50A from a supply of 440V and runs at 900rpm.
The field resistance is 100 ohms and field voltage is 440V. the armature resistance is 0.3
ohms. A chopper is used ot control the speed in the range 300 to 600 rpm while the
torque remains same. The on period of the chopper is 4ms. Determine the chopper
frequencies at 300 rpm and 600 rpm. (May/June 2012)
16. Compare the armature and field control techniques of speed control of DC shunt motor.
(Nov/Dec 2011)(APR/MAY 2017)
17. Explain the operating principle of three phases fully controlled conveter with R load.
Draw the necessary circuit diagram and waveform. (Nov/Dec2011)
18. A 250 V, 10 KW, 1200 rpm DC shunt motor has a full load efficiency of 80 percent. Its
field and armature resistances are 110 ohms and 0.25 ohms respectively. Calculate the
value of the resistance to be inserted in series with the armature and the power lost in the
armature circuit to reduce the speed to 80 percent when the load torque is constant
regardless to the speed. (April/May 2011)
19. Explain in detail the operation of a speed control of a DC series motor fed by a single
phase semi- converter for the continuous motor current. Draw relevant circuit diagram
and waveforms. (April/May 2011)
20. A 220V, 24A, 100 rpm separately excited DC motor has an armature resistance of 2
ohms. Motor is controlled by chopper operating at 500 hz from a 230 V supply. Calculate
the duty ratio for 1.2 times rated torque and 500 rpm. Draw the power circuit for the DC
motor drive. (Nov/Dec 2010)
21. Explain how the speed of a DC Shunt Motor can be varied both above and below the
rated speed at which it runs with full field current.
22. Explain the speed control schemes of DC Series Motor.
23. Explain the single phase half wave converter drive speed control for Dc drive with
waveforms.
24. Explain with neat sketch the chopper control method of speed control of DC motors.
(NOV/DEC 2016)
25. Explain with neat sketches about the DC Shunt Motor speed control by using single
phase fully controlled bridge converter.
26. A 500V series motor having armature resistance and field resistance of 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω
respectively runs at 500 rpm when taking 70A. Assuming unsaturated field, find out its
speed when field diverter of0.684 Ω is used constant load torque.
27. A 250V DC Series Motor takes 40A of current when developing a full load torque at
1500 rpm. Its resistance is 0.5 Ω. If the load torque varies as the square of the speed
determine the resistance to be connected in series with the armature to reduce the speed
to 122 rpm. Assume the flux is proportional to field current.
28. Describe the working of step down dc chopper,with the help of suitable circuit diagram
and waveforms.State the relatrion between output and input voltages.how the speed of a
dc motor is controlled using a step down chopper?(APR/MAY 2017)
 UNIT V CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF A.C.
DRIVES
Speed control of three phase induction motor – Voltage control, voltage / frequency
control, slip power recovery scheme – Using inverters and AC voltage regulators –
applications.

Two Marks
1. What is the function of an inverter? (April/May 2015)
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC); the resulting AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.

Static inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct
current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC
power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
2. What are the advantages of static Kramer system, over static scherbius system?
(April/May 2015)
Since a static Kramer system possesses no line commutated inverter, it causes less
reactive power and smaller harmonic contents of current than a static scherbius.
3. Draw the neat sketch of torque –Speed characteristics of induction motor with V/F
control? (Nov/Dec 2014)

4. What is the main use of voltage regulators? (Nov/Dec 2014)

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A
voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative
feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies
where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators
control the output of the plant. In a distribution system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady
voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
5. What are the conventional methods of speed control of three phase induction motor
from stator side? (May/June 2014)
Rotor resistance control
 Cascade control
Slip power recovery scheme.
6. What is meant by constant V/F control? (May/June 2014, Nov/Dec 2010)(APR/MAY
2017)
When the frequency is reduced, the input voltage must be reduced proportionally so as to
maintain constant flux. Otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive iron
loss and magnetizing current. The maximum torque also remains constant under this
condition. This type of control is known as constant v/f control.
7. Name the power modulators (converters) used for V/F control of three phase
induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2013)
a. Voltage Source Inverter
b. Current Source Inverter
c. Cycloconverter
8. State the applications where the stator voltage control is employed for three phase
induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2013)
The stator voltage control is employed in speed control below rated speed
9. Draw the lock diagram of conventional scherbius drive? (May/June 2013)

10. What are the variable frequency AC drive applications? (May/June 2013)
VFD used in applications ranging small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and
compressors. However, about a third of the world's electrical energy is consumed by
electric motors in fixed-speed centrifugal pump, fan and compressor applications and
VFDs' global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. This
highlights especially significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for
retrofitted and new VFD installations.
11. What are the advantages of V/F control of three phase induction motor?
Smooth Speed control? (Nov/Dec 2012)
Small input current and improved power factor at low frequency start.
Higher starting torque for low cage resistance
12. Mention the advantage of slip power recovery scheme of controlling the speed of
induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2012)(APR/MAY 2017)
The slip power can be recovered and fed back to the supply.
The overall efficiency also improved.
13. What is the significance of constant V/F method of speed control in induction
motor? (May/June 2012)
Smooth Speed control
Small input current and improved power factor at low frequency start.
 Higher starting torque for low cage resistance.
14. Compare voltage source inverter and current source inverter as applied to their use
in speed control of induction motor. (May/June 2012)
VSI CSI
VSI is fed from a DC voltage source CSI is fed with adjustable current from a
having small or negligible impedance. DC voltage source of high impedance.
Input voltage is maintained constant The input current is constant but adjustable.
Output voltage does not dependent on the The amplitude of output current is
load independent of the load.
The waveform of the load current as well The magnitude of output voltage and its
as its magnitude depends upon the nature waveform depends upon the nature of the
of load impedance. load impedance.
The CSI does not require any feedback
VSI requires feedback diodes
diodes.
Commutation circuit is simple as it contains
The commutation circuit is complicated
only capacitors.
Power BJT, Power MOSFET, IGBT,
They cannot be used as these devices have
GTO with self commutation can be used
to withstand reverse voltage.
in the circuit.

15. State the application AC voltage controller? (Nov/Dec 2011)

Light dimming circuits for street lights
Industrial & domestic heating
Induction heating
Tap changing
Speed control of Motors (variable torque)
Speed control of winding machines, fans
AC magnet controls
16. How can the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor be reversed
explain? (Nov/Dec 2011)
The starting direction of rotation may be reversed simply by exchanging the connections
of the startup winding relative to the running winding.
17. Explain the advantages of variable frequency induction motor drives. (April/May
2011)
 It allows good running and transient performance.
 Requiring maintenance free operation.
Involving explosive and contaminated environments
18. Explain the importance of AC voltage regulator for speed control of 3 phase
induction motor. (April/May 2011)
A principle of frequency conversion is derived from the fact that a dual converter is able
to supply an ac load with a lower frequency than the system frequency. If the control
 signal of the dual converter is a function of time, the output voltage will follow this
signal. If this control signal value alters sinusoidally with the desired frequency, then the
waveform depicted in the figure below consists of a single-phase voltage with a large
harmonic current. If the load is inductive, the current will present less distortion than
voltage. The cycloconverter operates in all four quadrants during a period.
19. State any two merits slip power recovery scheme? (Nov/Dec 2010)
The slip power can be recovered and fed back to the supply.
The overall efficiency also improved.
20. How the variable frequency is obtained at the output of the inverter?
In the inverter circuit, the output frequency can be varied by varying the on and off time
of the devices.
21. List the methods of speed control applicable to 3 phase induction motor.
 Rotor resistance control
 Cascade control
 Slip power recovery scheme.
22. How is speed control achieved by voltage/frequency control in a 3 phase induction
motor?
In voltage/frequency control method, motor speed can be varied by varying voltage and
frequency, But we can maintain V/F ratio is constant.
23. Write the speed equation of an induction motor.
Speed equation N=Ns (1 - S) Where
Ns = Synchronous speed =120f/p
S = SLIP
24. State the types of speed control of induction of induction motor
 Stator voltage control
 Stator frequency control
 Rotor resistance control
 Slip power recovery scheme
25. What is meant by stator voltage control?
The speed of induction motor can be varied by changing the stator voltage. Because the
torque is proportional to the square of the voltage.
26. What are the applications of AC drives?
AC drives are used in the number of applications such as fans, blowers, mill run out
tables, cranes, conveyors, traction etc
27. What is meant by frequency control of induction motor?
The speed of the induction motor can be controlled by changing the supply frequency,
because the speed is directly proportional to supply frequency. This method of speed
control is called frequency control.
28. What are the advantages of voltage/frequency control?
 Smooth speed control.
 High starting torque for low cage resistance.
29. What is meant by stator current control?
The three phase induction motor speed can be controlled by stator current control. The
stator current can be varied by using current source inverter.
30. What is meant by slip power recovery system?
 The wasting of slip power can be recovered by various schemes for the speed control of
slip ring induction motor. This system is called as slip power recovery system.
31. What are the advantages of v/f speed control of induction motor?
 Smooth Speed control
 Small input current and improved power factor at low frequency start.
 Higher starting torque for low cage resistance.
32. What are the advantages of slip power recovery system?
 The slip power can be recovered and fed back to the supply.
 The overall efficiency also improved.
33. What is meant by sub synchronous speed operation?
The sub synchronous speed operation means, the slip ring induction motor speed can be
controlled below synchronous speed. The slip power is fed back to the supply
34. What is meant by supper synchronous speed operation?
The supper synchronous speed operation means, the slip ring induction motor speed can
be controlled above synchronous speed. The slip power is fed back to the rotor side.
35. What is meant by Kramer system?
The Kramer system is only applicable for sub synchronous speed operation because the
slip power is fed back to the supply.
36. What is the function of conventional Kramer system?
In conventional Kramer system, the slip Power is converted in to dc by rotary converter.
The dc voltage is fed to dc motor. The dc motor is coupled with slip ring induction motor.
The speed of the slip ring induction motor can be controlled by varying the field regulator
of the dc motor.
37. What is meant by static scherbius drive?
The slip ring induction motor speed can be controlled both below and above synchronous
speed; static scherbius drive system is used.
38. What are the two types of static scherbius system?
 DC link static scherbius system
 Cycloconverter scherbius system.
39. What are the disadvantages of static rotor resistance control?
 Slip power is wasted in the rotor circuit resistance.
 Efficiency is less.
40. State one major advantage and disadvantage of slip power recovery scheme based
wound rotor induction motor drive. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Advantage: The slip power can be recovered and fed back to the supply due to this
overall efficiency is increased.
Disadvantage: Power factor of the system is low.
41. What is meant by constant v/f control?
When the frequency is reduced, the input voltage must be reduced proportionally so as to
maintain constant flux. Otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive iron
loss and magnetizing current. The maximum torque also remains constant under this
condition. This type of control is known as constant v/f control.
42. Draw the block diagram of speed control scheme for a slip ring induction motor.
43. State the application of AC voltage regulator.
 Light dimming circuits for street lights
 Industrial & domestic heating
 Induction heating
 Transformer tap changing
 Speed control of Motors (variable torque)
 speed control of winding machines,fans
 AC magnet controls
44. Why the V/f is kept constant while controlling the speed of a 3 phase induction
motor?(NOV/DEC 2016)
Tmax=K(V/f)2
From the above equation V/f is maintained constant ,Tmax also remains constant and
airgap flux is also constant.Therfore motor operats in constant torque mode
45. Mention the advantages of squirrel cage induction notor over a D.C motor.
(NOV/DEC 2016)
a. Cheaper
b. Light in weight
c. Rugged in construction
d. More efficient
e. Less maintenance
UNIT 5
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the pole changing, stator frequency variation methods for controlling the speed
of AC motor. (April/May 2015)
2. Explain the slip power recovery control of slip ring induction motor. (April/May 2015)
3. With a necessary diagram, explain the voltage source inverter methods of speed control
of three phase induction motor. (Nov/Dec 2014)
4. With a schematic diagram, explain a slip power recovery scheme for a 3 phase induction
motor. (Nov/Dec 2014)
5. Explain various methods of conventional speed control of three phase induction motor
form rotor side. (May/June 2014)
6. Explain working of conventional Kramer slip power recovery system. (May/June 2014)
7. Explain the static scherbius drive which provides speeds below and above synchronous
speed. (Nov/Dec 2013)
8. Explain the constant torque mode and constant power mode of operation of voltage
source inverter fed induction motor drive with necessary diagrams. (Nov/Dec 2013)
9. With a neat diagram, explain the V/F control of three phase induction motor. (May/June
2013) (NOV/DEC 2016)
10. Describe kramer system slip power recovery system of 3-phase induction
motor.(May/June 2013)
11. Explain the following solid state methods of controlling speed of three phae induction
motors, with suitable schematic diagrams (i) cycloconverter static scherbius drive (ii)
static Kramer drive. (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. Sketch and explain the circuit, using thyristor controller to control the speed of a three
phase induction motor by varying the stator voltage. Mention ihe merits and demerits of
this method,. Also sketch and explain the torque speed chara when stator voltage control
is used. (Nov/Dec 2012)
13. With suitable schematic diagrams, explain the following solid state methods of
controlling speed of three phase induction motors. (i) static Kramer drive (ii) DC link
scherbius drive. (May/June 2012)
14. For a 3 phase induction motor, under steady state conditions, the ratio of T, the full load
torque and Tmax, the maximum possible torque, is given by T/Tmax=2/(s/Sm+Sm/s),
where s is the slip at full load and Sm is the slip at maximum torque. If the load torque T
is proportional to (speed)n, derive an expression for the speed (or slip) of the induction
motor when the supply voltage falls to a fraction of the original voltage. (May/June
2012)
15. Explain the slip power recovery scheme of speed control of wound rotor induction motor.
Mention its advantages and disadvantages. (Nov/Dec 2011)
16. With a neat diagram, explain the V/F control of three phae induction motor. (Nov/Dec
2011)
17. Mention the application, advantages and disadvantes of AC voltage regulators. (Nov/Dec
2011)(APR/MAY 2017)
18. Explain the scherbius system of slip power recovery schemes used in the speed control
of large induction motors. (April/May 2011)
19. 12. State and explain the various schemes adopted for speed control of induction motor
using voltage source inverter. (April/May2011)
20. Explain the how the speed of slip ring induction motor is controlled by feeding back its
slip power to the mains. What are its advantages and disadvantages? (Nov/Dec 2010)
21. Discuss a speed control scheme for a three phase induction motor sing a AC voltage
controller. Bring out the merits and demerits of such a scheme (Nov/Dec 2010).
22. Explain the speed control schemes of phase wound induction motors.
23. Explain the concatenation operation of three phase induction motors. Hence derive the
speed experienced in cascaded set.
24. Explain the Kramer system and Schebius system.
25. Draw the power circuit arrangement of three phase variable frequency inverter for the
speed control of three phase induction motor and explain its working.
26. Discuss the speed control of AC motors by using three phase AC Voltage regulators.
27. Explain the static Kramer method and static schebius method of speed control of three
phase induction motor. (APR/MAY 2017)
28. Explain how the speed of slip ring induction motor is controlled by feeding back its slip
power to the mains. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
29. Discuss a speed control scheme for a 3 phase induction motor using a AC voltage
controller. Bring out the merits and demerits of such a scheme.
30. Mention the application, advantages and disadvantages of AC voltage regulators.
31. Explain slip power recovery scheme with neat diagram(13)(NOV/DEC 2016)